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Abstract
Based on the success of the Cruse E Pilot steamflood,
Petrotrin decided to venture into a large-scale thermal project
called the Cruse E (IADB) Expansion Steamflood. The
project area consists of 270 acres in the zone of interest, the
Upper Cruse E sand. Surface and infrastructure work began
in January 1994, and was followed by rig work - drilling,
recompletions, and workovers.
Sixty (60) new wells
comprising twenty-eight (28) injectors and thirty-two (32)
offtakes were drilled and completed to form twenty-eight (28)
patterns. Also thirty-five (35) existing wells were utilized as
offtakes. The project was commissioned in January 1996
when steam injection began. It was predicted in 1992 by
reservoir simulation that 11 million barrels of heavy oil would
be recovered over fifteen (15) years with production peaking
in the year 2000.
However, in 1998 when oil production reached 900 bopd,
the project was adversely affected by environmental concerns
to a residential area in the vicinity of the steamflood and it was
actually shutdown by order of the Environmental Management
Agency in November 1998. Extensive environmental work
was undertaken by Petrotrin in the areas of communication,
training and operations to improve the safety and
environmental aspects of the steamflood, and ensure that it
was brought up to required environmental standards. After
forty (40) months of inactivity, approval was finally obtained
in March 2002 from the environmental regulatory agency to
restart steam injection.
This paper discusses the performance of the steamflood
during steam injection and during no injection, the operational
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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Two [2] wells, FC 416 and CR 154 were full hole cored
within the objective Upper Cruse sands to determine accurate
reservoir rock and fluid properties. A summary of the
reservoir rock and fluid properties is given in Table 1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Pattern plots for Cruse E indicate that all the patterns have
shown response to steam, but to varying extents. The most
prolific pattern during 1998 using oil production as yardstick
was Pattern 2 which had a potential of 160 bopd. These plots
also indicate that there were suddenly high water cuts in
Patterns 3,4,5,6,15,20 and 25, which were due to some wells
producing large volumes of water. These wells were causing
improper distribution of steam in the reservoir and were closed
in or tailored down when excessive water production began.
Also, steam injection rates in the patterns were either reduced
or stopped.
The sands are receptive to steam injection; with injection
rates as high as 1000 bspd being recorded. The average
injection rate during the 1996-1998 period was 500 bspd per
injector, which corresponds to an average injectivity of 0.63
bspd/psi.
The areal pattern sweep is irregular. In some cases it
follows the sand thickness trend of the B and C sands,
while in other patterns, it does not. This is confirmed by the
iso-gross, iso-nett and iso-water cut maps of 1998 [Figs. 1113]. There is poor vertical conformance in some patterns,
which is confirmed by pre-mature breakthrough in some
offtakes, as well as temperature distribution across the
perforations in injectors. Hence, it is necessary to run RST
logs to measure water saturation close to the wellbores of such
offtakes, so that water shut-offs can be recommended. Also, it
will be necessary to change injection points from time to time.
Environmental Aspects
The Cruse E Pilot and Cruse E [IDB] Expansion
steamfloods were closed in by the Ministry of Energy in
November 1998 following several reports by nearby residents
of harmful gases in the atmosphere.
A school and
kindergarten in close proximity to the scheme were of major
concern.
Baseline ambient air quality sampling was
conducted and the sample sent to the United States for testing.
Results indicated that there were unacceptably high levels of
volatile organic compounds [VOCs] present during certain
types of weather and during certain field activities. A Pan
American Health Organization [PAHO] survey listed the
possible sources of pollution and made recommendations for
corrective measures. During 1999-2000 corrective measures
were aggressively pursued by Petrotrin, and the following
activities were accomplished: (1)
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(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Reservoir Simulation
Results of History Match and Simulation
Two analytical models were used, the Myhill-Stegemeier and
the Jeff Jones models.
(a) Results of Myhill-Stegemeier Analytical Model
The Myhill-Stegemeier model was used to simulate the 28
patterns. The production value it gives at the beginning of the
steamflood is higher than the actual. This can be seen in Fig.
14, which is a history match and forecast of the project using
both models. The actual production in 1996 was 482 bopd and
the Myhill-Stegemeier value was 1099 bopd. In 1997, when
the scheme peaked at 1142 bopd, the Myhill-Stegemeier value
was 1656 bopd.
This model predicts a peak production of 2601 bopd in
2004, which will decline to 2209 bopd in 2005. A final
recovery factor of 52 % of OOIP (11.29 MMbbls of oil)
would be achieved over the next twenty (20) years.
Recoveries ranges from as low as 30% in pattern 4 to as high
as 81% in pattern 2. The steam-oil-ratio history match and
forecast is shown in Fig. 15 for both models. For the MyhillStegemeier model an SOR of 3.2 could be expected when the
scheme reaches its peak in 2004, which will move to 4.8 in
2008 and continue to increase to 7.7 at the end of the projected
time. The Myhill-Stergemeier forecast of the IADB Cruse E
Expansion steamflood meets and satisfies Chus correlations
on steam flooding i.e. SOR > (or equal to) 5.0
(b) Results of Jeff Jones Model
Jeff Jones identified three stages in a steam flood scheme
Stage I, Stage II and Stage III... During Stage I, the reservoir
does not instantaneously realize the effects of the thermal
recovery phenomena. Instead, because of the large difference
in mobility between the displacing steam and the cold oil,
there is channeling and this affects initial production response.
The Jeff Jones method history match of production of this
steamflood in year 1996 is 355 bopd less that the actual, as can
be seen in Fig. 14. In 1997, when the scheme was producing
1142 bopd, this model gave a value that was 91 bopd higher
than the actual.
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Project Economics
The original project economics of May 1996 was severely
affected by the four-year shutdown of steam injection. A
revised production forecast was done in November 2002 with
the assumption that the remaining recoverable reserves of 7.5
MMBO will be produced in 13 years with a peak of 2200
bopd in year 2006 [Table 2]. Economic runs were done to
include capital expenditure incurred during the re-start phase.
Results of economic runs indicate that the project will be
profitable at a market oil price of $18.00 per barrel and above.
Cruse E thermal oil has a market value of $US 6.00 less
than WTI crude.
The annual economics of the project is based on the
Economic Limit Steam Oil Ratio Method, which is used for
the other Petrotrin steamfloods. In this method, the economic
limit steam-oil ratio is calculated based on an operating cost
target, steam generator cost and a total actual operating cost of
the steamflood.
If R =
Conclusions
(1)
The interpreted bifurcating ENE/WSW trend of the
distributary channel complexes of the uppermost
section of the Upper Cruse sands which were subdivided into Units A, B, C and D was confirmed by the
many wells that were drilled. The presence of several
faults was confirmed by contour misties and fluid
anomalies
(2)
(3)
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
(4)
(5)
(6)
5.
6.
7.
8.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the Management of Petroleum Company
of Trinidad & Tobago [Petrotrin] for permission to publish
this paper. I would also like to thank the Geoscientists and
Production personnel who have worked, and who are currently
working to make this project a success.
Acres x 4.046856 *
E-01
ha
Bbl x 1.589873
E-01
m3
Cp x 10 *
E-03
Pa.s
(degree F - 32)/1.8
E-00
ft. x 3.048 *
E-01
in. x 2.54 *
E-00
cm
md x 9.869233
E-04
um2
psi x 6.894757
E+00
kPa
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2100
F)
110
oF
175
( API)
16 - 18
265
75
31
Area (acres)
270
75
68
1.1
31.1
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
ORIGINAL
FORECAST
OF 1995
(BOPD)
150
450
1,350
2,375
3,275
3,775
3,760
3,400
2,900
2,375
1,825
1,250
800
400
150
REVISED
FORECAST
OF 2002
(BOPD)
600
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,200
2,200
2,000
1,700
1,350
950
700
500
350
FORECASTED
ACTUAL
ACTUAL
INJECTION PRODUCTION INJECTION
(BSPD)
6,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,500
2,000
(BOPD)
156
417
810
877
280
148
163
144
831
(BSPD)
0
5,017
9,372
6,525
400
5,115
STEAM
OIL
RATIO
0.00
12.03
11.57
7.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.78
6.16
10.00
6.67
5.00
4.55
3.64
3.50
3.53
3.70
4.21
4.29
5.00
5.71
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Steamflood and
He at Scavenging
Projects
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F IG . 8 - C R U S E E (ID B ) S T E A M F L O O D N E T O IL S A N D IS O P A C H U N IT D
2000
Jan-95
Mar-95
May-95
Jul-95
Sep-95
Nov-95
Jan-96
Mar-96
May-96
Jul-96
Sep-96
Nov-96
Jan-97
Mar-97
May-97
Jul-97
Sep-97
Nov-97
Jan-98
Mar-98
May-98
Jul-98
Sep-98
Nov-98
Jan-99
Mar-99
May-99
Jul-99
Sep-99
Nov-99
Jan-00
Mar-00
May-00
Jul-00
Sep-00
Nov-00
Jan-01
Mar-01
May-01
Jul-01
Sep-01
Nov-01
Jan-02
Mar-02
May-02
Jul-02
Sep-02
Nov-02
Jan-03
Mar-03
May-03
Jul-03
Sep-03
Nov-03
GROSS PRODUCTION
(BPD)
OIL (BOPD)
1200
Injection Stopped
1000
8000
800
600
Injection
Recommenced
200
6000
GROSS FLUID (BFPD)
5000
4000
1000
6000
400
4000
WATER-CUT (%)
Injection Stopped
70
Water-cut
3000
Gross
Injection
Recommenced
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
1400
WATER-CUT (%)
Jan-95
Mar-95
May-95
Jul-95
Sep-95
Nov-95
Jan-96
Mar-96
May-96
Jul-96
Sep-96
Nov-96
Jan-97
Mar-97
May-97
Jul-97
Sep-97
Nov-97
Jan-98
Mar-98
May-98
Jul-98
Sep-98
Nov-98
Jan-99
Mar-99
May-99
Jul-99
Sep-99
Nov-99
Jan-00
Mar-00
May-00
Jul-00
Sep-00
Nov-00
Jan-01
Mar-01
May-01
Jul-01
Sep-01
Nov-01
Jan-02
Mar-02
May-02
Jul-02
Sep-02
Nov-02
Jan-03
Mar-03
May-03
Jul-03
Sep-03
Nov-03
12
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10000
2000
100
90
80
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13
14
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15
2750
10000
2500
9000
2250
8000
2000
7000
1750
6000
1500
5000
1250
4000
1000
3000
750
500
2000
250
1000
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
0
1996
Forecast (BOPD)
Time (Years)
Jeff Jones
Myhill Stergemeier
Actual
Steam Rate
injection restarted
Nov-02
20
15
10
Time (Years)
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
SOR (bbls/bbls)
25