FCRC Paper 7

FIRE CODE RESEARCH PROGRAM
PROJECT 2
FIRE PERFORMANCE OF MATERIALS

Commissioned by Fire Code Reform Centre Ltd
Research Paper 7
DATA FROM LARGE-SCALE AND SMALL-SCALE

EXPERIMENTS ON WALL AND CEILING LININGS
by
A. K. Webb ,V. P. Dowling and N. A. McArthur
CSIRO Building, Construction and Engineering
August 1998
Copyright Fire Code Reform Centre Ltd

Level 4, Rockliffs Chambers
50 King Street
Sydney NSW 2000
Australia
PREFACE
This Research Paper has been prepared by CSIRO Building,
Construction and Engineering as part of the Research Program funded
by the Fire Code Reform Centre Ltd. Specifically it forms part of Project
2 Fire Performance of Materials, Stage A - Wall and Ceiling Linings. It
is not intended for wider circulation.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................4
2
LINING MATERIALS USED IN LARGE SCALE EXPERIMENTS AND
TESTS............................................................................................................................4
2.1 Project 2 materials.............................................................................................4
2.2 ASTM round robin materials..........................................................................4
2.3 Other CSIRO data.............................................................................................5
3. EXPERIMENTAL SCENARIOS........................................................................5
3.1 Large-scale experiments................................................................................5
3.2 Small-scale tests..............................................................................................6
4. RESULTS..............................................................................................................6
4.1 Large-scale experiments..................................................................................6
4.2 Small-scale tests................................................................................................7
4.3 Published data...................................................................................................8
5
DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................8
6
SUMMARY..........................................................................................................8
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................8
8. REFERENCES......................................................................................................8
APPENDIX A - Materials for which Bench Scale and Large Scale Data is
Available.....................................................................................................................21
Appendix B Large scale test facilities....................................................................60
B1 Room.................................................................................................................60
B2 Room and Corridor.........................................................................................61
1.
INTRODUCTION
An important part of Project 2 is establishing a link between small-scale tests and largescale tests. In order to do this data must be obtained on the same materials in the small
and large-scale tests. The amount of published data that is relevant to Project 2 is
limited. CSIRO was contracted by FCRC to carry out experiments, and these have
previously been reported in Research Papers 5 (Dowling et al., 1996) and Research
Paper 6 (Dowling, 1997). CSIRO have also made available unpublished data for use in
Project 2. The objective of this paper is to collate the data supplied for the Fire Code
Reform Centre Project by CSIRO. Research Paper 7 contains the results from room fire
experiments and small-scale tests along with further analysis of data from the
experiments reported in Research Papers 5 and 6. Comparisons of data and the
conclusions drawn from the analysis are not part of this paper, but are included in the
Final Report for Stage A of Project 2 (Dowling and Blackmore, 1998).
The origins of the data are:
i. Experiments carried out as part of Project 2 Stage A as reported in Research Paper
5. These included room fire tests of walls alone and room fire tests of ceilings
alone, but did not included room fire tests of walls and ceilings jointly.
ii. Additional experiments carried out as validation experiments for Project 2 Stage A.
These room fire tests were of wall and ceiling linings jointly.
iii. Experiments carried on a range of materials tested in an ASTM room fire
experiment round robin(ASTM, 1983) (some of which are reported in Research
Paper 6).
iv. Cone calorimeter tests on materials supplied by the NSW State Forests and
assessed by others in large-scale and small-scale experiments.
A full list of materials for which relevant data is available for both large and small-scale
is contained in Appendix A.
2
LINING MATERIALS USED IN LARGE SCALE EXPERIMENTS AND

TESTS
2.1 Project 2 materials

Three materials were used in the work performed for Project 2. These materials are
Plasterboard, Lauan plywood and a fire retarded Hoop plywood. They are fully
described in Table 1. These materials were used for the main experiments as well as the
validation experiments.
2.2 ASTM round robin materials
A series of ASTM room fire tests were performed on plasterboard, plywood, fire
retarded plywood, polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam. These materials, supplied
by ASTM as part of an ASTM room fire test round robin(ASTM, 1994), were also
tested by other laboratories. A further two materials were assessed along with the ASTM
materials, an Australian manufactured plasterboard (the same material as in the Project
2A work) and hardboard. Hardboard was chosen as it is an Australian product
4
commonly used in building and has been used as a standard material in studies on the
Early Fire Hazard Test, AS1530.3(Standards Australia, 1989a). Table 1 contains full
descriptions of the materials.
2.3 Other CSIRO data
Data for two Glass reinforced Phenolic materials was also made available (Table 1).
3.
EXPERIMENTAL SCENARIOS
3.1
Large-scale experiments
All large-scale experiments for FCRC Project 2 Stage A were conducted at the CSIRO
facilities at Highett. Two different layouts were used room and room plus corridor.
The details of these are given in Appendix B.
3.1.1 ISO room fire experiments.
The fire test room used is 2.4m x 3.6m x 2.4m high with a door 0.8 x 2m high in one of
the shorter walls. Test materials can be mounted on the ceiling and on three walls. The
wall with the door is constructed of non-combustible material and is not lined with
specimen material.
Tests were performed according to two standard test methods ISO 9705(ISO, 1993a)
and the ASTM 1983 proposed standard(ASTM, 1983). Many aspects of the two tests are
identical. The same sized room is used for both tests with a gas burner placed in one
corner opposite the door, in contact with the specimens mounted on the wall. The
differences between the tests are the gas burner program, the specimen configuration
(walls versus walls and ceiling) and the test duration. The gas burner used was 300 x
300 mm square and 300 mm high. Experiments were also performed using furniture,
ignited by a timber crib, as the ignition source instead of the gas burner.
In the standard configuration in the ISO room fire test the material under test is affixed
to three walls and the ceiling. Some tests were performed with different configurations
of materials, either walls only or ceiling only. This enabled the contributions and
behaviour of materials in these locations to be independently studied. The walls only
configuration is the same specimen configuration that is stipulated for the ASTM test
method (see section 3.1.2).
Table 2 outlines the room fire tests performed to ISO 9705. Twelve ISO room fire tests
are reported.
The gas burner program for the ISO room fire test is:
0 10 minutes
100kW
10 20 minutes
300kW
The test is terminated at twenty minutes or earlier if flashover occurs. For the purposes
of Project 2 flashover is defined as a heat release rate of 1MW.
3.1.2 ASTM room fire test.
Table 3 outlines the room fire tests performed using the gas burner program used in the
ASTM room fire test. Sixteen ASTM room fire tests with materials on the walls only,
are reported.
The gas burner program is:
0 5 minutes
40kW
5
5 15 minutes
160kW
The test is terminated at fifteen minutes or earlier if flashover occurs. Again flashover
has been defined as a heat release rate of 1MW.
3.1.3 Room fire experiments with furniture as the ignition source.
Two room fire experiments were performed where the ignition source was a padded
armchair, instead of the gas burner, as a representation of a real ignition source. This
enabled comparison of material performance when exposed to a gas burner regimes as
opposed to a real fire source. Test specimens were placed on the walls only (see Table
4). The armchair was the same as the chair used in the FCRC Project 4 fire experiments
at Fiskville. Details of the armchair construction are given in Appendix B. The fire was
initiated by a 150g timber crib ignited by a small gas flame.
3.1.4 Room and Corridor experiments.
The fire behaviour of materials in the corridor adjacent to the room of fire origin was
also studied. For these experiments a fire was started in a room of the same dimensions
as that used in the ISO and ASTM Room Fire Tests. The corridor runs from the doorway
of the room for ten metres and is 2.1 m high and 1.0 m wide. This is the smallest
dimensions allowed in the BCA, and is the same dimensions as used in experiments
conducted at CSIRO north Ryde by State Forests and CSIRO. Six experiments were
performed with the room and corridor facility as part of the Project 2 large scale
experimental series. See Table 5 for a description of the materials and configurations.
The ignition source for these experiments was a mock up standard three seater sofa(NT,
1987). See Appendix B for more detail.
3.2
Small-scale tests
The materials used in the large scale experiments were subjected to the following range
of small-scale tests:
1. ISO 5660-1(ISO, 1993b) / ASTM E 1354 Cone Calorimeter(ASTM, 1997)
2. AS1530 part 3 Early Fire Hazard Test(Standards Australia, 1989a)
3. AS1530 part 5 Ignitability Test(Standards Australia, 1989b)
4. NBS Smoke Chamber(ASTM, 1993)
In the Cone Calorimeter most specimens were tested with an edge frame but no wire
grid. The two exceptions to this were A01 and A02, glass reinforced phenolic composite
materials which were tested with no edge frame or wire grid. Smoke measurements
were recorded for all tests according to ASTM E 1354-97. Data from these tests, namely
heat release rate curves, were used in the calculation of the Classification
Indexes(Kokkala et al., 1993) reported in the final report. The calculations produce a
time to ignition (ignition is achieved when the heat release rate reaches 50 kW/m 2), an
Ignition Index and a Heat Release Index. A more detailed description of the calculation
method can be found in the final report.
4.
RESULTS
4.1 Large-scale experiments

Data summaries for all the large scale experiments and tests are shown in Tables 6 to 9.
Graphs of the gross rate of heat release (including the contribution from the gas burner
of ignition source) and the smoke production rates are found in Figures 1 to 25.
4.1.1 ISO Room Fire Tests.

The results of all the room fire experiments using the ISO burner are summarised in
Table 6. Graphs of the gross rate of heat release and smoke production rate for the ISO
room fire tests are included in Figures 1 to 9.
Figures 1 to 3 Walls and ceiling.
Figures 4 to 7 Walls only
Figures 8 and 9 Ceiling only.
These results and information is used primarily in chapter 7 and 8 of the Final Report.
4.1.2 ASTM Room Fire Tests
The results of all the room fire experiments using the ASTM burner are summarised in
Table 7. Figures 10 to 17 graph the rate of heat release and smoke production rate for
the ASTM room fire tests.
These results and information is used primarily in chapter 7 and 8 of the Final Report.
4.1.3 Room fire experiments with furniture as the ignition source.
The results of all the room fire experiments with an armchair are summarised in Table 8.
Figures 18 and 19 graph the rate of heat release and smoke production rate for these
experiments. These results and information is used primarily in chapter 7 and 8 of the
Final Report.
A comparison between the radiation levels at the floor was made in the chapter 9 of the
Final Report3. Figure 20 shows a graph of the radiation levels for the room experiment
with the armchair with plasterboard on the ceiling and the walls and the room
experiment with the armchair with plywood on the walls.
4.1.4 Room and Corridor Fire Experiments
The results of the room/corridor experiments are summarised in Table 9. Figures 21 to
25 graph the rate of heat release and smoke production rates for these experiments.
These results and information is used primarily in chapter 7, 8 and 9 of the Final Report.
4.2 Small-scale tests.
The results of materials assessed in the small-scale fire tests are presented in the
following tables:
Cone Calorimeter
- Table 10 shows the data for the three FCRC materials.
- Table 11 shows the data for other materials.
- Table 12 shows the results of the Classification Index
calculations
-Figures 26 to 38 show graphs of the heat release rates and
smoke production rates for the materials for which Classification
Indexes were calculated. Only one replicate is shown for each
material.
Early Fire Hazard Test - Table 13 shows the tests result values and calculated indexes.
Ignitability Test
- Table 14 shows the tests results for all radiation levels tested.
Smoke Chamber
- Table 15 shows the results for both the radiant and flaming
exposure tests.
4.3 Published data.

Appendix A contains a tabulation of materials for which data in both large-scale and
small-scale tests has been published. The EUREFIC data (Kokkala et al., 1990) and
NSW State Forest data (Gardner and Thompson, 1988) is used in chapter 8 of the final
report.
5
DISCUSSION
The results reported in the tables are only part of the total data recorded during the tests
and experiments. All smoke data in this report is calculated using log e as required by
the current standards. Room fire tests carried out to the Nordtest standard(NT, 1991)
requires data using log10 for calculation of optical density hence care should be taken
when comparing smoke data from sources such as the EUREFIC program.
6
SUMMARY
This paper summarises the data from large scale tests and experiments, and the data
from small-scale testing for comparison. The large scale fires included twelve ISO room
fire tests, sixteen ASTM room fire tests, two room fire experiments with an armchair as
the ignition source, and six room and corridor experiments. The specimens were tested
in wall only, ceiling only, and wall and ceiling configurations.
All of the materials tested in these large scale fires were also tested in the following
small-scale apparatus:
1. Cone Calorimeter(ASTM, 1997, ISO, 1993b)
2. AS1530 part 3 The Early Fire Hazard Test (Standards Australia, 1989a)
3. AS1530 part 5 Ignitability Test(Standards Australia, 1989b)
4. NBS Smoke Chamber(ASTM, 1993)
Data presented in this report is analysed in the FCRC Project 2 Walls and Ceilings
Linings Final Report(Dowling and Blackmore, 1998).
7.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Large-scale fire tests require a closely knit and well coordinated team effort. The
authors thank Mr Justin Leonard, Mr Paul Bowditch and Mr Glenn Bradbury for their
valuable hard work in both the small-scale testing and large scale experiments.
8.
REFERENCES
ASTM (1983) Proposed Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and
Assemblies, In 1983 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.07, American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
ASTM (1993) Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated
by Solid Materials, ASTM E 662-93, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
ASTM (1994) Interlaboratory test program: Proposed ASTM standard method for room
fire test of wall and ceiling materials and assemblies, American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
ASTM (1997) Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for
Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, E 1354-97,
American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Dowling, V. P. (1996) Control of Wall and Ceiling Linings in Buildings, Research Paper
6, Fire Code Research Program, Project 2 - Fire Performance of Materials, Fire
Code Reform Centre, Sydney
Dowling, V. P. and Blackmore, J. B. (1998) Fire Performance of Wall and Ceiling
Linings, FCRC Final Report, Project 2 Stage A, Fire Code Reform Centre Ltd.,
Sydney.
Dowling, V. P., McArthur, N. A. and Webb, A. K. (1996) Large-scale experiments to
provide data for validation of building fire performance parameters, Research
Paper 5, Fire Code Research Program, Project 2 - Fire Performance of Materials,
Fire Code Reform Centre, Sydney.
Gardner, W. D. and Thompson, C. R. (1988) 'Fire Growth of Forest Products Comparison and Validation of Prescribed Australian and North American Flame
Spread Test Methods', Fire and Materials, 12, 71 - 85.
ISO (1993a) Fire Tests Full-scale Room Test for Surface Products, ISO 9705,
International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva.
ISO (1993b) Fire Tests -- Reaction to fire -- Rate of heat release from building products
(Cone calorimeter method), ISO 5660-1, International Organisation for
Standardisation, Geneva.
Kokkala, M., Thomas, P. and Karlsson, B. (1993) 'Rate of Heat Release and Ignitability
Indices for Surface Linings', Fire and Materials, 17, 209 - 216.
Kokkala, M. A., Gransson, U. and Sderbom, J. (1990) EUREFIC - Large-scale Fire
Experiments in a Room with Combustible Linings, SP Report 1990:41, Swedish
National Testing and Research Institute, Boras.
NT (1987) Upholstered Furniture: Burning Behaviour - Full-scale Test, NT Fire 032,
Nordtest, Helsinki.
NT (1991) Surface Products: Room Fire Tests in Full Scale, NT Fire 025, Nordtest,
Helsinki.
Standards Australia (1989a) Australian Standard 1530 - Methods for Fire Test on
Building Materials, Components and Structures: Part 3 - Simultaneous
Determination of Ignitability, Flame Propagation, Heat Release and Smoke
Release, AS 1530 Part 3, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia (1989b) Australian Standard 1530 - Methods for Fire Test on
Building Materials, Components and Structures: Part 5 - Test for Piloted
Ignitability, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney, Australia.
Table 1. Lining materials used in assessments

Code
Material
A09
A10
A11
Plasterboard
Plywood
Plywood, FR
A03
A04
A05
A06
A08
Plasterboard US
Plywood FR US
Plywood US
Polyurethane Foam FR
US
Polystyrene Foam FR
US
Hardboard
A01
A02
GR Phenolic 70
GR Phenolic 71
A07
Thickness
(mm)
Density
(kg/m3)
16
4
4
810
580
550
16
11.5
11.5
25
670
655
550
29
Extruded polystyrene foam insulation
25
25
Hardboard, Australian
Other materials
Glass reinforced Phenolic 70
4.5
1070
5
5
1270
1250
Description
FCRC materials
Paper-faced, glass-reinforced gypsum plaster
Lauan plywood
Hoop Pine plywood, Firex impregnated
ASTM round robin materials
Paper-faced, gypsum wallboard
Douglas Fir plywood, fire retardant treated
Douglas Fir plywood
Rigid Polyurethane foam insulation
Table 2. Materials assessed in various configurations in room

fire experiments using the ISO gas burner program
A01
A02
A09
A10
A11
Material
GR Phenolic 70
GR Phenolic 71
Plasterboard
Plywood
Plywood, FR
Walls & ceiling

1
1
1
Replicates
Walls
2
2
2
1
Ceiling
1
1
Table 3. Materials assessed in room fire experiments using the ASTM gas burner
program
A01
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
Material
GR Phenolic 70
Plasterboard US
Plywood FR US
Plywood US
Polyurethane Foam FR US
Polystyrene Foam FR US
Hardboard
Plasterboard
10
Replicates
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
Table 4. Wall lininga materials for room fire experiments with armchairb
Material
A09
A10
a
b
Replicates
1
1
Plasterboard
Plywood
Ceiling linings were plasterboards

Same chair as used in FCRC Project 4
Table 5. Materials and configurations for the room/corridor fire experimentsa

Material
A09
A11
A10
a
Walls & ceiling

1
Plasterboard
Plywood, FR
Plywood
Replicates
Walls
Ceiling
1
2
1
1
Walls or ceilings not lined with a specimen were of ceramic fibre board.
Table 6. Results of room fire experiments with ISO gas burner programa
Material
Walls
A01 GR Phenolic 70
A02 GR Phenolic 71
A10 Plywood
A11 Plywood, FR
Ceilings
A10 Plywood
A11 Plywood, FR
Walls and ceilings
A09 Plaster
A10 Plywood
A11 Plywood, FR
Event times (s)

Upper layer
Rate of
temperature
heat
o
release
is 600 C
is
1 MW
Ignition
of lining
Hot
layer
descends
to 1.9 m
NA
NA
20 0
22
25047
537124
110 10
160
6226
636
115 10
155
240
290
320
400
N
30
30
N
85
110
Average
rate of
smoke
production
m2/s
Flames
out door
End of
expt.
83789
N
163 13
260
7716
N
150 10
240
83789
1200
16218
260
0.770.1
0.270.1
1.810.02
2.0
330
425
400
535
380
490
400
535
1.36
0.6
N
95
110
N
125
190
N
121
154
1200
125
190
0.32
3.32
3.83
N denotes that event did not occur

NA data not available or indeterminable
a
Walls or ceilings not lined with a specimen were of paper-faced plasterboard.
11
Table 7. Results of room fire experiments with ASTM gas burner program.
Material
Walls a
A01
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
GR Phenolic 70
Plasterboard US
Plywood FR US
Plywood US
Polyurethane
Foam FR US
Polystyrene
Foam FR US
Hardboard
Plasterboard
Event times (s)

Upper layer
Rate of
temperature
heat
o
release is
is 600 C
1 MW
Ignition of
lining
Hot layer
descends
to 1.9 m
NA
N
N
60 0
230 113
310
N
N
325 7
27 4
N
N
N
345 0
365 0
17 4
96 6
60 0
N
240 14
N
Average
rate of
smoke
production
m2/s
Flames
out door
End of
expt.
N
N
N
407 4
367 4
N
N
N
397 4
340 40
900
900
900
407 4
367 4
0.3
0.3 1.4
NA
NA
1.7 1.4
900
0.6 1.4
335 0
N
327 4
N
328 2
N
332 11
900
1.2 1.4
0.2 1.2

NA Data not available or indeterminable
a
Ceilings were of paper-faced plasterboard.
Table 8. Results of room fire experiments with armchaira.

Material
Walls b
A10 Plywood
Walls and ceiling
A09 Plasterboard
Event times (s)

Upper layer
Rate of
temperature
heat
o
release is
is 600 C
1 MW
Ignition
of lining
Hot layer
descends
to 1.9 m
130
100
145
100
240

a
Ignition by timber crib.
b
Ceilings were of paper-faced plasterboard.
12
Average
rate of
smoke
production
m2/s
Flames
out door
End of
expt.
160
160
160
1.96
240
240
240
3.99
Table 9. Results of room/corridor fire experiments

Material
Walls b
A10
Plywood
A11
Plywood, FR
Ceiling b
A10
Plywood
A11
Plywood, FR
Walls & ceiling
A09
Plasterboard
Event times (s)

Upper layer
Rate of
temperature
heat
o
release is
is 600 C
1 MWa
Ignition
of lining
Hot layer
descends
to 1.9 m
130 10
130
160 20
N
165 40
N
135
140
220
400
Average
rate of
smoke
production
m2/s
Flames
out end of
corridor
End of
expt.
185 35
N
170 35
N
23338
1200
5.6
0.25
230
415
255
475
240
415
330
555
2.2
1.2
1200
0.35

a Not including initial peak from the burning sofa
b
Walls or ceilings not lined with a specimen were of ceramic fibre board.
13
Table 10. Results from Cone Calorimeter for FCRC materials.

Material
Irradiance
2
(kW/m )
A09
Plasterboard
A10
Plywood
A11
Plywood, FR
Ignition
time
End of
test a
Total
heat
(s)
(s)
evolveda
(MJ/kg)
Peak
RHR
Time of
peak
RHRa
(kW/m2)
Total heatb
evolved
during 300
s
(MJ/m2)
60 s
average
RHRb
180 s
average
RHRb
300 s
average
RHRb
Average
RHRc
Average
EHCa
Average
SEAa
Average
CO
yielda
(kW/m2)
(kW/m2)
(kW/m2)
(kW/m2)
(MJ/kg)
(m2/kg)
(kg/kg)
N
41 2
N
141
N
N
N
26 2
N
2.5 0.6
N
45 5
3.5 0.2
NA
25
35
N
105 3
N
245 5
N
24 2
N
102 1
(s)
N
118 3
50
25
107 2
273 33
58 3
150 65
49 1
168 3
N
N
N
N
78 3
92 2
3.4 0.3
8.6 1.0
23 2
57 4
188 7
215 46
291 37
426 20
90 39
85 43
152 28
174 21
129 0
N
N
N
119 3
155 10
10.7 0.5
13.0 1.4
70 15
67 10
0.016 0.004
0.017 0.010
NA
32.4 1.4
25
116 9
180 12
274 48
183 3
146 14
134 5
83 12
7.9 0.5
61 5
0.014 0.003
NA
35
50
54 8
18 1
190 0
248
28
180 5
158
34
248
19
187 8
145 9
30 1
200 18
35
50
44 0
112
29
49 3
30 7
N
0.023
0.0001
0.030 0
0.013 0.002
174 9
174 9
294 100
317 26
128 3
95 5
117 11
113 5
120 4
N
N
N
106 4
137 10
9.7 0.5
11.3 0.3
59 6
59 5
0.010 0.002
0.007 0.003
NA
27.3 1.5
EHC = effective heat of combustion, RHR = rate of heat release, SEA = specific extinction area (a measure of smoke).
CO = carbon monoxide.
All results are mean standard deviation for three replicates.
a From start of test.
b From ignition.
c From ignition to end of test
N Event did not occur.
NA Data not available.
15
NA
NA
Table 11. Results from Cone Calorimeter for other materials.

Material
A01
A02
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A12
A14
A19
_
Irradiance
Ignition
time
End of
test
Total heat
evolveda
Peak RHR
2
(kW/m )
(s)
(s)
(MJ/kg)
2
(kW/m )
GR Phenolic
70f
GR Phenolic
71f
Plasterboard
US
Plywood FR
US
Plywood US
Polyurethan
e Foam FR
US
Polystyrene
Foam FR
US
Hardboard
Particle
board
Blackbutt
50
50535
23229
106 2
50
180
69
226 11
48738
14920
50
301
15035
50
4714
50
50
Victorian
ash
Tasmanian
Hardwoode
Total heatb
evolved
during 300
s
(MJ/m2)
Time of
peak
RHRa
60 s
average
RHRb
180 s
average
RHRb
300 s
average
RHRb
Average
RHRc
Average
EHCa
Average
SEAa
Average
CO
yielda
(s)
(kW/m
)
81 8
2
(kW/m
)
86 3
2
(kW/m
)
54 1
(MJ/kg)
2
(m /kg)
(kg/kg)
358 51
2
(kW/m
)
5924
11 1
412 33
355
623
46 3
101
303
1194
400
482
236
4.41
175
0.356
0.057
0.301
0.028
0.0390.007
25.9 0.7
88 5
222
29
1419
60538
31737
1211.5
46836
388
517
537
594
7.30.4
122
0.0110.002
16.0 2.3
226
51
56849
800
59740
410.8
218 14
86 2
40 5
13 4
1666
622
1305
N
1114
N
1203
591
130.1
140.6
522.6
36334
0.0050.001
0.0610.001
32.4 1.4
7.0 0.2
50
24 3
9022
1602
509 62
42 3
224
20845
271
12817
5
0.0510.006
20.1 0.3
50
50
37 1
30 3
31046
72570
51330
76685
458 41
268 41
193 6
244 308
276 7
148 9
202g
126 5
19016
NA
131
11 1
4411
50 2
36 2
122280
211 4
57 3
131 5
111 5
NA
100.1
17 1
50
22 1
1,311 68
209 11
45 0
176 6
138 2
118 1
NA
362
2,140865
179 7
48 3
137 5
95 4
80 4
NA
10.50.
6
71
14 5
50
13131
46
15002
3
NA
0.0200.015
0.063
0.001
0.023
0.001
0.015
0.001
0.034
0.007
59.4 1.3
37.7 1.4
50
214 7
167
24
1674
57
EHC = effective heat of combustion, RHR = rate of heat release, SEA = specific extinction area, CO = carbon monoxide
All results are mean standard deviation for three replicates
a
From start of test. b From ignition. c From ignition to end of test. e Data courtesy of BHP. f Tested with no edge frame and no grid.
one case
N Event did not occur. NA Data not available
16
19.6 1.2
3.5 0.4
33.4 1.5
35.5 0.5
22.5 0.8
Data from
Table 12. Results from Cone Calorimeter used for the Classification Indexes Method
Material
A01
GR Phenolic 70
A02
GR Phenolic 71
A03
Plasterboard US
A04
Plywood FR US
A05
Plywood US
A06
Polyurethane Foam
FR US
A07
Polystyrene Foam
FR US
A08
Hardboard
A09
Plasterboard
A10
Plywood
A11
Plywood FR
A14
Blackbutt
Tasmanian
Hardwood
Test Number
End of test
tig
Grpc70a
Grpc70b
Grpc70c
Grpc71a
Grpc71b
Grpc71c
Rm100g50
Rm100h50
Rm100i50
Rm99g50
Rm99h50
Rm99i50
Rm98g50
Rm98h50
Rm98i50
Rm102g50
Rm102h50
Rm102z50
Rm101g50
Rm101h50
Rm101i50
Rm97g50
Rm97h50
Rm97z50
Pb115a50
Pb115c50
Pl104a50
Pl104b50
Pl104c50
Pl108a50
Pl108c50
Vw116a50
Vw116b50
Vw116c50
Th93a50
Th93b50
Th93c50
(s)
505
540
470
525
485
450
170
110
170
640
565
610
610
580
515
80
80
80
75
115
80
360
300
270
190
190
120
170
185
155
140
1480
1205
1255
3555
3600
3600
(s)
161
267
178
285
265
249
32
32
31
128
144
79
29
21
29
8
7
3
22
26
26
37
40
36
49
48
26
31
40
22
21
38
41
36
36
32
36
Ignition Index
Iig
(min-1)
0.37
0.22
0.34
0.21
0.23
0.24
1.88
1.88
1.94
0.47
0.42
0.76
2.07
2.86
2.07
7.50
8.57
20.00
2.73
2.31
2.31
1.62
1.50
1.67
1.22
1.25
2.31
1.94
1.50
2.73
2.86
1.58
1.46
1.67
1.67
1.88
1.67
N = No flashover in 20 minutes
17
Heat Release Index

IQ (kJ)
m = 0.34
m = 0.93
6361
1291
5561
1303
5558
1235
4184
1151
3859
1136
3411
1110
1280
1065
1331
1085
1416
1086
5969
1189
5096
1139
6333
1173
12731
1836
12543
1851
12731
1836
1651
1074
1603
1069
1624
1077
6331
1941
6065
1898
6472
2039
13591
2049
12824
2008
12434
1990
1317
1055
1374
1068
5834
1692
7265
1992
7618
1682
5289
1431
5458
1438
19278
1871
18631
1928
18394
1922
15836
1703
15734
1645
18382
1725
Estimated time
to flashover
min
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
10 to 12
0 to 2
0 to 2
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
N
N
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
10 to 12
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
2 to 10
Material
Group
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
B
B
B
C
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
D
D
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Table 13. Results from AS 1530 Part 3 (Early Fire Hazard Test)a
Material
A01
A02
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
A10
A11
GR Phenolic
70
GR Phenolic
71b
Plasterboard
US
Plywood FR
US
Plywood US
Polyurethane
Foam FR US
Polystyrene
Foam FR US
Hardboard
Plasterboard,
Plywood,
Plywood FR
Ignitability
Ignition
Index
time
Spread of flame
Flame
Index
propagation
time
(s)
(010)
Heat evolved
Radiant heat Index
release
(kJ)
(010)
(min)
(020)
Smoke developed
Maximum
Index
optical
density
(010)
(m1)
3
0.0330.009
0.0200.005
16.7
6.10.06
3
14
0
N
0
0
46.8
400.3
1
1
0.049
0.01.003
3
1
9.70.4
10
658
0.060.4
5.80.2
N
14
0
25.08.3
N
8
0
2075
N
8
0
0.0240.005
0.040.008
2
3
8.50.5
11
32.05.0
1224
0.2160.024
5.30.07
N
4.40.2
4.30
15
0
16
16
49.81.8
N
22.34.7
32.61.1
7
0
9
8
1934
N
25211
2203
7
0
10
8
0.0330.003
0.0110.025
0.0370.004
0.0450.008
3
1
3
3
N No ignition, event did not occur

a
All results mean and standard deviation for 6 specimens
b
One specimen of the six tested ignited and is reported on the line below the non-ignition data.
18
Table 14. Results from AS 1530 Part 5 (Ignitability Test)a

Material
A01
A02
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
A10
A11
GR Phenolic 70
GR Phenolic 71
Plasterboard US
Plywood FR US
Plywood US
Polyurethane Foam FR
US
Hardboard
Plasterboard,
Plywood,
Plywood FR
50 kW
11094
22525
312.2
334.8
180.5
3.20.8
40 kW
252147
40873
513.5
5018.9
318.3
4.00.7
Ignition time (s)

30 kW
595144
NI
1177.4
322100
687.7
5.20.4
20 kW
NI
NI
NI
675108
130.5
10 kW
NI
7628.5
446.0
432.3
449.2
321.8
211.5
10912.1
651.9
922.1
472.2
362.5
22214.0
1273.9
21348.2
821.9
772.3
NI
2523.7
NI
2049.1
22617.3
NI
NI
NI
NI No ignition
- Not tested at indicated radiation level.
a
19
Table 15. Results from ASTM E662 (NBS Smoke Chamber)a

Material
A01
A02
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
A10
A11
GR Phenolic
70
GR Phenolic
71
Plasterboard
US
Plywood FR
US
Plywood US
Polyurethane
Foam FR US
Polystyrene
Foam FR US
Hardboard
Plasterboard
Plywood
Plywood FR
Mass
loss
(%)
271
Flaming
Maximum
Dm
optical density
corrected
(Dm)
7118
6718
Time to Dm
(minutes)
152
Mass
loss
(%)
171
Radiant
Maximum
Dm
optical density
corrected
(Dm)
327
243
Time to Dm
(minutes)
210
NA
NA
NA
NA
136
204
194
182
141
84
84
51
81
283
283
71
492
791
721
130
421
32835
32434
121
653
493
16933
15517
16336
15220
193
41
512
241
74786
226
72483
217
171
200
100 0
40034
36131
40
130
226
217
200
800
131
731
730
14626
71
3211
160
14228
71
3111
141
81
91
133
71
7318
91
635
683
77878
432
30153
36462
72262
432
29953
35178
140
131
111
91
NA Data not available due to explosive spalling.

a
20
1200
1000
Rate of Heat Release (kW)
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
(a) Rate of Heat Release
10
Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
(b) Rate of Smoke Production
Figure 1 (a) and (b). Results of Room Fire Test - ISO gas burner program.
A09 Plasterboard - Walls and ceiling.
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
1000
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
A10 Lauan Plywood - Walls and ceiling.
22
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
8
Rate of Smoke Production (m2/sec)
1000
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
A11 Plywood, FR - Walls and ceiling.
23
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A01 GR Phenolic 70 - Walls
24
1200
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A02 GR Phenolic 71 - Walls
25
1200
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A10 Lauan Plywood - Walls
26
1200
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A11 Plywood FR - Walls
27
1200
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
1000
0
0
200
400
600
800
Time (s)
A10 Lauan Plywood - Ceiling
28
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
1000
0
0
200
400
600
800
Time (s)
A11 Plywood FR - Ceiling
29
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
1000
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
Figure 10 (a) and (b). Results of Room Fire Test - ASTM gas burner program.
A01 GR Phenolic 70 - Walls only.
30
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A03 Plasterboard US - Walls only.
31
1200
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
No data availiable.
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
A04 Plywood FR US - Walls only.
32
1200
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
1000
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
A05 Plywood US - Walls only.
33
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A06 Polyurethane Foam FR US - Walls only.
34
1200
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A07 Polystyrene Foam FR US - Walls only.
35
1200
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A08 Hardboard - Walls only.
36
1200
1200
1000
800
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A09 Plasterboard - Walls only.
37
1200
1200
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
1000
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
Figure 18 (a) and (b). Results of Room Fire Test Furnished Room.
A09 Plasterboard - Walls only.
38
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
Figure 19 (a) and (b). Results of Room Fire Test Furnished Room.
A10 Plywood - Walls only.
39
1200
5
4.5
Radiaiton (kW/m2)
3.5
Plaster walls
Plywood walls
3
2.5
2
1.5
0.5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (sec)
Figure 20 Furnished room fire experiments.

Radiation at floor level prior to ignition of wall linings.
40
120
3500
3000
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
2500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
Figure 21 (a) and (b). Results of Furnished Room and Corridor Fire Test
A09 Plasterboard Walls and Ceiling
41
1200
3500
3000
2500
2000
Test 1
Test 2
1500
1000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
Test 1
Test 2
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A10 Lauan Plywood Walls Only
42
1200
3500
3000
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
2500
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
A11 Plywood FR Walls Only
43
3500
3000
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
2500
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
A10 Lauan Plywood Ceiling Only
44
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
A11 Plywood FR Ceiling Only
45
1200
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)
Figure 26 (a) and (b). Results of Cone Calorimeter Test 50kW/m2

A01 Glass Reinforced Phenolic
46
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)

A02 Glass Reinforced Phenolic
47
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)

A03 Plasterboard US.
48
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)

A04 Plywood FR US.
49
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)

A05 Plywood US.
50
600
500
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
70
80
Time (s)
500
400
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (s)

A06 Polyurethane Foam FR US.
51
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (s)
2000
3000
1000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (s)

A07 Polystyrene Foam FR US.
52
80
500
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Time (s)
500
400
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (s)

A08 Hardboard
53
350
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (s)

A09 Plasterboard
54
180
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (s)

A10 Lauan Plywood
55
180
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Time (s)
500
Rate of Smoke Production (m2/sec)
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time (s)

A11 Plywood FR
56
140
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (s)

A14 Blackbutt
57
1400
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
Time (s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
Time (s)

Tasmanian Hardwood
58
3600
APPENDIX A - Materials for which Bench Scale and Large Scale Data is Available
FCRC
Project 2
Code
Material
Origin of Data Reference
Room Fire Test

Cone
Early
ISO burner
ASTM Calorimete Fire
r
Hazard
burner
walls and walls
Test
ceiling
only walls only
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
X
A
A
A
A
X
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
X
A
A01
A02
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19

Plasterboard US
Plywood FR US
Plywood US
Polyurethane Foam FR US
Hardboard
Plasterboard
Lauan Plywood
Plywood FR
Particleboard
Radiata pine
Blackbutt
Douglas Fir
Radiata pine
Western Red Cedar
Lauan Plywood
Victorian ash
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO (FCRC)
CSIRO (FCRC)
CSIRO (FCRC)
NSW SF/CSIRO
NSW SF
NSW SF/CSIRO
NSW SF
NSW SF
NSW SF
NSW SF
NSW SF/CSIRO
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
E01
E02
E03
Painted gypsum paper plasterboard

Ordinary birch plywood
Textile wallcovering on gypsum
paper plasterboard
Melamine-faced high-density noncombustible board
Plastic-faced steel sheet on mineral
wool
FR particleboard, type B1
Combustible-faced mineral wool
FR particleboard
Plastic-faced steel sheet on
polyurethane foam
PVC-wallcarpet on gypsum paper
plasterboard
FR extruded polystyrene foam
Birch plywood
FR plywood
Melamine-faced particleboard
FR polystyrene foam
Particleboard
Insulating wood-fibre board
Medium-density wood-fibre board
Wood panel, spruce
Melamine-faced particleboard
Plastic wallcovering on gypsum
board
Textile wallcovering on gypsum
board
Textile wallcovering on rockwool
Paper wallcovering on particleboard
Rigid polyurethane foam
Expanded polystyrene
Paper wallcovering on gypsum
board
Gypsum board
EUREFIC
EUREFIC
EUREFIC
12
12
12
A
A
A
A
A
A
EUREFIC
12
EUREFIC
12
EUREFIC
EUREFIC
EUREFIC
EUREFIC
12
12
12
12
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
EUREFIC
12
EUREFIC
Nordic
Nordic
Nordic
Nordic
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Scandinavian
12
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian
12
12
12
12
12
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Scandinavian
12
E04
E05
E06
E07
E08
E09
E10
E11
E12
E13
E14
E15
E16
E17
E18
E19
E20
E21
E22
E23
E24
E25
E26
E27
E28
X CSIRO Data A Data from other source as referenced.
59
Appendix B Large scale test facilities.

B1 Room.
The room fire tests were conducted in a room conforming to ISO 9705 1 and ASTM2. Many
aspects of these test are identical. The room size is 3.6 x 2.4 x 2.4 m high (Figure B1). The
gas burner is placed in one corner so the flames impinge on the specimen. The doorway is
located in the centre of one of the shorter walls and opens under a hood. The 3 x 3 m hood is
connected to an exhaust system, designed to collect all combustion products issuing from the
room (Figure B2). The exhaust system which has a maximum air flow in excess of 3.5 m 3/s
at ambient conditions, is instrumented to measure temperature, differential pressure,
concentration of oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and loss in light transmission
across a diagonal in the exhaust duct. These measurements allow calculation of the total
amount of heat, smoke and gases produced, as well as the rate of heat release at all stages of
the fire.
The major difference between the two test methods is the burner flame sizes and the duration
of the tests.
ISO standard tests.
The gas burner is run at two output levels during the ISO test.
0 10 minutes
100kW
10 20 minutes
300kW
The test is terminated at twenty minutes or when flashover occurs. Flashover has been
defined as when the measured heat release rate is 1MW.
ASTM standard tests.
The gas burner is run at two output levels during the ASTM test.
0 5 minutes
40kW
5 15 minutes
160kW
The test is terminated at fifteen minutes or when flashover occurs. Flashover has been defined
as when the measured heat release rate is 1MW.
Two experiments were performed to the ISO standard except the ignition source was a
padded armchair. The armchair was the same as the chair used in the FCRC Project 4 fire
experiments at Fiskville. Details of the armchair construction can be seen in Table B1.
Component
Frame
Seat base
Arm supports
Cushion padding (1)
Cushion padding (2)
Cushion cover
Webbing
Fasteners
Table B1. Details of armchair

Description
Kiln-dried Pinus radiata
Particleboard
Pine structural plywood
Polyurethane foam (Joyce H30-100)
Dacron polyester fibre
100 % polyester
Elastomer
Zinc-plated steel bolts and staples
60
Mass(kg)
10.00
3.40
1.70
2.10
2.35
1.50
0.10
0.25
B2 Room and Corridor.

The corridor is 10 metres long, 2.1 metres high and 1 metre wide, the minimum crosssectional dimensions allowable under the BCA. The fire room is 3.6 by 2.4 by 2.4 metres
high matching the other standard fire rooms in the laboratory.
The layout of the fire test room and corridor is shown in the attached diagram (Figure B3).
The corridor consists of eight modules, each 1.2 metres long, framed in galvanised steel and
lined with 44 mm of ceramic fibreboard. The far end of the corridor terminates beneath a 3
metre by 3 metre square smoke collection hood connected to an exhaust fan and gas-fired
afterburner, which removes harmful and visible emissions from the exhaust gases.
The fire load in the room consists of a standard mock-up three seat sofa in the room (see
Table B2 for details of the construction).
Table B2. Details of three-seater sofa cushions
Number
6
Material
Dunlop general purpose polyurethane foam, A23-130
Grade (AS 2281)
N23130
Dimensions
560 x 560 x 100 mm
Density
3
23 kg/m
Mass
750 g
The sofa is ignited with a match and within two minutes the room reaches flashover
conditions, with sofa blazing strongly. This fire spreads to the material in the corridor, where
flame travel along the test specimen is closely monitored.
The fuel load was selected, after preliminary experiments, as being sufficient to flashover the
room for about a minute with flames impinging on the specimens mounted on the roof for
about that time.
Thermocouples mounted along the length of the corridor measure the progress of flame
travel. Heat release is measured by oxygen consumption calorimetry instrumentation
mounted in the exhaust duct leading from the smoke collection hood as described in B1
Room. Flame spread behaviour in the corridor is recorded by a video camera mounted five
metres clear of the open end of the corridor
61
3600
2400
2400
2000
Smoke collection
hood
800
Sand box burner

Paper target
Radiometers
Figure B1. Cut-away view of the ISO and ASTM room fire test.
Control room
Computer and
data logger
Fire test room
Gas analysis
equipment
Hoods (2) collect

smoke issuing
from doorways
Video
monitors
Connecting
cables
Observation
window
(one of four)
Doors
(can be opened
for ventilation)
Basement
(access for monitoring)
Figure B2. The room fire test and the associated facilities.
62
External gas-fired
afterburner
(to eliminate
smoke emission)
2400
3600
Demountable corridor
2400
Smoke collecting hood
3-seat sofa
10 000
Fire test room
2100
1000
Figure B3. Diagram of the corridor fire test facility.
63
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FIRE CODE RESEARCH PROGRAM

FIRE PERFORMANCE OF MATERIALS

DATA FROM LARGE-SCALE AND SMALL-SCALE

Copyright Fire Code Reform Centre Ltd

LINING MATERIALS USED IN LARGE SCALE EXPERIMENTS AND

2.1 Project 2 materials

4.1 Large-scale experiments

4.1.1 ISO Room Fire Tests.

4.3 Published data.

Table 1. Lining materials used in assessments

Extruded polystyrene foam insulation

Table 2. Materials assessed in various configurations in room

Walls & ceiling

Ceiling linings were plasterboards

Table 5. Materials and configurations for the room/corridor fire experimentsa

Walls & ceiling

Event times (s)

N denotes that event did not occur

Event times (s)

N denotes that event did not occur

Table 8. Results of room fire experiments with armchaira.

Event times (s)

N denotes that event did not occur

Table 9. Results of room/corridor fire experiments

Event times (s)

N denotes that event did not occur

Table 10. Results from Cone Calorimeter for FCRC materials.

Table 11. Results from Cone Calorimeter for other materials.

Heat Release Index

N No ignition, event did not occur

Table 14. Results from AS 1530 Part 5 (Ignitability Test)a

Ignition time (s)

Table 15. Results from ASTM E662 (NBS Smoke Chamber)a

NA Data not available due to explosive spalling.

Rate of Heat Release (kW)

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)

(b) Rate of Smoke Production

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)

Rate of Heat Release (kW)

(b) Rate of Smoke Production

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Heat Release (kW)

(b) Rate of Smoke Production

Rate of Heat Release (kW)

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)

(b) Rate of Smoke Production

Rate of Heat Release (kW)

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)

(b) Rate of Smoke Production

Rate of Heat Release (kW)

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)

(b) Rate of Smoke Production

Rate of Heat Release (kW)

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)

(b) Rate of Smoke Production

(a) Rate of Heat Release

Rate of Smoke Production (m /sec)