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Definition
HCCIhascharacteristicsofthetwomostpopularformsof
combustion used in IC engines: homogeneous charge
spark ignition (gasoline engines) and stratified charge
compressionignition(dieselengines).Asinhomogeneous
charge spark ignition, the fuel and oxidizer are mixed
together.However,ratherthanusinganelectricdischarge
to ignite a portion of the mixture, the concentration and
temperatureofthemixtureareraisedbycompressionuntil
the entire mixture reacts spontaneously. Stratified charge
compression ignition also relies on temperature increase
and concentration resulting from compression, but
combustion occurs at the boundary of fuelair mixing,
causedbyaninjectionevent,toinitiatecombustion.

The defining characteristic of HCCI is that the ignition

occursatseveralplacesatatimewhichmakesthefuel/airmixtureburnnearlysimultaneously.Thereisnodirect
initiator of combustion. This makes the process inherently challenging to control. However, with advances in
microprocessors and a physical understanding of the ignition process, HCCI can be controlled to achieve
gasolineenginelikeemissionsalongwithdieselenginelikeefficiency.Infact,HCCIengineshavebeenshown
to achieve extremely low levels of Nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) without aftertreatment catalytic converter.
Theunburnedhydrocarbonandcarbonmonoxideemissionsarestillhigh(duetolowerpeaktemperatures),asin
gasolineengines,andmuststillbetreatedtomeetautomotiveemissionregulations.

Introduction:
HCCIhascharacteristicsofthetwomostpopularformsofcombustionusedinICengines:homogeneouscharge
sparkignition(gasolineengines)andstratifiedchargecompressionignition(dieselengines).Asinhomogeneous
chargesparkignition,thefuelandoxidizeraremixedtogether.However,ratherthanusinganelectricdischarge
toigniteaportionofthemixture,theconcentrationandtemperatureofthemixtureareraisedbycompression
untiltheentiremixturereactssimultaneously.Stratifiedchargecompressionignitionalsoreliesontemperature
increase and concentration resulting from compression, but combustion occurs at the boundary of fuelair
mixing,causedbyaninjectionevent,toinitiatecombustion.
ThedefiningcharacteristicofHCCIisthattheignitionoccursatseveralplacesatatimewhichmakesthefuel/air
mixtureburnnearlysimultaneously.Thereisnodirectinitiatorofcombustion.Thismakestheprocessinherently
challengingtocontrol.However,withadvancesinmicroprocessorsandaphysicalunderstandingoftheignition
process, HCCI can be controlled to achieve gasoline enginelike emissions along with diesel enginelike
efficiency.Infact,HCCIengineshavebeenshowntoachieveextremelylowlevelsofNitrogenoxideemissions
(NOx)withoutaftertreatmentcatalyticconverter.
Theunburnedhydrocarbonandcarbonmonoxideemissionsarestillhigh(duetolowerpeaktemperatures),asin
gasoline engines, and must still be treated to meet automotive emission regulations.The homogeneous charge
compression ignition (HCCI) engine has caught the attention of automotive and diesel engine manufacturers
worldwide because of its potential to rival the high efficiency of diesel engines while keeping NOx and
particulateemissions extremely low. However, researchers must overcome several technical barriers, such as
controlling ignition timing, reducing unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, extending
operationtohigherloads,andmaintainingcombustionstabilitythroughrapidtransients.

HCCI engines can operate using a variety of fuels. In the near term, the application of HCCI to automotive
engines will likely involve mixedmode combustion in which HCCI is used at lowtomoderate loads and
standardsparkignition(SI)combustionisusedathigherloads.Thistypeofoperationusingstandardgasoline
typefuelsrequiresamoderatecompressionratioof10:1to14:1forSIoperationandsignificantintakeheating
forHCCIoperation.

WhyHCCI?

ThemodernconventionalSIenginefittedwithathreewaycatalystcanbeseenasanverycleanengine.Butit
suffer from poor partload efficiency. As mentioned earlier this is mainly due to the throttling. Engines in
passengercarsoperatesmostofthetimeatlightandpartloadconditions.Forsomeshorterperiodsoftime,at
overtakingandacceleration,theyrunathighloads,buttheyseldomrunathighloadsforanylongerperiods.This
meansthattheoverallefficiencyatnormaldrivingconditionsbecomesverylow.
TheDieselenginehasamuchhigherpartloadefficiencythantheSIengine.InsteadtheDieselenginefightswith
greatsmokeandNOxproblems.SootismainlyformedinthefuelrichregionsandNOxinthehotstoichiometric

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regions. Due to these mechanisms, it is difficult to reduce both smoke and NOx simultaneously through
combustionimprovement.Today,thereisnowellworkingexhaustaftertreatmentthattakesawaybothsootand
NOx.
TheHCCIenginehasmuchhigherpartloadefficiencythantheSIengineandcomparabletotheDieselengine,
andhasnoproblemwithNOxandsootformationliketheDieselengine.Insummary,theHCCIenginebeatsthe
SIengineregardingtheefficiencyandtheDieselengineregardingtheemissions.

Advantages
HCCIisclosertotheidealOttocyclethansparkignitedcombustion.
Leanoperationleadstohigherefficiencythaninsparkignitedgasolineengines
Homogeneousmixingoffuelandairleadstocleanercombustionandloweremissions.Infact,duetothefact
that peak temperatures are significantly lower than in typical spark ignited engines, NOx levels are almost
negligible.
SinceHCCIrunsthrottleless,iteliminatesthrottlinglosses

Disadvantages
Highpeakpressures
Highheatreleaserates
Difficultyofcontrol
Limitedpowerrange
Highcarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbonprecatalystemissions

HowtoAccomplishtheHCCI
Becauseofthehighcompressionratiosinadiesel,theenginemustbemorerobusttowithstandtheloadsandthe
temperatureofthecombustiontendstobehighenoughtocausethenitrogenintheairtoreactwiththeoxygen
resulting in NOx. As the name implies, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) relies on the high
temperaturesgeneratedbycompressingtheintakestreamtocausethefueltoautoignitejustlikeadiesel.The
difference is that an HCCI engine runs on gasoline (or ethanol) instead of diesel fuel and has a significantly
lowercompressionratio.

That lower compression ratio contributes to a lower combustion temperature and helps keep nitrogen oxide
generationtoaminimum.Inorderforthiswork,veryprecisemeteringofthefuelisrequiredandthatisnow
possiblethankstothelatestdirectinjectiontechnology.Thefuelisinjecteddirectlyintothecylinderandmixed
withtheair.Sincegasolinesvaryindifferentregionsanddifferenttimesoftheyear,thetiming.hccioperation
and concentration has to be adjusted in real time. Having this capability built in also makes it easier to
accommodatealternatefuellikeethanol.
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