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November 2015 Paris attacks

On the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist attacksconsisting of mass shootings, suicide bombings and hostage-takingoccurred in
Paris, France, and Saint-Denis, its northern suburb. Beginning at 21:16 CET,[13] six mass shootings and three
separate suicide bombings near the Stade de France
occurred.[13][14] The deadliest attack was at the Bataclan
theatre, where attackers took hostages and engaged in a
stand-o with police which ended at 00:58 on 14 November.

security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris
from 30 November to 11 December 2015, and had restored border checks the week before the attacks.[7] The
Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 occurred in the
11th arrondissement (district) of the city, where the Bataclan theatre is situated.[30] France witnessed several other
smaller attacks throughout 2015, including the stabbing
of three soldiers in Nice who were guarding a Jewish
community centre in February;[31] an attempt to blow up
in June, resulting in
At least 129 people were killed, 89 of them at the Bat- a factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier
[32]
the
murder
of
an
employee;
and
a
shooting and stab[2][3][15][16]
aclan theatre.
A further 352 people were in[33]
bing
spree
on
a
train
in
August.
[3]
jured by the attacks, including 99 people described as
being in a serious condition.[4] In addition to the civil- Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joel Laloux, owned the
ian casualties, eight attackers were killed and authorities Bataclan theatre for more than forty years until they sold
continued to search for any accomplices that remained the theatre in September 2015. Previous owners reported
at large.[3][4][17] Prior to the attack, France had been on that the venue had been threatened several times by antihigh alert since the January 2015 attacks in Paris that Israel and anti-Zionists for its public support of Israel.
killed 17 people, including civilians and police ocers.[7] In 2011, a group called Army of Islam threatened the
At 23:58, French President Franois Hollande announced venue because of Jewish ownership.[34][35][36]
a state of emergency, the rst since the 2005 riots,[18] ISIL and their branches have claimed responsibility for
and placed temporary controls on the countrys borders.[2]
numerous deadly attacks within the weeks leading up to
The rst citywide curfew in Paris since 1944 was also put the attacks. On 12 November 2015, twin suicide bombin place.[19]
ings took place in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 43 people.
On 14 November, the Islamic State of Iraq and the On 31 October 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268, carrying
Levant (ISIL or ISIS) claimed responsibility for the mostly Russian passengers crashed in the Sinai in Egypt,
attacks.[6][20][21] ISILs motive may have been retaliation killing 224 people. ISILs Sinai branch claimed responsifor French involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Iraqi bility. Also, on the day of the attacks, ISILs lead exCivil War.[11][22] Hollande said the attacks were organised ecutioner Jihadi John was reportedly killed by a U.S.
from abroad by Daesh, a pejorative Arabic acronym for drone strike[37] and ISIL lost control of Sinjar to Kurdish
ISIL,[23] with internal help,[24] and described them as forces.[38]
an act of war.[25] The attacks were the deadliest to occur in France since the Second World War,[26][27] and the
deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train 2 Attacks
bombings in 2004.[18]
Timeline of attacks

Background

13 November:
21:16 First suicide bombing near the Stade de
France.[39]

Frances military has been involved in airstrikes in Iraq


and Syria since 19 September 2014, known by the codename of Operation Chammal. In October 2015, France
struck targets in Syria for the rst time.[28] ISIL specially
mentioned the airstrike campaign when they claimed responsibility for the attacks.[29]

21:20 Shooting at the rue Bichat.[40]


21:30 Second suicide bombing at the Stade de
France.[39]

France had been on high alert for terrorist threats since


the Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related attacks in early January 2015.[7] France had also increased

21:45 Four men enter the Bataclan theatre and begin shooting.[39]
1

2 ATTACKS
21:50 Shooting at the rue de Charonne.[39]
21:53 Third suicide bombing at the Stade de
France.[39]
22:00 Hostages are taken at the Bataclan.[39]

14 November:
00:58 French police end the siege on the Bataclan,
where 60100 people were held hostage.[39]
All times are CET (UTC+1).

Seven distinct attacks took place,[41] comprising three


explosions and six shootings.[42][43] The explosions occurred near the Stade de France, while shootings
were reported in the vicinity of the rue Alibert, the
rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, the rue de Charonne, the
Bataclan theatre, boulevard Voltaire, and avenue de la
Rpublique.[30][44][45][46]

2.1

Stade de France explosions

Three explosions occurred near the countrys national


sports stadium, the Stade de France, in the suburb of
Saint-Denis, resulting in at least ve deaths.[7] The explosions happened at 21:16, 21:30, and 21:53.[47] At least
10 people were injured or killed in an explosion at a bar
near the stadium at approximately 21:30, about 20 minutes after the start of an international friendly football
match between France and Germany, which President
Franois Hollande was attending.[15][48] The rst terrorist detonated his suicide belt while trying to enter Gate
J of the stadium, killing at least three fans.[49] Hollande
was safely evacuated from the scene at half-time, while
the German foreign minister stayed,[2][14] and Hollande
met with his interior minister, Bernard Cazeneuve, to
coordinate a response to the emergency.[17] Two of the
explosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of
the match; both coaches were informed by French ocials of a developing crisis,[50] but players and the audience were kept unaware of the danger until the game
had nished,[7][51] as the coaches kept the information to
themselves.[50]
Following the game, fans were brought onto the pitch to
await evacuation as police monitored all the exits around
the venue.[7] Security sources conrmed that all three
explosions were suicide bombings.[7] On 14 November
2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that at least one
of the assailants had a ticket for the football match, but
was hindered from entering the stadium at the security
check, at which point he detonated his vest. The attacks
occurred just seven months before France is set to host
the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament.[52]

The Le Petit Cambodge restaurant with a makeshift memorial of


owers, the day after the attacks

2.2 Rue Bichat and rue Alibert


The rst shootings occurred on the rue Bichat and the
rue Alibert, near the Canal Saint-Martin in the 10th
arrondissement. Attackers shot at people outside Le
Carillon, a caf-bar, at approximately 21:20.[53] They
then crossed the rue Bichat and attacked Le Petit Cambodge, a restaurant, killing between four and eleven
people.[2][54][55] According to French police, eleven people were killed at the restaurant,[2] and an eyewitness
said that one of the gunmen shouted "Allahu Akbar".[56]
The assailants reportedly ed in one or two vehicles after
the shootings.[51] One of the vehicles was known to have
had a Belgian licence plate.[57] Doctors and nurses from
nearby Hpital Saint-Louis were in Le Carillon when the
attacks occurred and supplied emergency assistance to the
wounded after the attack.[57]

2.3 Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi


Shots were red at the terrace of La Casa Nostra, an Italian restaurant, on the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, south of
the rue Bichat, by a man wielding a machine gun.[58] The
Paris prosecutor reported that ve people were killed and
eight were injured.[2] An eyewitness reported that people
were being killed by a gunman ring bursts of three or
four shots.[59]

2.4 Rue de Charonne


Two attackers red for several minutes at the terrace of
La Belle quipe, a restaurant on the rue de Charonne in
the 11th arrondissement before returning to their car and
driving away[15] at approximately 21:50.[58] Police conrmed that 18 people were killed by gunmen who opened
re on the restaurants outdoor terraces.[2][60]

2.5

Boulevard Voltaire

lice and rst responders who arrived at the scene after


initial reports of shooting inside the theatre.[69] One of
Another attacker detonated his suicide vest on the the attackers at the Bataclan had explosives, according to
boulevard Voltaire near place de la Nation.[7] At about a police ocer at the scene.[3]
21:40, he sat down in the cafe Comptoir Voltaire and
At about 00:15, the police started an assault on the theplaced an order before detonating his suicide vest and
atre after reports that the attackers had started killing the
killing himself. About 15 people were injured.[61]
hostages.[7][64] The siege ended at 00:58.[70] Initial police reports indicated that an estimated 100 people were
killed at the theatre;[3][17] however, the toll was later re2.6 Bataclan theatre massacre
vised to 87.[2] Four attackers died, three of them by detonating their suicide vests.[3][7][64] The fourth was hit by
police gunre, and his vest blew up when he fell.[7] The
entire neighborhood around the area was closed o after
the attacks.[71] The identication and removal of bodies
from the theatre took ten hours, a process made more difcult because a number of concert attendees had left their
identication papers with the Bataclans coat-check.[72]

3 Perpetrators
President Franois Hollande stated on 14 November that
the attacks were organised from abroad by Islamic State
with internal help.[24] Syrian and Egyptian passports were
reportedly found near the bodies of two of the perpetrators at two attack sites.[73]
The Bataclan theatre in 2009

Paris Public Prosecutor Franois Molins conrmed that


eight known attackers were killed, though authorities conA mass shooting and hostage taking occurred at the
tinued to search for the restaurant shooters.[7][17]
Bataclan theatre on the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement where the US rock band Eagles of Death
Four attacked the Bataclan theatre wearing black
Metal were playing for roughly 1,500 people.[2][14] The
clothing and using AK-47 assault ries.[7] Three
band had played around ve songs when the explosions
killed themselves with their suicide vests during the
occurred, causing confusion among the audience that
police raid on the theatre. The fourth was killed by
these explosions might simply have been part of the
police gunre just before his vest detonated.[7]
show.[62] At approximately 21:45, about an hour into the
[63]
concert,
four black-clad men with AK-47 assault ri Three suicide bombers detonated their vests near
es entered the hall.[7] Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahu
the Stade de France. A Syrian passport was found
akbar" just before the gunmen calmly and methodically
[7][64]
on one of the suicide bombers, according to the
opened re into the crowd.
A witness said that he
French Police. The authenticity of the passport
saw armed men enter the Bataclan, and two or three men
[3]
was questioned and many analysts pointed out that
not wearing masks red indiscriminately on the crowd.
false Syrian passports can be easily obtained.[74]
The attack lasted about 20 minutes, with witnesses reMinister of Citizen Protection in Greece Nikos
porting that the attackers also threw grenades into the
[64]
Toskas conrmed that one of the Syrian passportcrowd. A radio reporter, Julien Pearce, who attended
holders had been registered as a refugee on Leros
the concert, described the attackers as calm and dein October.[75][76] It was also reported that an Egyptermined, telling CNN they had reloaded three or four
tian passport was found close to the body of another
times.[64]
bomber.[77]
At around 22:00, the men started rounding up hostages,
as police massed outside the concert hall.[64] Between 60
The eighth attacker detonated his vest on the bouleand 100 hostages were taken.[2][30] The bands members
vard Voltaire near the Bataclan theatre.[7]
escaped without injury.[65] A witness who escaped the attack told a journalist there were ve or six attackers and
wearing
that they mentioned Syria.[3][66] One witness in the Bat- According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers
[78]
suicide
vests
used
TATP
as
an
explosive.
aclan stated that a gunman yelled, This is because of
all the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over the One of the attackers had been previously identied as
world.[67][68] There were further attacks reported on po- a ghter coming back from Syria to commit terrorist

5 AFTERMATH

acts.[79] One of the other attackers was a French extremist born on 21 November 1985, from the suburb of
Courcouronnes, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Paris.
He had had a criminal record since 2004 and was agged
as an Islamic extremist in 2010, but had never spent time
in jail.[9][78] French news media identied this attacker
as Ismal Omar Mostefai.[80][81] A second gunman was
found with a passport of a Syrian man who had been
born in 1980. The man on the passport had not previously been known to French police.[78] At least one man
linked with the attacks had entered the EU via Greece as
Syrian refugees in October.[82]

The Romanian Ministry of External Aairs conrmed


two Romanian nationals were killed.[96] One United
States citizen has also been conrmed as killed.[97] The
Foreign Oce has conrmed that one British citizen
was also killed.[98][99] The Ministry of Foreign Aairs
of Chile conrmed the death of three Chilean nationals
in the attacks.[100] Algeria conrmed that two of their
nationals were among the victims.[101] Australias Foreign Minister Julie Bishop informed the media that one
Australian was conrmed as injured.[102] A Mexican ofcial announced that two nationals were killed and one
was injured.[89] The Irish Embassy in Paris conrmed
that at least one Irish citizen was seriously injured in the
On 14 November, the person who hired the car used in
[103]
the attacks was arrested. Additionally, three people were attacks.
arrested in Belgium.[83] Three terrorist teams executed
the attacks, according to the Paris prosecutor. They had
the same suicide vests and the same Kalashnikov ries, 5 Aftermath
and one terrorist had eight arrests to his record. An arrest
was also made in Germany on 5 November, when a 51- 5.1 Ocial response
year-old man from Montenegro was stopped by police,
and automatic handguns, hand grenades and explosives 5.1.1 French governmental response
were found in his car. Links to the ISIL attack in France
are being investigated.[84]

3.1

Analysis of tactics and responsibility

Michael Leiter, former director of the United States


National Counterterrorism Center, said that the attacks
demonstrated a level of sophistication we really haven't
seen in an urban area since 2008 in the attack in Mumbai,
India, and that this will be a game changer for how the
West looks at this threat.[85]
ISIL ocially claimed responsibility for the attacks on the
morning of 14 November, praising their eight brothers
for the death of at least 200 crusaders and claiming that President Franois Hollande was at the Stade de France during
this was only the beginning of the storm.[86][87]
the attacks.

Casualties

The attacks killed at least 129 people and injured


352, with at least 99 reportedly hospitalized in critical
condition.[91] The French music publication Les Inrockuptibles reported that their music critic, Guillaume B.
Decherf, was killed at the Bataclan.[92]

President Franois Hollande issued a statement asking


the French people to remain strong in the face of such
incidents.[104][105] Hollande also visited the Bataclan theatre and vowed to mercilessly ght against terrorism.[60]
Hollande also chaired an emergency meeting of the
French Cabinet that night, and directed his national security council to meet the next morning.[60] The authorities urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for their
own safety.[2][51][106] Hollande also cancelled his trip to
the 2015 G-20 Antalya summit because of the attacks,
instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Finance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives.[107]
On 14 November, President Hollande announced three
national days of mourning.[108]

There were at least 19 foreign citizens among the victims. Swedens Foreign Ministry reported that at least
one Swedish national was killed and another injured.[3]
According to Didier Reynders, the Belgian foreign affairs Minister, two Belgians from Lige and one FrancoBelgian were killed.[93] The Spanish Deputy Prime Minister, Soraya Senz de Santamara, reported that French
authorities conrmed the identication of a Spanish na- 5.1.2 Intelligence review
tional among the victims of the assault on the Bataclan
theatre.[94] Portuguese authorities conrmed that at least Shortly after the attacks, intelligence sta in multione Portuguese citizen was killed.[95]
ple countries began to review electronic surveillance

5.2

Social media and popular reactions

5
people arriving from France.[2]
Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly
Airport were mostly unaected.[14] American Airlines
delayed ights to Paris until further notice.[118] Many
Paris Mtro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements
were shut down because of the attacks.[51][119] Uber also
suspended car hails in Paris after the attacks.[120]

French police gathering evidence at the Bataclan theatre the day


after the attacks

recorded before the attacks.[14] The ranking Democratic


member of the United States House of Representatives
Intelligence Committee said that he was not aware of any
intercepted communications that would have provided
warning.[109]
Police patrol in Paris, the day after the attacks

One source said that the French National Police met with
German police and intelligence services a month prior to
All public schools and universities in Paris were set
the attack to discuss suspicions that terrorists were conto remain closed the next day.[121] Sports events in
ducting surveillance of possible French targets. However,
France for the weekend of 1415 November were
the exact targets were not known at that time.[110]
postponed/cancelled.[122][123] Disneyland Paris closed its
Suspicions emerged that at least some of the weapons parks for the rst time, in solidarity with those who died
used by the attackers may have been stolen from a French in the attacks; it had operated every day since opening in
military armory in July.[110][111]
1992.[124] The Eiel Tower, a Paris landmark visited by
[3]
Police in Germany stopped a car on 5 November that 20,000 people a day, was closed indenitely. Accordwas carrying weapons. The head of the German police ing to The New York Times, as of 14 November 2015,
union said that It seems it was found that he originally The capital is under a heavy police presence, and checks
wanted to go to Paris, heavily armed with several dier- at Frances borders have been reinstated. Air travel conent rearms and explosives, and That the French au- tinues but with signicant security-related delays. Public
thorities were informed about this is totally clear. From protestsa constitutional right in Franceare prohibwhat we know the man is in custody and isn't saying any- ited in Paris and some of the surrounding departments unthing, so with that information alone the French author- til Thursday. Many events ([14 November]'s U2 concert
ities seem to have been unable to do much. At least the in Paris, as well as large photography exhibit) are canattack couldn't be prevented, despite all the eorts that celed. Schools with classes or activities, cultural places
Diswere surely made. The Minister-President of Bavaria and other venues (the Eiel Tower, movie theaters,
[125]
neyland
Paris,
department
stores)
are
closed.
said, In the course of spot checks we had an arrest where
there are reasonable grounds to assume that there may be New York and other cities in the United States took
a link to the matter.[112]
security precautions, particularly at sites where large
crowds were expected, as well as sports events, concerts, the French embassy, and other French government
5.1.3 Security changes
sites.[126][127] Singapore also raised its national security
alert level, stepping up security precautions as well as borIn response to the attacks, France was put under a state der checks across the city-state.[128]
of emergency for the rst time since 2005,[18] borders
were temporarily closed, and 1,500 soldiers were called in
to help the police maintain order in Paris.[7][51][113] The 5.2 Social media and popular reactions
plan blanc (le de France) and plan rouge (global), two
contingency plans for times of emergency, were immedi- Facebook reintroduced its safety check-in system so users
ately activated.[114][115][116] According to some English- in Paris could notify friends and family that they were
language sources, Paris declared its rst curfew in 70 safe. Facebook also encouraged users to customise their
years.[117] In addition, Belgium tightened security along prole pictures to 'support France and the people of
its border with France and increased security checks for Paris.[130]

5 AFTERMATH

The peace icon of the hashtags #PeaceForParis, #PrayForParis


and #JeSuisParis[129]

The Sky Tower in Auckland (left), and Taipei 101 in


Taipei (right) displaying the Tricolour of France the
night after the attacks.
In the hours after the attack, some Parisians used social media, in particular the Twitter hashtag #PorteOuverte (French for "#OpenDoor), to oer overnight shelter to strangers stranded by the attacks.[131] The hashtag trended worldwide.[131] A modied version of the
International Peace Symbol by London-based French
graphic designer Jean Jullien, in which the centre fork was
modied to resemble the Eiel Tower, was also widely
spread.[132][133] The symbol was widely shared on social
media with the hashtags #PrayForParis, #PeaceForParis
and #JeSuisParis.[129]
French foreign exchange students gathered in Union
Square in New York City where they lit candles and
sang La Marseillaise.[134] Vigils took place in Sydney,[135]
Montreal,[136] London[137] and elsewhere.[138]

Following the attacks, multiple landmark structures


around the world were lit in the colours of the French
ag, including the spire of One World Trade Center in New York City (the Empire State Building was
left unlit, in respect[143] ), the Washington Square Arch
also in Manhattan,[143] Tower Bridge in London,[144]
the London Eye,[145] the San Francisco Civic Center, the CN Tower in Toronto,[146] the Sky Tower in
Auckland, [147] the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin,[148] the
Sydney Opera House in Sydney,[149] the Space Needle and CenturyLink Field in Seattle,[150][151] the ngel
de la Independencia in Mexico City,[152] the Oriental
Pearl Tower in Shanghai,[153] the KL Tower,[154] the
Wembley Stadium arch in London,[155] Petn Lookout Tower in Prague,[156] Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw,[157] Matenadaran in Yerevan,[158] the
Museum of Contemporary Art in Zagreb,[159] National
Music Academy in Kiev,[160] the Athens City Hall,[161]
the Peristeri City Hall,[162] the White Tower of Thessaloniki,[163] the lighthouse of Chania[164] in Greece, the
Tower of Belm in Lisbon,[165] the Christ the Redeemer
statue in Rio de Janeiro[166] and the Torre Colpatria in
Bogot.[167]

In the wake of the attack, phrases such as Je Suis Paris


and We are all Parisians appeared on news broadcasts
and social media websites worldwide to show solidarity
with the victims.[139][140][141] This was similar to the reactions after the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting
with the phrase "Je Suis Charlie" and reects the historic phrases ich bin ein Berliner in the 1961 Berlin crisis and the phrase Tonight, we are all Americans spoken on air by France 2 reporter Nicole Bacharan after the
At the 800th annual Lord Mayors Show in London
September 11 attacks.[142]

7
a two-minute silence was held with ags at half-mast
while reworks were cancelled.[168] Two separate vigils
were held in Trafalgar Square,[169] with other vigils being held around the UK, including Liverpool, Leeds and
Glasgow.[170][171][172]
At the City Hall of Athens, the ags of France, Greece
and European Union were at half-mast to mourn for the
victims. Also, the Christmas decorations of the city have
been left unlit.[161]

7 References
[1] Paris attacks: More than 100 killed in gunre and blasts,
French media say. CNN. 14 November 2015. Retrieved
14 November 2015.
[2] Rawlinson, Kevin (13 November 2015). Fatal shootings
and explosion reported in Paris live. The Guardian.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
[3] Paris attacks updates. BBC News.

5.3

French domestic politics

Both Hollandes governing Socialist Party and Marine Le


Pen's National Front suspended their election campaigns
for the upcoming French regional elections.[60] Former
president Nicolas Sarkozy, the leader of the The Republicans, the main centre-right opposition party, supported
the national state of emergency and increased border security measures.[60]

5.4

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the November


2015 Paris attacks
Many heads of state, heads of government, the Holy See,
and the United Nations oered messages of condolence
and solidarity in the wake of the attacks.[173]

[4] Claire Phipps; Kevin Rawlinson (13 November 2015).


All attackers dead, police say, after shootings and explosions kill at least 150 in Paris live updates. The
Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
[5] Attaques Paris : ce que l'on sait des attentats qui ont
fait au moins 128 morts (in French). Le Monde.fr. Le
Monde.fr. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
[6] ISIS claims responsibility of Paris attacks. CNN. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
[7] Randolph, Eric and Simon Valmary (13 November 2015).
More than 120 people killed in Paris 'terror' attacks.
Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the
original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November
2015.
[8] Trois des terroristes de Paris viendraient de Molenbeek:
perquisitions et une arrestation sur place en ce moment.
RTL. 14 November 2015.
[9] Elgot, Jessica; Phipps, Claire; Bucks, Jonathan (14

The November 2015 Paris attacks prompted a reevaluaNovember 2015). Paris attacks: Syrian who passed
through Greece on refugee route one of Isis killers
tion of European ocials, particularly German ocials,
live. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2015. The
stance on the EUs policy toward migrants, especially in
French newspaper Libration reports that one of the terlight of the ongoing European migrant crisis.[174] There
rorists who carried out the Bataclan shooting has been
appeared to be a consensus among ocials, with the noconrmed as a French extremist who was known to potable exception of German Chancellor Angela Merkel,
lice.
that a higher level of scrutiny was needed in vetting migrants with respect to their motives for entering Germany [10] Paris attacks: Bloody atrocity signals shift in Isis stratand Europe overall.[174]
egy. Financial Times. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14
November 2015.

Poland's European aairs minister designate Konrad Szymaski declared that in the wake of the attacks he sees [11] Elgot, Jessica; Phipps, Claire; Bucks, Jonathan (14
no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee relocaNovember 2015). Paris attacks: Islamic State says
tion scheme,[175] saying, We'll accept [refugees only] if
killings were response to Syria strikes. The Guardian.
Retrieved 14 November 2015. The group says the killings
we have security guarantees.[176] The Czech Republic's
were in response to airstrikes against its militants in Syria,
deputy prime minister said, it will be necessary to close
adding France would remain a key target.
the Schengen border.[177]
[12] This Is Because of all the Harm Done by Hollande to
Muslims, nytimes.com.

See also
List of terrorist incidents in France
List of terrorist incidents, 2015
Terrorism in the European Union

[13] Soudain, l'une des bombes explose en plein match. 20


minutes (in French). Retrieved 14 November 2015. On
entend clairement, sur cette vido, la dtonation de 21h16
[14] Nossiter, Adam; Gladstone, Rick (13 November 2015).
Paris Attacks Kill More Than 100, Police Say; Border
Controls Tightened. The New York Times. Retrieved 13
November 2015.

REFERENCES

[15] Paris shootings: Casualties in city centre and explosion


at the Stade de France. BBC News. 13 November 2015.
Retrieved 13 November 2015.

[29] ISIS expresses fury over French airstrikes in Syria;


France says they will continue. CTV News. 14 November
2015.

[16] Paris shootings and explosions near the Stade de France


kill 18. BBC News. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 13
November 2015.

[30] Goldstein, Sasha (13 November 2015). At least 26 dead


after explosion, shooting reported in Paris. NY Daily
News. Retrieved 13 November 2015.

[17] At Least 35 Dead, More Than 100 Hostages Taken in


Multiple Paris Attacks. Haaretz. 13 November 2015.
Retrieved 13 November 2015.

[31] French soldiers wounded in Nice Jewish centre attack.


BBC News. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 14 November
2015.

[18] Nossiter, Adam; Breeden, Aurelien; Clark, Nicola (14


November 2015). Paris Attacks Were an 'Act of War'
by ISIS, Hollande Says. The New York Times. Retrieved
14 November 2015.

[32] Walker, Peter; Malik, Shiv (26 June 2015). France


launches terror inquiry after decapitated body found in
factory attack. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November
2015.

[19] Frances Hollande Orders Borders Closed, Paris Under


First Mandatory Curfew Since 1944. The Hungton
Post. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

[33] Chrisas, Angelique (22 August 2015). France train attack: Americans overpower gunman on Paris express.
The Guardian. Paris, France. Retrieved 14 November
2015.

[20] L'organisation tat islamique revendique les attentats de


Paris (in French). France 24. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

[34] Pourquoi le Bataclan est-il rgulirement vis ?". Le


Point. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

[21] ISLAMIC STATE RELEASES OFFICIAL STATEMENT: 'WE DID IT AND PARIS IS JUST THE START
OF A STORM'". DiscloseTv. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
[22] Dalton, Matthew; Varela, Thomas; Landauro, Inti (14
November 2015). Paris Attacks Were an 'Act of War' by
Islamic State, French President Franois Hollande Says.
The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks on a
social media account, but didn't provide specic information that would allow the claim to be veried. It said the
attacks were retaliation for French airstrikes against the
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External links
Statement by President Franois Hollande at the
Ministry of Foreign Aairs
Summary and live updates at France 24
Summary and live updates at The New York Times
Summary at BBC News
Summary at CNN

14

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

November 2015 Paris attacks Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks?oldid=690709949 Contributors: AxelBoldt, The Anome, Rmhermen, Tgeorgescu, William M. Connolley, Evercat, Boson, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Pigsonthewing, Kizor, Jmabel, Nurg, Xanzzibar, Thincat, Haruo, Rich Farmbrough, Amot, Rama, Zarateman, Nsaa, Hektor, Jun-Dai, B1mbo, DarTar,
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Seligne, Zemant, CaZeRillo, Djole 555, Tobby72, Grbergs Gra Sng, HJ Mitchell, Jersey92, Cannolis, Abductive, Gimelthedog, Super
Goku V, Forward Unto Dawn, Tlhslobus, Jeppiz, La Nuova Idea (mia), BeebLee, Dcs002, MyMoloboaccount, Onkel Dittmeyer, Nederlandse Leeuw, Undescribed, Beyond My Ken, Lopifalko, Parkywiki, Zorglub27, Ludopedia, Phiarc, CanonLawJunkie, Illegitimate Barrister, Anir1uph, Kiwi128, Idh0854, K kisses, Unreal7, AndrewOne, Greyshark09, ShaneMc2010, CloudKade11, KarasuGamma, Brownie
Charles, DeCausa, Ubzar, Thewolfchild, BabbaQ, Davey2010, ClueBot NG, Prioryman, Ohdear15, David O. Johnson, Spartan7W, Raymond Ellis, Delusion23, Castncoot, Fred301278, Booyahhayoob, Metaknowledge, Mohatatou, Alexandru M., Popcorndu, Guest2625,
Bn tully, EuroAgurbash, Pine, Ymblanter, Larsona, Kndimov, ComputerJA, Samdod2427, Hosam007, Eective Light, SugarRat, Ycleymans, Bmarchon, Zhu Haifeng, The Almightey Drill, Harizotoh9, Erlbaeko, Krimin killr21, PatTag2659, Sander.v.Ginkel, Triggerhippie4, Jatinbhatt blap, Shwangtianyuan, Derorgmas, Myxomatosis57, PantherBF3, Appleweb, YANN92340, WOLF LMBERT, Letsbeends, Chicbyaccident, Cantab12, Numbermaniac, Win0922, TDKR Chicago 101, Psemmler, Nikola62, Lucky102, Zziccardi, Solarislv,
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SucreRouge, AmaryllisGardener, Shhhhwwww!!, Rossbawse, Dustin V. S., Falconet8, Zlxcedric, IacobusAmor, Monochrome Monitor,
Loomspicker, Originalchampion, Phil4242, Seagull123, Zwerg Nase, Kind Tennis Fan, Jumplike23, GTVM92, Racer Omega, Fixuture,
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Vesuvius Dogg, Prinsgezinde, Denniscabrams, Ceannlann gorm, EternalNomad, Tjkc, DERPALERT, Adventuretimer1, Kiwist, AusLondonder, RobinHammon, De la Marck, KSFT, Whydoesitfeelsogood, SSTyer, H0peiambag, InatableSupertrooper, JakeR2002, StjJackson, King Jay, Maltrpa, Popcorntastesgood, Firebrace, Lottolads, Biwom, Adog104, Stabila711, Javathunderman, CopperPhoenix,
Al Leluia81, NotAlpArslan, Cauleld76, MarkYabloko, SireWonton, The war on shrugs, Baramop, Nike4564, HalloweenNight, Kcluedluigi, Red Icarus of Jakarta, LiamDino98, Joshualouie711, Nysportsfan14, Sykonos, Stefvh96, Documents a current even, Dthomseen9,
Lalaloopsydolls, Buypurposeonitunes, Dtthomseen9 and Anonymous: 92

9.2

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9.3

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