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70
Shailendra Jain
R. K. Nema
I.
INTRODUCTION
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MRAS has two loops: an inner loop (or regulator loop) that
is an ordinary control loop consisting of the plant and the
regulator, and an outer (or adaptation) loop that adjusts the
parameters of the regulator in such a way as to drive the error
between the model output and plant output to zero, as shown in
Figure 1.
F () = e2 / 2
Reference
Model
Controller
d/dt = - F /
(2)
= - e e /
(3)
Plant
Adjustment
Mechanism
Sign-sign algorithm:
d/dt = - sign (e / ) sign e
Fig. 1.
(4)
Or it may be chosen as :
d/dt = - (e / ) sign e
III.
(1)
(5)
CONTROLLER
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= 0 for e = 0
= -1 for e 0
In some industrial applications it is found that the choice of
adaptation gain is critical and its value depends on the signal
levels. So MIT rule has to be modified as follows:
d/dt = - e
(6)
Where = e /
Also d/dt = - e / ( + T )
(7)
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
(8)
Y(s)/U(s)=600/(s +8s+600)
(9)
(13)
=- e[am r / (p + am)]
(14)
(15)
(11)
Fig. 2.
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1 = bm / b and 2 = (am- a) / b
=- e [b r / (p + am)]
VI.
d1/dt = - e e / 1
(10)
Ym(s)/R(s)=16/(s2+8s+16)
(12)
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Here the object is to compare the actual output (y) and the
reference output (ym) and, by applying model reference
adaptive control scheme, to improve the overall output. Let the
controller be described by the law:
u(t) = 1 r(t) - 2 y(t)
Ym
Y
1.2
output
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
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1.6
1.4
Fig. 3.
5
time
10
1.4
Ym
alpha=0.1
alpha=1
alpha=2
alpha=5
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.8
output
0.7
control parameter 1
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.1
0
0.2
alpha=0.1
alpha=1
alpha=2
alpha=5
0.2
Fig. 4.
10
time
12
14
16
18
5
time
10
20
Fig. 6.
0
alpha=0.1
alpha=1
alpha=2
alpha=5
-0.05
alpha=0.1
alpha=1
alpha=2
alpha=5
0.2
-0.2
-0.15
error
control parameter 2
-0.1
-0.4
-0.2
-0.6
-0.25
-0.8
-0.3
-0.35
Fig. 5.
-1
0
10
15
time
20
25
30
b = bm / 1
and
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a = am - b 2
Fig. 7.
5
time
10
VI. CONCLUSION
As compared to conventional fixed gain controllers (PID
Controllers), the adaptive controllers are very effective to
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any control, plant performance was very poor with very high
values of overshoot and undershoot. Whereas the application
of MRAC by using MIT rule reduces the values of overshoot
and undershoot directly to zero. This paper mainly emphasis
on the effect of adaptation gain on the systems performance.
Table I shows that with the increment in adaptation gain the
settling time is reducing. Also the control parameters vary in
the direction to improve the system performance with the
increment in adaptation gain. But beyond the chosen range of
adaptation gain (0.1< < 5), system performance is very poor.
The system may even become unstable for the wrong choice
of adaptation gain. Therefore, it is shown that for suitable
values of adaptation gain, the MIT rule can make the plant
output as close as possible to the reference model in model
reference adaptive control scheme.
TABLE I
TIME RESPONSE SPECIFICATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT MRAC FOR DIFFERENT ADAPTATION GAIN
Without any
control
= 0.1
=1
With MRAC
=2
=5
0.135
60%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34%
Settling Time
(second)
1
2
1.7
28
3.6
.
..
0.722
-0.227
0.8
-0.2
0.832
-0.168
0.86
-0.14
[9]
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