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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

Advance English Linguistic

BY
MOH. HILMAN FIKRI
NURIL LAILI SAFITRI

UNIVERSITY OF ISLAM MALANG


MAGISTER OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
NOVEMBER 2015

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This paper is conducted to fulfil Advance English Linguistic classs task. This paper
discuss about phonetics and phonology.
By studying phonetics and phonology the learner will be master in the sound of English
language. English languages sound is not as same as other languages. It is important too for the
learner who has profession as a teacher. English teacher must know the phonetics since
phonology is about study of the sound. It is also helping the teacher to have better pronunciation
and to have strong grasp on intonation, accent and dialect in English language.
Studying this topic is very crucial for English learner to master English since there are so
many words and sounds that require different way of produce it. A mistake when producing
sounds will get different meaning which may lead to misunderstanding.

The writer

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 PHONETICS
Phonetics is a study about the sound we make when we talk. It is deals with production,
transmission and reception of all human speech sounds in general with no particular reference to
any language. There are three main branches in this study; constitute acoustic phonetics, auditory
phonetics and articulatory phonetics. To avoid the problems when discussing the sounds of
languages is by using a phonetic alphabet. An alphabet each symbol represents only one sound
and each sound is represented by just one symbol. To distinguish phonetic symbols from letters or
words, it is writes in an ordinary spelling system (orthography).
2.1.1 Three main branches in the study
1. Constitutes Acoustic Phonetics
This is the study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication
and how the sounds are transmitted. The sound travels through from the speakers mouth through
the air to the hearers ear, through the form of vibrations in the air. Acoustic phonetics also looks
at how articulatory and auditory phonetics link to the acoustic properties.
2. Auditory Phonetics
This is the study of how we perceive and hear sounds and how the ear, brain and auditory
nerve perceive the sound. This branch deals with the physiological processes involved in the
reception of speech.
3. Articulatory Phonetics
This is the study of the movement of various parts of the vocal tract during speech. The
vocal tract is the passages above the larynx where air passes in the production of speech. In
simpler terms which bit of the mouth moves when we make a sound. Articulatory has three
subparts:
a) Articulation

b) Describing the sound s in a way that is understood by other linguists in the field.
c) Classify the sounds according to the properties they have.
Phonetics is the basis for phonological analysis. It is analysing the production of all human
speech sounds, regardless of the language.
2.1.2 The phonetic alphabets:
a. Consonants all of alphabets exclude letters a,i,u,e, and o
Example: B: bat tab

amble brick black bubble

b. Vowels alphabets a, i, u, e and o


Example: I: beet beat
Caesar

Vaseline

we

see

sea

receive key believe

dye

stein

people

fiend money

c. Diphthongs two vowels become one


Example: AY: bite sight
height

die

aisle

choir liar

island

sign

2.1.3. Phonetic Articulation and Description of English Consonant


It is necessary important providing three aspects of consonant articulation to get better
comprehension in describing what consonant is.
1. Voiced or Voiceless Consonant
Voiced Consonant: b, d, g, v, , z, ,
Voiceless Consonant: p, t, k, f, , s, , t
2. Where is the sound produced?
#Bilabial bilabial sounds are made with both lips, eg. (p [pat], b[bat],m [math], w
[with], and M [where]).

#Labio-dental labio-dental consonants are made with the lower lip against the upper
front teeth, eg. (f [fat], v [vat]).
#Interdental interdental consonants are made with the tip of the tongue againts the
upper front teeth eg. ( [think], [thus]).
#Alveolar just behind upper front teeth there is a small ridge called alveolar ridge eg. (t
[tab], d [dab], s [sip], z [zip], n [noose], l [loose], r [red].
#Palatal the sounds made near the hard part of mouth roof eg. ( [leash], [measure],
[church], [judge] and y [yes]).
#Velar the soft part of the mouth roof eg. (k [kill], g [gill], [sing]).
#Glottal the sound made in glottis (between the vocal fords) eg. (h [uh and oh].
3. How is the sound produced? (Manner of articulation)
# Stops obstructing the airstream totally (p [stop] and b [tab], bilabial stop, t [set], d
[bed], k [think], [each].
#Fricative forming a nearly complete stoppage of the airstream eg. (f, v, , , s, z, )
#Affricative stopping the airstream briefly and releasing the articulatory slightly,
thereby friction is produced eg. .
#Nasal sounds produced with the velum lowered and complete obstruction in the oral
cavitiy (m, n, )
#Liquids closures formed by the articulators but is not narrow enough to cause friction
eg. (l and r).
#Glides a slight closure is made by the articulators while producing the sound eg. (w).
2.2 PHONOLOGY
Phonology is the study of the systems of sounds and sound combinations in language.
Phonology deals with the ways those sounds are organized in particular language. It is analyse

the sound patters of a particular language by determining which phonetic sounds are significant
and explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speaker. For the example can
word. can /kn/ having final /n/ sound, and in many of our pronunciations can does indeed
end with an [n]. but if the listener listens carefully the final sound is often [m] when can comes
before a word that begins with a bilabial sound, as in: I can play become [ay km ple].
In our mental processing of language, we change final [n]s like the one in can by
applying a kind of rule called a phonological process. This process changes the /n/ so that it
matches the following sound in point of articulation.
2.2.1 Kinds of phonological process
2.2.1.1 Metatheses
Metatheses are process which re-order sounds. Example: ask [aks], prescription
[parskripsen]
2.2.1.2 Assimilations
Assimilations are processes which make two adjacent sounds more alike with
respect to some feature. Example: in English, a vowel that occurs before a nasal
sound becomes nasalized, so I can be [I cambe]
2.2.1.3 Deletions
Deletions are process which eliminates a sound. Example: /h/ is optionally deleted
at the beginning of unstressed syllables in English, e.g. her [er]
2.2.1.4 Dissimilations
Dissimilations are process which makes two adjacent sounds less alike with
respect to some feature. Example: fift time [fift-taim].
2.2.1.5 Insertions
Insertions are process which adds a sound. Example:
/dns/

[dnts]

dance.

Some examples of optional phonological process used in the most dialects of American
style. It is responsible for variation in speech.
-

Flapping : alveolar stops /t, d/ become flaps [D] after a stressed vowel and before an
unstressed syllable e.g. writer /raytr/ [rayDr]

Alveolar assimilation: alveolar stops /t, d, n/ take on the same point of articulation as a
following stop. That is, they become labial before a labial stop, or velar before a velar
stop e.g. could be /kUd bi/ [kUb bi]

H- deletion: /h/ is deleted in unstressed syllables e.g. he handed her his hat /hi hnded hr
hiz ht/ [hi hnded r iz ht]

Glottal stop insertion // is optionally inserted before a stressed vowel at the beginning of
a word e.g. its awful! /its ofl/ [its ofl]

Palatalization: this is an assimilation process where a sound becomes palatal when it


occurs in the vicinity of a palatal sound e.g. did you /didyu/ [dijyu].

2.2.2 Obligatory in Phonological Process


Obligatory phonological process are those always apply in the speech of all speakers of a
language (or dialect)- regardless of style, or rate, or individual preference.
2.2.2.1 Vowel Nasalization
A vowel becomes nasalized before a nasal sound.
Example: Normal band [bend]
Obligatory band [beind]
2.2.2.2 Aspiration

A voiceless stop becomes aspirated when it is the first sound in a stressed syllable.
Example: the way to produce T in top and stop word is different; top [thap]
and stop [stap].
2.2.2.3 Liquid devoicing
A liquid /r/ or /i/ becomes voiceless when it occurs after voiceless such as /p/ or
/s/. Example: slob and price. There is voiceless S before L in slob word.
2.2.2.4 Vowel Lengthening
Example: robe [ro:b]

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Materials for Advanced Linguistics Book facilitated by Prof. Dr. H. Dimjati Ahmadin,
M.Pd
2. www.sheffield.ac.uk retrieved 9th of November,2015 18.00 WIB

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