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CHE523
ABSTRACT / SUMMARY
I n l i q u i d - l i q u i d e x t r a c t i o n e x p e r i m e n t , i t c o n s i s t s o f t w o p a r t s . F i r s t l y,
to deter mine
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INTRODUCTION
Liquid-liquid
extraction
(LLE)
is
widely
used
in
chemical,
p e t r o l e u m r e f i n e r y, p h a r m a c e u t i c a l , m i n i n g , a n d t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r i e s t o
separate chemicals in liquid mixtures by treating the mixture with an
immiscible solvent in which these components are preferentially soluble.
In some cases purification of a liquid may be the function of the process,
in
others
the
extraction
of
dissolved
component
for
subsequent
p r o c e s s e s m a y b e t h e i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t . An e x a m p l e i s t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f
t h e p u r e o r g a n i c l i q u i d s f r o m p r o d u c t s o f t h e o i l i n d u s t r y. L i q u i d - l i q u i d
e x t r a c t i o n s m a y a l s o b e u s e d a s e n e r g y s a v i n g p r o c e s s e s b y, f o r e x a m p l e ,
eliminating distillation stages. It is possible, of course that the substance
of
interest
may
be
heat-sensitive
a n yw a y
and
that
distillation
is
solvents
is
accomplished
using
separator
funnel,
followed
by
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separation
technique
will
change
and
two
distinct
phases
OBJECTIVES
1) I n e xper i me nt Par t A, we ne e d to de t er mi ne t he di s tr i but i on c oeffi ci e nt
for the s yste m organic solvent propionic acid water as well as to its
2)
dependence on concentration.
For experi ment in Part B we need to de monstrate how a mass balance is
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THEORY
between
the
two
immiscible
liquids.
Therefore
it
is
very
: Wat e r f l o w r a t e , l t / s
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Vo
: Tr i c h l o r o e t h y l e n e f l o w r a t e , l t / s
S u b s c r i p t s : 1 : Top o f c o l u m n
: 2 : Bottom of column
Mass Balance :
Propionic acid extracted from the organic phase (raffinate).
=Vo(X1X2) .................(3)
Propionic acid extracted by the aqueous phase (extract)
=Vw(Y10) ..................(4)
T h e r e f o r e t h e o r e t i c a l l y,
Vo(X1X2) = Vw(Y10) ...................(5)
the distribution coefficient for the chemicals used (Assume that Y=KX
relation holds at equilibrium for a constant K). Rate of acid transfer may
be calculated using Equation (3) or (4) based on raffinate or extract
p h a s e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y.
A P P R A TU S
Experiment A
S o d i u m H yd r o x i d e s o l u t i o n ( 0 . 1 M a n d 0 . 0 2 5 M )
Phenolphthalein
Propionic acid
Experiment B
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E X P E R I M E N TAL P R O C E D U R E
Experiment Part A
1. 50ml of trichloroethylene is being mixed with 50ml water in conical
flask. Then 2ml of propionic acid is added to the mixture.
2. A stopper is placed and the mixture is shaken for 5 minutes.
3. The mixture is then separated using the separation funnel.
Each of the bottom and upper samples is titrated against 0.1M NaOH
u s i n g p h e n o l p h t h a l e i n a s t h e i n d i c a t o r.
Experiment Part B
1. 100mL of propionic acid are added to 10 litres of trichloroethylene.
The mixture is then filled into the organic phase tank (bottom tank).
2. The level control is switched to the bottom of the column by keeping
the bottom electrodes on (the S2 valve is switched on).
3. The water feed tank is filled with 15 litres of clean demineralised
water (the V13 valve was open). The water feed pump is started
(valve S3) and the flow rate of water is regulated to the maximum
by opening valve C1.
4. The flow rate is reduced to 0.5 litre/min as soon as the water
reaches the top packing.
5. The metering pump (S4) is started.
6. Steady conditions must be achieved by running the set up for 15-20
minutes. The flow rate is monitored during the period to ensure that
they remain constant.
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7 . Two o r t h r e e b a t c h e s o f 3 0 m l s a m p l e a r e t a k e n f r o m t h e f e e d ,
raffinate and extract streams (valve V1).
8. 10 ml of each sample is titrated against 0.025M NaOH using
phenolphthalein as the indicator (to titrate the feed and raffinate
continuous stirring using magnetic stirrer may be needed).
RESULTS
Experi ment A
Titre of M/10
NaOH
Titre of M/10
NaOH
added
(Organic)
(Aqueous)
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
45.8
Propioni
c acid
Propionic acid
concentration in
organic layer, X
Propionic acid
concentration in
aqueous layer, Y
K = Y/X
87.5
0.916
1.750
1.910
23.2
55.7
0.773
1.857
2.402
1.9
14.8
0.190
1.480
7.789
Experi ment B
Compounds
Feed
94.4
33.0
Extract
10.5
39.2
Raffinate
6.2
5.0
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Vol u m e o f N a O H ( m l )
M2 =
V 2 = Vol u m e o f P r o p i o n i c a c i d ( m l )
(0.1)(0.3ml) = M2(5ml)
M1 = 0.006M
2) Conc e ntr a ti on in Orga ni c La ye r, Y ( 3 ml Pr opi oni c Ac i d)
(0.1)(2.5ml) = M2(3ml)
M2 = 0.083M
For mula:
K = 0.034M
0.006M
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For mula:
K = 0.467M
0.083M
K = 5.63
For mula:
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Vol u m e o f N a O H ( m L )
M2 =
V 2 = Vol u m e o f p r o p i o n i c a c i d ( m l )
(0.1)(7.2ml) = M2(10ml)
M2 = 0.072M
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= Vo ( X 1 - X 2 )
= 0.0033 (0.072 0.0031)
= 0.000135 kg/s
To cal cul at e
the
X1*,
calculate
the
average
distribution
coefficient
from
experiment A
3.883 = 0.17
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X1* = 0.0438
X1 - X 2
X1
ln
X 2
Log mean driving force =
= (0.0031)-(0.072 0.0438)
ln
0.0031
(0.0720.0438
)
= 0.0114
3.883
( 50 x 103 ) x 1.2
4
x 0.0114
= 144561
DISCUSSION
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what
has
been
practised
in
the
experiment,
the
mixture
of
t r i c h l o r o e t h yl e n e - p r o p a n o i c a c i d - w a t e r i s s e p a r a t e d b y u s i n g s e p a r a t o r f u n n e l .
When a compound is shaken in a separator funnel with two i mmiscible
solvents, the compound will distribute itself between the two solvents. The
upper la yer contains mo re water and the botto m la yer contains more propanoic
acid as water is denser than the solvent.
Regarding the result, we can see the decrease in distribution coefficient
when the a mount of solvent added is decreasing. This shows that the greater
the amount of solvent added, the higher the increase in distribution coefficient.
Nevertheless, there mi ght be some errors that happened during the
experiment. First, errors might be done while taking the reading of the burette.
S u p p o s e d l y, t h e e ye o f t h e o b s e r v e r s h o u l d b e p a r a l l e l t o t h e m e n i s c u s l e v e l .
Likewise, it is preferable to put a white paper just behind the level in order to
aid in reading the meniscus. Therefore, a different reading will lead to
different values of calculation from the correct one.
Second, all of the instrume nts used during this experi ment mi ght not be
h a n d l e d p r o p e r l y. S i n c e t h e q u a n t i t y o f t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s i s l i m i t e d ,
the me mbers of the group needed to wash all the me asuring c ylinders required
to perform the titration. Therefore, the added solutions are inevitably mixed
with the water left after being washed. This ma y also lead to some errors in the
calculations.
CONCLUSION
T h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s e x p e r i m e n t a r e a c h i e v e d s u c c e s s f u l l y, w h e r e
the distribution coefficient for solution with 5mL, 3mL and 1mL of propanoic
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R E C O M M E N D ATI O N S
There are some recommendations to make sure this experiment
would attain more accurate and precise results in the future:
Make sure the apparatus are in good condition before conducting the
experiment.
All the color change after the titration should approximately about
t h e s a m e c o l o r o n e a c h o t h e r.
Be concerned with the eyes should always be at the same level when
taking the reading of pipette and burette.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction
h t t p : / / w w w.c h e r e s o u r c e s . c o m / e x t r a c t i o n . s h t m l
G e a n k o p l i s , C . J . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . T ra n s p o r t P r o c e s s e s a n d
Separation
C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g . N e w Yor k : M c G r a w - H i l l C o m p a n i e s .
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APPENDICES
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