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F =30 kN
u =3.53 mm
3
2
4
1
model 1
Member i
Stiffness EAi
15000 kN
450000
450000
450000
F =30 kN
1
2
u =3.17 mm
7
9
5
model 2
Member i
1
2
3
6
Axial Force Ni
-0.564 F
0.445 F
0.318 F
Length l i
2.28 m
5.20
3.30
Stiffness EAi
450000 kN
15000
15000
4
-0.446 F
1.60
5
-0.352 F
3.76
6
0.150 F
3.40
7
-0.579 F
2.34
8
-0.371 F
1.90
9
-0.320 F
3.85
Figure 5. Strut-and-tie model 2
450000
450000
15000
450000
450000
450000
F =30 kN
1
2
u =3.33 mm
4
5
7
6
model 3
Member i
Stiffness EAi
450000 kN
15000
15000
450000
450000
15000
450000
F =30 kN
u =6.21 mm
1
2
4
model 4
Member i
Stiffness EAi
450000 kN
15000
450000
450000
Answers to Problem 3
a Castigliano
EAi
15000
450000
450000
450000
i
2
Ec = 0.0000588 F m/kN
E
u = c = 2 0.0000588 F = 2 0.0000588 30 = 0.00353 m, which is correct.
F
Ec = 21
b The best
Any of the following four answers is correct.
A Each strut-and-tie model is equally suitable. Plasticity theory states that any equilibrium
system that does not violate the yield conditions gives a lower bound for the strength of the
structure. Experiments have shown that reinforced concrete is sufficiently ductile to apply
plasticity theory.
B Strut-and-tie model 1 is the best because the value
Njl j
obtains the number of all ties. This leads to the least amount of reinforcement.
N j l j = 93 kNm
Model 1:
C Strut-and-tie model 2 is the best because its complementary energy is the smallest.
Ni2l i
Ecompl = 21
where i obtains the numbers of all struts and all ties.
EAi
Model 1: Ecompl = 0.053 kNm
Note that that we cannot use potential energy in this problem because we are not looking for
the correct displacements. We use complementary energy because we are looking for the
correct force flow.
Ni2l i
Fu you
Note that if you calculate the complementary energy as Ecompl = 21
EAi
assume that the displacement u is imposed. Clearly, not u is imposed but F is imposed.