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0 SUMMARY
Ester saponification process is a reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide
solution. This experiment is conducted to determine the rate constant for the reaction.
For the first step, the ethyl acetate was reacting with the strong base which was sodium
hydroxide solution to yield carboxylate ion. However, this reaction is relatively slow. Then,
this mixture separated to six different conical flasks that contain hydrochloric acid (HCL) at
different time. Therefore, titration can be done by the reaction of excess HCL and sodium
hydroxide for neutralization. Phenolphthalein was used as an indicator for this reaction. The
volume of sodium hydroxide solution used to change the colourless solution is recorded for
different of time and used to plot graphs and value of concentration of ethyl acetate also can
be calculated. Finally, we can find the reaction rate constant by using integrated law method
and half-life method.
2.0 AIM
The aim for this experiment is to measure the rate constant of the reaction between ethyl
acetate and sodium hydroxide under batch conditions.
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3.0 INTRODUCTION
There are two types of reaction in chemical engineering process which are batch process and
continuous process. In a batch process, input materials are placed in a vessel or reactor, and
the product is withdrawn after the reaction or when the process is complete. This is common
steps of what is usually done in chemistry laboratories. In a steady-flow continuous process,
there is a continuous flow material in and a continuous flow of material out. No separate
filling and emptying operation are required.
Saponification is a process that produces soap from fats and lye. For this experiment,
saponification process in a batch condition, where the reaction between an ester( ethyl
acetate) and sodium hydroxide would be experimented and studied. Theoretically,
saponification involves base (NaOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of fatty
acids, to form the sodium salt of carboxylate.
Saponification is an exothermic chemical reaction which occurs when fats react with the
alkaline solution. So, the reaction will exerts heat to the surrounding. In addition, there is no
heat transfer channelled into the system, meanwhile the mixture stirred continuously. The fats
are being hydrolysed into three fatty acids, which then paired up with the alkali to form crude
soap.
+ C2 H 5 OH
CH 3 COOC 2 H 5+ OH CH 3 COO
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4.0 THEORY
Rate=k [ A ]
(1)
OR
A + B Product
Rate=k [ A ] [B]
(2)
The coefficient k is called the rate constant for the reaction (Atkins & Paula, 2006). The rate
constant is independent of the concentrations but depends on the temperature. For a chemical
reaction where substance A and B are reacting to produce C, the reaction rate has the form;
Reaction A + B = C
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d [C ]
=k ( T ) [ A ]m [B ]n
dt
(3)
where,
k (T) is the rate reaction constant that depends on temperature.
[C] is the concentration of substance C in moles per volume of solution assuming the
reaction is taking place throughout the volume of the solution.
The exponents m and n are called orders and depends on the reaction mechanism.
They can be determined experimentally.
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OH
d [ ester ]
Rate=
=k [ ester ]
dt
is
denoted as c .
OH
dc
=k [ ester ]
dt
(4)
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Consequently, the variables are separated and integrated with appropriate boundary
conditions:
1 1
=kt
c c
(5)
1
c
Let
k=
t 1 /2
1
t 1/ 2 c
From the above relation, we can see that the time taken to halve the concentration of ester is
inversely proportional to the initial concentration (Brady et al., 2012) Therefore, by plotting a
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determine
t 1 /2
(c )
of 0.1 M
ethyl acetate solution was pipetted and transferred into a clean dry
beaker. Then, 25 cm
of 0.1 M
conical flasks. A mechanical stirrer was then placed into the sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution. The ethyl acetate in the conical flask was then poured into the beaker when the
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mechanical stirrer was turning on. The stopwatch was set to start at roughly the mid-point of
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addition. After 5 minutes, 25 cm
pipette. The solution was then added into conical flask 1. The temperature of the mixture in
the beaker was recorded at the same time when the solution was being pipetted from it. Then,
several drops of phenolphthalein were added in the conical flask 1 as an indicator. The
content of conical flask 1 was then titrated against 0.1 M
of sodium hydroxide titrated until the moment when the colourless solution changed to pink
was recorded. Several more samples were withdrawn at the following interval; 10, 20, 30, 50,
and 75 minutes, and the procedures were repeated.
y cm3 .
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25 cm 3
( 25 y )
mol
0.1
25
x
(7)
1000
cm 3
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The table below shows the correlation between time(t) of reaction occurring to
the volume of sodium hydroxide that was determined via titration.
Time (min)
Volume of
Mole of
Concentration
NaOH (ml)
NaOH
ester ( c)
present in the
mol /dm
1
c
dm 3 /mol )
22
sample (mol)
4
3 10
10
22.5
2.5 104
20
23.7
1.3 10
30
24.0
1 104
4.0 103
250.00
60
24.0
1 104
4.0 103
250.00
75
24.2
8 105
3.2 103
312.50
12 10
83.33
10 103
100.00
5.2 10
192.3077
The volume of sodium hydroxide used is then used to determine the concentration of ethyl
acetate, (c).The concentration of ethyl acetate, (c) can be calculated using equation number
(7).For first method, the integrated rate law method, the value
1
c
determine the value of rate constant (k).For second method, the half-life method, the value
(c) is plotted against time to determine the value of rate constant (k).
300
250
1/c, dm3 200
/mol2
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time, t (min)
1
c
From the graph above, the following graph equation (software generated) is fomed ;
y = 3.1347x + 98.757
(8)
Provided that, the gradient of the slope is equal to k. Hence we can conclude that;
3
k=
3.134 d m 1 min
x
=0.0522 d m3 /mol s
mol . min
60 s
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0.01
f(x) = 0.01 exp( -0.02 x )
0.01
0
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time, t (min)
Figure 1.3 : The graph above shows the relationship between the concentrations of ethyl
acetate to the time of reaction.
To calculate the exact value of t1/2, use the function of the graph (software generated), ;
y = 0.0098e-0.018x
let y = 0.00506 , then,
0.00506 = 0.0098e-0.018x
0.516 = e-0.018x
-0.018x = -0.661
Therefore x= 36.69 minutes
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Equation number (6) is used to calculate the value of rate constant, k with initial
concentration of ethyl acetate (c0) is equal to 0.0101 mol/dm3. Based on previous calculation,
the time required to achieve half of co (0.00506 mol/dm3) is 36.72 minutes.
Hence;
k=
1
1
1 min
3
=
x
=0.0445 dm /mol s
t 1/ 2 c ( 36.69)(0.0101) 60 s
1
c
3
graph c against time , the value of k is 0.0445 dm /mol s . This difference of value maybe
was caused by some errors during the experiment was conducted such as parallax error. This
kind of error occured when taking the reading from apparatus where the meniscus level of
formed from solution is not read accurately. In order to prevent this error, students should
locate their eyes parallel to the level reading of apparatus.
9.0 CONCLUSION
The experimental value of rate constant in a reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium
0.0522 d m /mol s
using integrated rate law method. On the other hand, the rate constant that was determined
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by using half-life method is 0.0445 d m /mol s .
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10.0 REFERENCE
Atkins, P., & Paula, J. de (2005). Physical Chemistry (8th ed.). New York; W.H. Freeman and
Company
Brady, J. E., Jespersen, N. D., & Hyslop, A. (2012). Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Reaction_Rates/Second_Order_Re
actions [28 June 2013, 11.34 PM]
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