LRFD Ex1-Bridge-3span Continuous Straight Composite I Girder

EXAMPLE 1:
THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS
STRAIGHT COMPOSITE
I GIRDER
Load and Resistance Factor Design
(Third Edition -- Customary U.S. Units)
by
Michael A. Grubb, P.E.
Bridge Software Development International, Ltd.
Cranberry Township, PA
and
Robert E. Schmidt, E.I.T.
SITE-Blauvelt Engineers
Pittsburgh, PA
B S D I
DESIGN PARAMETERS
SPECIFICATIONS: LRFD Third Edition (2004)
STRUCTURAL STEEL:
- ASTM A 709 Grade HPS 70W
for flanges in negative-flexure regions
- ASTM A 709 Grade 50W
for all other girder and cross-frame steel
CONCRETE: f'c = 4.0 ksi
REINFORCING STEEL: Fy = 60 ksi
ADTT: 2,000 trucks per day
B S D I
Design Example
3-1
BRIDGE CROSS-SECTION
B S D I
CROSS-FRAMES
(Article 6.7.4.1)
The need for diaphragms or cross-frames shall be
investigated for all stages of assumed construction
procedures and the final condition. The investigation
should include, but not be limited to the following:
w Transfer of lateral wind loads from the bottom of the girder
to the deck & from the deck to the bearings,

w Stability of the bottom flange for all loads when it is in
compression,
w Stability of the top flange in compression prior to
curing of the deck,

w Consideration of any flange lateral bending effects, and
w Distribution of vertical dead & live loads applied to the
structure.
B S D I
Design Example
3-2
BRIDGE FRAMING PLAN
B S D I
CROSS-SECTION PROPORTIONS
Web Depth
Span-to-Depth Ratios (Table 2.5.2.6.3-1)
0.032L = 0.032(175.0) = 5.6 ft = 67.2 in.

Use 69.0 in.
Web Thickness (Article 6.10.2.1.1)
(t w )min. = D = 69 = 0.46 in .
150
150
B S D I
Design Example
3-3
(continued)
Flange Width (Article 6.10.2.2)
(b f )min. = D / 6 = 69. 0 / 6 = 11 .5 in .
(b fc )min. = L = 100(12) = 14. 1 in.
85
85
Flange Thickness (Article 6.10.2.2)
(t f )min = 1.1t w = 1.1(0.5625 ) = 0.62 in.
B S D I
B S D I
Design Example
3-4
(continued)
Flange Width-to-Thickness (Article 6.10.2.2)
bf
18
=
= 10.3 < 12 .0 ok
2t f 2(0.875 )
Flange Moments of Inertia (Article 6.10.2.2)

1(16 )
12
=
= 0 .51
3
1.375 (18 )
12
3
I yc
Iyt
0.1 < 0.51 < 10 ok
B S D I
DEAD LOADS
(Article 3.5.1)
Component Dead Load (DC1)
DC1 = component dead load acting on the
noncomposite section
-
Concrete deck
Overhang tapers
Deck haunches
SIP forms
Cross-frames
& details
TOTAL
= 5.106 k/ft (incl. integral w.s.)

= 0.142 k/ft
= 0.183 k/ft
= 0.480 k/ft
= 0.120 k/ft
= 6.031 k/ft 4 girders = 1.508 k/ft +
girder weight
B S D I
Design Example
3-5
DEAD LOADS
(continued)
Component Dead Load (DC2)
DC2 = component dead load acting on the
composite section
- Barriers = 0.520/2 = 0.260 k/ft
Note: Distributed equally to exterior girder & adjacent
interior girder
Wearing Surface Load (DW)

- Wearing surface = [0.025 x 40.0]/4 girders = 0.250 k/ft
Note: Distributed equally to each girder
B S D I
Basic LRFD Design Live Load

HL-93 - (Article 3.6.1.2.1)
Design Truck:
or
Design Tandem:
Pair of 25.0 KIP axles
spaced 4.0 FT apart
superimposed on
Design Lane Load
0.64 KLF uniformly
distributed load
B S D I
Design Example
3-6
LRFD Negative Moment Loading

(Article 3.6.1.3.1)
For negative moment between points of
permanent-load contraflexure & interior-pier
reactions, check an additional load case:
n Add a second design truck to the design lane
load, with a minimum headway between the
front and rear axles of the two trucks equal to
50 feet.
n Fix the rear-axle spacing of both design trucks
at 14 feet, and
n Reduce all loads by 10 percent.
B S D I
LRFD Fatigue Load

(Article 3.6.1.4.1)
Design Truck only =>
n
w/ fixed 30-ft rearaxle spacing
placed in a single
lane
B S D I
Design Example
3-7
LOAD for OPTIONAL LIVE-LOAD

DEFLECTION EVALUATION
Refer to Article 3.6.1.3.2:
Deflection is taken as the larger of:
- That resulting from the design truck by
itself.
- That resulting from 25% of the design
truck together with the design lane
load.
B S D I
WIND LOADS
(Article 3.8)
2
2
V
VDZ
PD = PB DZ = PB
10,000
VB
Eq. (3.8.1.2.1-1)
PB = base wind pressure = 0.050 ksf for beams

V DZ = design wind velocity at elevation Z
V B = base wind velocity at 30 ft height = 100 mph
For this example, assume the bridge is 35 ft above low ground
& located in open country.
B S D I
Design Example
3-8
WIND LOADS
(continued)
V Z
VDZ = 2.5 Vo 30 ln
VB Z o
Eq. (3.8.1.1-1)
V o = friction velocity = 8.2 mph for open country

V30 = wind velocity at 30 ft above low ground = V B = 100
mph in absence of better information
Z = height of structure above low ground (> 30 ft)
Zo = friction length of upstream fetch = 0.23 ft for open
country
B S D I
WIND LOADS
(continued)
100 35
VDZ = 2.5 (8 .20 )
= 103 .0 mph
ln
100 0.23
(103 .0 )2
PD = 0.050
= 0.053 ksf
10,000
w = PDhexp. = 0.053(10.41) = 0.55 kips / ft > 0.3 kips / ft
ok
B S D I
Design Example
3-9
Basic LRFD Design Equation

S ? i?iQi Rn = Rr Eq. (1.3.2.1-1)
where:
?i = ?D ?R ?I
? i 0.95 for maximum s

?i =
?i =
=
Qi =
Rn
Rr =
1
D R I 0.95 for minimum s
Load factor
Resistance factor
Nominal force effect
=
Nominal resistance
Factored resistance = Rn
B S D I
Load Combinations and Load Factors

DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
STRENGTH-I
?p
1.75
1.00
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-II
?p
1.35
1.00
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-III
?p
1.00
1.40
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-IV
EH, EV, ES, DW
DC ONLY
?p
1.5
1.00
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-V
?p
1.35
1.00
0.40
0.40
EXTREME-I
?p
?EQ
1.00
1.00
?p
1.00
Load Combination
Limit State
EXTREME-II
WL
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG SE Use One of These at a

Time
EQ
IC
CT
CV
?TG ?SE
?TG ?SE
?TG ?SE
1.00 0.50/1.20
0.50
1.00
SERVICE-I
1.00 1.00
1.00
0.30
0.30
1.00 1.00/1.20
SERVICE-II
1.00 1.30
1.00
1.00 1.00/1.20
SERVICE-III
1.00 0.80
1.00
1.00 1.00/1.20
FATIGUE-LL, IM & CE
ONLY
Design Example
WS
0.75
1.00
?TG ?SE
?TG ?SE
-
?TG ?SE
-
1.00 1.00 1.00
3-10
Load Factors for Permanent

Loads, ?p
Load Factor
Type of Load
Maximum
Minimum
DC: Component and

Attachments
1.25
0.90
DD: Downdrag
1.80
0.45
DW: Wearing Surfaces

and Utilities
1.50
0.65
1.50
1.35
0.90
0.90
1.35
1.35
1.30
N/A
1.00
0.90
1.35
1.95
0.90
0.90
EH: Horizontal Earth

Pressure
Active
At-Rest
EV: Vertical Earth
Pressure
Overall Stability
Retaining
Structure
Rigid Buried
Structure
Rigid Frames
B S D I
LRFD LOAD COMBINATIONS

(continued)
Construction Loads (Article 3.4.2):
STRENGTH I
- Construction loads
- DW
STRENGTH III
- Construction dead loads
- Wind loads
- DW
STRENGTH V
- Construction dead loads
- DW
-> Load factor = 1.5

B S D I
Design Example
3-11
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Summary -- Live-Load Distribution Factors:
Strength Limit State
Bending Moment
Shear
Interior Girder
0.807 lanes
1.082 lanes
Exterior Girder
0.950 lanes
0.950 lanes
Fatigue Limit State

Bending Moment
Shear
Interior Girder
0.440 lanes
0.700 lanes
Exterior Girder
0.750 lanes
0.750 lanes
B S D I
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
(continued)
Distribution Factor for Live-Load Deflection:
N
DF = m 3 L
Nb
3
= 0.85 = 0.638 lanes
4
B S D I
Design Example
3-12
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
(continued)
Dynamic Load Allowance Impact (IM)
COMPONENT
Deck Joints All Limit States
IM
75%
All Other Components
Fatigue & Fracture Limit State
- All Other Limit States
15%
33%
(applied to design truck onlynot to design lane load)
B S D I
B S D I
Design Example
3-13
B S D I
B S D I
Design Example
3-14
B S D I
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (continued)

Live Load Deflection
Design Truck + IM (SERVICE I):
(LL+IM) end span = 0.91 in. (governs)
(LL+IM) center span = 1.23 in. (governs)
100% Design Lane + 25% Design Truck + IM

(SERVICE I):
(LL+IM) end span
= 0.60 + 0.25(0.91) = 0.83 in.
(LL+IM) center span = 0.85 + 0.25(1.23) = 1.16 in.
B S D I
Design Example
3-15
LRFD LIMIT STATES

The LRFD Specifications require examination of
the following limit states:
n
n
n
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

FATIGUE & FRACTURE LIMIT STATE
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
- (CONSTRUCTIBILITY)
EXTREME EVENT LIMIT STATE
B S D I
SECTION PROPERTIES
Section 1-1 (@ 0.4L1)
Effective Flange Width (Article 4.6.2.6):
Interior Girder
L 100 .0 x 12
=
= 300 .0 in.
4
4
or
1 2.0 t s +
16 .0
b tf
= 12 .0 (9.0 ) +
= 116 .0 in. (governs)
2
2
or
average spacing of girders = 144 .0 in.
B S D I
Design Example
3-16
SECTION PROPERTIES (continued)

Section 1-1 (@ 0.4L1)
Effective Flange Width (Article 4.6.2.6):
Exterior Girder
116.0 L
100 .0 x 12
+ = 58.0 +
= 208.0 in.
8
2
8
or
116.0
b
16.0
+ 6.0 t s + tf = 58.0 + 6.0(9.0 ) +
= 116.0 in.
2
4
4
or
116.0
+ width of the overhang = 58.0 + 42.0 in. = 100.0 in. (governs)
2
B S D I

Section 1-1 (@ 0.4L1)
Plastic Moment (Article D6.1 -- Appendix D):
Pt + Pw + Pc = A steelFy = 75 .25(50) = 3,763 kips
Ps = 0.85 fc' beff t s = 0.85 (4.0 )(100.0 )(9 .0) = 3,060 kips
3,060 kips < 3,763 kips PNA is in the top flange,use Case II
t c Pw + Pt Ps
+ 1
2
Pc
= 0.44 in. from the top of the top flange

P
Mp = c y 2 + ( t c y )2 + [Psd s + Pw d w + Pt dt ]
2tc
Mp = 170,382 kip - in. = 14,199 kip - ft
y=
B S D I
Design Example
3-17

Section 1-1 (@ 0.4L1)
Yield Moment (Article D6.2.2 -- Appendix D):
Fy =
M D 1 MD 2 M AD
+
+
S NC SLT S ST
1.25 (2,202 )(12 ) 1 .25(335 )(12 ) + 1.50 (322 )(12 ) MAD

50 = 1.0
+
+
1,973
2,483
2,706
MAD = 78,206 kip- in. = 6,517 kip-ft

My = MD1 + MD2 + MAD
My = 1.0[1.25 (2,202 ) + 1.25(335 ) + 1.50 (322 ) + 6,517 ]

My = 10,171 kip-ft (Mp / My = 1.4)
B S D I

Section 2-2 (@ Interior Pier)
Effective Flange Width (Art. 4.6.2.6):
Exterior Girder = 100.5 in.
Min. Concrete Deck Reinforcement (Article 6.10.1.7):
A deck =
9.0
(43 .0) + 2 1 3.0 + 0 .5 3. 5 18 2 = 33.17 ft 2 = 4,776 in.2
12
12
12 2
0.01( 4,776 ) = 47 .76 in.2
47 .76
= 1.11 in.2 ft = 0.0926 in.2 in.
43.0
0.0926(100.5 ) = 9.30 in.2 @ 4.63 in. from bot. of

the deck
B S D I
Design Example
3-18
Constructibility
B S D I
DECK-PLACEMENT SEQUENCE
B S D I
Design Example
3-19
Table 1: Moments from Deck-Placement Analysis

Span -> 1
Unfactored Dead-Load Moments (kip-ft)
Length (ft)
12.00 24.00 42.00 48.00 56.00 72.00 84.00 96.00 100.00
Steel Weight
143
250 341 353 352 296 206
74
21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SIP Forms (SIP)
63
110 147
151 150 124
84
27
4
Cast
1
870 1544 2189 2306 2387 2286 1983 1484 1275
2
-168
-336 -589 -673 -786 -1010 -1179 -1347 -1403
3
14
28
50
57
67
86 101 115 120
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sum of Casts + SIP 779 1346 1797 1841 1818 1486 989 279
-4
Max. +M
933 1654 2336 2457 2537 2410 2067 1511 1279
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DC2 + DW
275
477 643 661 657 551 386 148
52
Deck, haunches + SIP 786
1360
1822
1870
1850
1528
1038
335
53
M = 352 + 2,537 = 2,889 kip-ft
Table 2: Vertical Deflections from Deck-Placement Analysis

Span ->1
Unfactored Vertical Dead-Load Deflections (In.)
Length (ft)
12.00 24.00 42.00 48.00 56.00 72.00 84.00 96.00 100.00
Steel Weight
-.17
-.32 -.47 -.50 -.51 -.47 -.39 -.29 -.25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SIP Forms (SIP)
-.07
-.14 -.20 -.21 -.21 -.20 -.16 -.12 -.10
Cast
1
-1.32 -2.50 -3.78 -4.04 -4.27 -4.30 -3.95 -3.33 -3.08
2
.27
.52
.86
.96 1.08 1.25 1.32 1.32 1.31
3
-.01
-.03 -.04 -.04 -.05 -.05 -.05 -.04 -.03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sum of Casts + SIP -1.14 -2.14 -3.16 -3.34 -3.46 -3.30 -2.84 -2.17 -1.91
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DC2 + DW
-.17
-.32 -.46 -.48 -.49 -.45 -.38 -.28 -.24
=====================================================================
Total
-1.48 -2.78 -4.09 -4.32 -4.46 -4.22 -3.61 -2.74 -2.40
Deck, haunches + SIP-.92
Design Example
-1.71 -2.47 -2.59 -2.64 -2.43 -2.02 -1.47 -1.27
3-20
Table 3: Unfactored Vertical Dead-Load Reactions from Deck-Placement Analysis (kips)

Abut. 1
Pier 1
Pier 2
Abut. 2
Steel Weight
-13.
-53.
-53.
-13.
sum
-13.
-53.
-53.
-13.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SIP Forms (SIP)
-6.
-21.
-21.
-6.
sum
-19.
-74.
-74.
-19.
Cast 1
-80.
-55.
-55.
-80.
sum
-99.
-129.
-129.
-99.
Cast 2
13.
-75.
-75.
14.
sum
-85.
-204.
-204.
-85.
Cast 3
-1.
-110.
-110.
-1.
sum
-86.
-314.
-314.
-86.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sum of Casts + SIP -73.
-261.
-261.
-73.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DC 2 + DW
-26.
-90.
-90.
-26.
=====================================================
Total
-112.
-404.
-404.
-112.
Deck, haunches
+ SIP
-74.
-261.
-261.
-74.
DECK-PLACEMENT ANALYSIS
(continued)
Calculate fbu: (at Section 1-1 -> 56-0 from abut.)
For STRENGTH I:
1.0(1.25)(2,889)(12)
= 27.41 ksi
1,581
1.0(1.25)(2,889)(12)
= 21.96 ksi
Bot. flange: fbu =
1,973
Top flange: fbu =
For STRENGTH IV:

Top flange: fbu =
1.0(1.5)(2,889)(12)
= 32.89 ksi
1,581
Bot. flange: fbu =
1.0(1.5)(2,889)(12)
= 26.36 ksi
1,973
B S D I
Design Example
3-21
DECK-OVERHANG LOADS
F = P tan
3. 5 ft
= tan 1
= 31 .3o
5.75 ft
B S D I
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
Deck overhang weight:
P = 255 lbs/ft
Construction loads:
Overhang deck forms:
Screed rail:
Walkway:
Railing:
Finishing machine:
P = 40 lbs/ft
P = 85 lbs/ft
P = 125 lbs/ft
P = 25 lbs/ft
P = 3000 lbs
B S D I
Design Example
3-22
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
Determine if amplification of first-order
compression-flange fl is required: Lb = 24-0
If:
L b 1.2L p
Otherwise:
Or:
CbR b
fbm Fyc
then, no amplification
0. 85
fl =
f f
fbm l1 l1
1 F
cr
Eq. (6.10.1.6-4)
fl = ( AF)fl1 fl1
B S D I
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
L b 1.2L p
CbR b
fbm Fyc
Eq. (6.10.1.6-2)
Rb = 1.0
Cb = 1.0
fbm = fbu = -32.89 ksi (STRENGTH IV)
L p = 1.0rt
E
Fyc
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-4)
where: rt =
b fc
1 Dc t w
12 1 +
3 b fc t fc
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-9)
B S D I
Design Example
3-23
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
For the steel section at Section 1-1, Dc = 38.63 in.
16
= 3.90 in .
1 38 .63(0.5 )
12 1 +
3 16(1)
rt =
Lp =
1.2(7. 83 )
1.0(3. 90) 29,000

= 7.83 ft
12
50
1.0(1.0 )
= 11.59 ft < Lb = 24 .0 ft
32 .89 50
B S D I
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
Therefore, amplification of the first-order
compression-flange fl is required:
Calculate Fcr:
Fcr =
CbR b 2E
Lb

rt
1.0(1.0) 2 (29,000)
= 52.49 ksi
Fcr =
2
24(12 )
3 .90
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-8)
Note:
Fcr may exceed
RbRhFyc in this
calculation.
Note: assumes K = 1.0 (see Appendix A of example)

B S D I
Design Example
3-24
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
The amplification factor is determined as:
For STRENGTH I:
AF =
0.85
= 1.78 > 1. 0 ok
27.41
1
52.49
For STRENGTH IV:
AF =
0.85
= 2.28 > 1. 0 ok
32.89
1
52. 49
B S D I
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
For STRENGTH I:
Dead loads:
P = 1 .0[1 .25 (255 ) + 1 .5(40 + 85 + 25 + 125 )] = 731 .3 lbs / ft
F = Fl = P tan = 731 .3 tan( 31 .3o ) = 444 .6 lbs / ft
FlL2 0.4446 (24 )2
b=
Ml =
= 21.34 kip ft
12
12
M
21 .34 (12 )
= 6 .00 ksi
Top flange: fl = l =
Sl
1(16 )2 6
Bot. flange: fl =
Ml
21 .34 (12 )
=
= 3 .45 ksi
S l 1 .375 (18 )2 6
B S D I
Design Example
3-25
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
For STRENGTH I:
Finishing machine:
P = 1. 0[1. 5( 3000 ) ] = 4,500 lbs
F = Pl = P tan = 4,500 tan( 31 .3 o ) = 2,736 lbs

PL
2.736 (24 )
Ml = l b =
= 8.21 kip ft
8
8
M
8 .21(12 )
= 2 .31 ksi
Top flange: fl = l =
Sl 1(16)2 6
M
8.21(12 )
= 1.33 ksi
Bot. flange: fl = l =
Sl 1.375 (18)2 6
B S D I
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
For STRENGTH I:
Top flange: fl total = 6.00 + 2.31 = 8 .31 ksi * AF
= (8.31)(1.78) = 14.79 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30 ksi
ok
Bot. flange: fl total = 3.45 + 1.33 = 4 .78 ksi * AF

= (4.78)(1.0) = 4.78 ksi < 0.6F yf = 30 ksi ok
B S D I
Design Example
3-26
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
For STRENGTH IV:
Dead loads:
P = 1 . 0[1. 5 ( 255 + 40 + 85 + 25 + 125 )] = 795 lbs / ft

F = Fl = P tan = 795 tan( 31 . 3 o ) = 483 .4 lbs / ft
FlL2b 0 . 4834 (24 )2
Ml =
=
= 23 . 20 kip ft
12
12
M l 23 . 20 (12 )
=
= 6. 52 ksi
Top flange: fl =
2
Sl
1(16 ) 6
Ml
23 . 20 (12 )
=
= 3 .75 ksi
Bot. flange: fl =
S l 1 .375 (18 )2 6
Finishing machine: Not considered
B S D I
DECK OVERHANG LOADS

(continued)
For STRENGTH IV:

Top flange: fl total = 6.52 ksi * AF = 6.52(2.28) = 14.87 ksi
14.87 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30 ksi ok
Bot. flange: fl total = 3.75 ksi * AF = 3.75(1.0) = 3.75 ksi
3.75 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30 ksi ok
B S D I
Design Example
3-27
CONSTRUCTIBILITY - FLEXURE
(Article 6.10.3.2)
Determine if the section is a slender-web section:
2Dc
E
5 .7
tw
Fyc
Eq. (6.10.6.2.3-1)
2Dc 2(38 .63)

=
= 154 .5
0. 5
tw
5 .7
E
29,000
= 5 .7
= 137 .3 < 154.5
Fyc
50
Therefore, the section is a slender-web section.

Go to Article 6.10.8 to compute Fnc.
B S D I
(Article 6.10.3.2)
For discretely braced compression flanges:
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1)
fbu + fl f R hFyc
1
fbu + fl f Fnc
3
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
fbu f Fcrw
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3)
For discretely braced tension flanges:

Eq. (6.10.3.2.2-1)
fbu + fl f R hFyt
B S D I
Design Example
3-28
LOCAL BUCKLING RESISTANCE

Top Flange (Article 6.10.8.2.2)
Determine the slenderness ratio of the top flange:
b
16
f = fc =
= 8. 0
2 t fc 2(1)
E
29,000
= 0.38
= 9 .2
Fyc
50
pf = 0.38
Since f < pf:

Fnc
FLB
Fnc = RbR hFyc
Eq. (6.10.8.2.2-1)
= 1.0(1.0)( 50) = 50.0 ksi
B S D I
6.10.8 Flexural Resistance - Composite Sections in

Negative Flexure & Noncomposite Sections
Basic Form of All FLB & LTB E q s

F n or M n
F m a x or
M
M maxmax
Fnc=RbRhFyc
Fnc=RbRhFyc

Fyr f pf
RbRhFyc
Fnc = 1 1
RhFyc rf pf
Anchor point 1

Fyr Lb Lp
R R F RbRhFyc
Fnc = Cb 11
RhFyc Lr Lp b h yc

Anchor point 2
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc
Mr r
Fr or M
noncompact
CbRb2 E
(inelastic buckling)
Lb

rt
compact
nonslender
slender
(elastic buckling)
B S D IL p o r p pf
Design Example
Lr
o rr r f
L b o r b f c/ 2 t fc
3-29
LAT. TORSIONAL BUCKLING

RESISTANCE (Article 6.10.8.2.3)
Determine the limiting unbraced length, Lr:
L r = rt
where:
E
Fyr
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr = 0. 7Fyc Fyw
Fyr = 0. 7( 50) = 35.0 ksi < 50 ksi ( 0.5Fyc = 25 ksi ok)
Therefore: L r =
(3. 90) 29,000

= 29. 39 ft
12
35 .0
B S D I
LAT. TORSIONAL BUCKLING

Since Lp = 7.83 ft < Lb = 24.0 ft < Lr = 29.39 ft:

Fyr L b Lp
Fnc = Cb 1 1
L L RbR hFyc RbR hFyc
R
F
h
yc
r
p

Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-2)
35.0 24.0 7.83

Fnc = 1.0 1 1
(1.0 )(1 .0)(50) = 38.75 ksi

1
.
0(50) 29.39 7.83

< 1.0(1 .0)(50) = 50 ksi
Therefore:
B S D I
Design Example
FncLTB = 38.75 ksi
(< FncFLB = 50.0 ksi)
Fnc = FncLTB = 38.75 ksi
3-30

Basic Form of All FLB & LTB E q s

F n or M n
F m a x or
M
M maxmax
Fnc=RbRhFyc
Fnc=RbRhFyc
Anchor point 1

Fyr f pf
R R F
Fnc = 1 1
R Fyc rf pf b h yc
h

Fyr Lb Lp
RbRhFyc RbRhFyc
Fnc = Cb 11
RhFyc Lr Lp
Anchor point 2
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc
Fr or M
Mr r
noncompact
CbRb2 E
Lb

rt
compact
nonslender
slender
(elastic buckling)
B S D IL p o r p pf
Lr
o rr r f
L b o r b f c/ 2 t fc
Top Flange
For STRENGTH I:
fbu + fl fR hFyc
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1)
fbu + fl = 27 .41 ksi + 14 .79 ksi = 42 .20 ksi

fR hFyc = 1.0(1.0)(50 ) = 50 .0 ksi
42 .20 ksi < 50 .0 ksi
fbu +
ok
1
fl f Fnc
3
(Ratio = 0.844 )
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
1
14 .79
fl = 27 .41 ksi +
ksi = 32.34 ksi
3
3
f Fnc = 1.0(38 .75) = 38 .75 ksi
fbu +
32.34 ksi < 38.75 ksi
ok
(Ratio = 0.835 )
B S D I
Design Example
3-31
WEB BEND-BUCKLING
RESISTANCE (Article 6.10.1.9)
Fcrw =
0.9Ek
D

tw
min(R hFyc , Fyw 0.7 )

Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-1)
k=
k=
Fcrw =
(38.63 69.0 )2
0.9(29,000)(28.7)
69 .0
0.5
(D c D)2
= 28 .7
= 39 .33 ksi < R hFyc = 1.0(50) = 50 ksi ok
B S D I
Web & Top Flange (continued)
fbu f Fcrw
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3)
fFcrw = 1.0(39.33) = 39.33 ksi

27.41 ksi < 39.33 ksi
For STRENGTH IV:
ok
fbu + fl f R hFyc
(Ratio = 0.697)
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1)
fbu + fl = 32.89 ksi + 14.87 ksi = 47.76 ksi

fRhFyc = 1.0(1.0)(50) = 50.0 ksi
47.76 ksi < 50.0 ksi
ok
(Ratio = 0.955)
B S D I
Design Example
3-32
Top Flange (continued) & Web
1
fbu + fl fFnc
3
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
14.87
1
ksi = 37.85 ksi
fbu + fl = 32.89 ksi +
3
3
fFnc = 1.0(38.75) = 38.75 ksi
37.85 ksi < 38.75 ksi ok
(Ratio = 0.977)
fbu f Fcrw
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3)
f Fcrw = 1.0(39.33) = 39.33 ksi

32.89 ksi < 39.33 ksi
ok
(Ratio = 0.836)
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Wind Load - Section 1-1
Calculate fbu due to the steel weight within the
unbraced length containing Section 1-1:
For STRENGTH III:
Top Flange:
Bottom Flange:
1.0(1.25)(352 )(12)
= 3.34 ksi
1,581
1.0(1.25)(352 )(12)
=
= 2.68 ksi
1,973
fbu =
fbu
Calculate the factored wind force on the steel

section:
1 .0(1.25 )(0.053 )(2.0 + 69.0 + 2.0)
W=
= 0.403 kips / ft
12
B S D I
Design Example
3-33
BRIDGE FRAMING PLAN
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Wind Load - Section 1-1 (continued)
Assume Span 1 of the structure resists the lateral
wind force as a propped cantilever with an
effective span length of 120-0 (i.e. assume top
lateral bracing provides an effective line of fixity
20-0 from the pier):
M11 =
9
9
WL2e =
(0.403)(120.0)2 = 408.0 kip ft
128
128
(Note: refined 3D analysis => 405.0 kip-ft)
B S D I
Design Example
3-34
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Proportion total lateral moment to top & bottom flanges
according to relative lateral stiffness of each flange. Then,
divide total lateral moment equally to each girder:
Top Flg: Il =
1(16) 3
= 341.3 in.4
12
Bot Flg: Il =
1.375(18)3
= 668 .3 in.4
12
Top Flange: Ml =
408.0(341 .3)
= 34.48 kip ft
(341 .3 + 668 .3)4
Bottom Flange: Ml =
408.0(668 .3)
= 67.52 kip ft
(341 .3 + 668 .3)4
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Separate calculations indicate that lateral bending stresses
in the top (compression) flange may be determined from a
first-order analysis (i.e. no amplification is required).
Top Flange: fl =
Bottom Flange: fl =
34.48(12)
= 9.70 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30.0 ksi ok
1(16) 2 6
67.52(12)
= 10.91 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30.0 ksi ok
1. 375(18 )2 6
B S D I
Design Example
3-35
BRIDGE FRAMING PLAN
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Calculate the shear in the propped cantilever at the assume
effective line of fixity:
Vf f =
5
5
WL e = (0.403 )(120.0 ) = 30.23 kips
8
8
Resolve the shear into a compressive force in the diagonal

of the top bracing:
(20.0 ) + (12.0 )
P = 30.23
12.0
= 58.76 kips
B S D I
Design Example
3-36
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Separate calculations (see example) indicate a
compressive force of -19.04 kips in the diagonal
to the self-weight of the steel. Therefore, the total
compressive force in the bracing diagonal is:
(-58.76 kips) + (-19.04 kips) = -77.80 kips
(Note: refined 3D analysis => -67.0 kips)
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Estimate the maximum lateral deflection of Span 1 of the
structure (i.e. the propped cantilever) due to the factored
wind load using the total lateral moments of inertia of the
top & bottom flanges of all four girders at Section 1-1:
l max. =
WL4e
0.403(120.0 )4 (1,728 )
=
= 6.7 in.
185EI 185 (29,000 )(341 .3 + 668.3) 4
(Note: refined 3D analysis => 7.0 inches)

If the top lateral bracing were not present:
Le = 140-0 => l
max. =
12.3 inches
B S D I
Design Example
3-37
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Performance Ratios
POSITIVE-MOMENT REGION, SPAN 1 (Section 1-1)
Constructibility (Slender-web section)

Flexure (STRENGTH I)
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1) Top flange
0.844
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2) Top flange
0.835
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3) Web bend buckling
0.697
Eq. (6.10.3.2.2-1) Bottom flange
0.535
Flexure (STRENGTH III Wind load on noncomposite structure)
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1) Top flange
0.261
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2) Top flange
0.170
0.085
0.272
Flexure (STRENGTH IV)
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1) Top flange
0.955
Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2) Top flange
0.977
0.836
0.602
Shear (96-0 from the abutment) (STRENGTH IV)
0.447
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Shear (Article 6.10.3.3)
Interior panels of stiffened webs must satisfy:
Vu v Vcr
Eq. (6.10.3.3-1)
(Vu )DC1 = 1.0(1.5 )( 79) = 119 kips

at 96-0 from the abutment
Vn = Vcr = CVp
Eq. (6.10.9.3.3-1)
Vp = 0.58Fyw Dt w = 1,001 kips
C = 0.266 (for 207-inch stiffener spacing)

Vcr = 0.266(1,001) = 266 kips > Vu = 119 kips
(Ratio = 0.447)
B S D I
Design Example
3-38
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Section 2-2 (Interior Pier)
In regions of negative flexure, the constructibility checks
for flexure generally do not control because the sizes of the
flanges in these regions are normally governed by the sum
of the factored dead and live load stresses at the strength
limit state. Also, the maximum accumulated negative
moments during the deck placement in these regions
typically do not differ significantly from the calculated DC1
negative moments. Deck overhang brackets and wind
loads do induce lateral bending into the flanges, which can
be considered using the flexural design equations.
Web bend-buckling and shear should always be checked in
these regions for critical stages of construction (refer to the
design example).
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Concrete Deck (Article 6.10.3.2.4)
Unless longitudinal reinforcement is provided
according to the provisions of Article 6.10.1.7,
fdeck fr = 0.9fr
fr = 0.24 fc' = 0.24 4.0 = 0.480 ksi
fr = 0 .90(0.480 ) = 0.432 ksi
B S D I
Design Example
3-39
Table 1: Moments from Deck-Placement Analysis

Span -> 1
Unfactored Dead-Load Moments (kip-ft)
Length (ft)
12.00 24.00 42.00 48.00 56.00 72.00 84.00 96.00 100.00
Steel Weight
143
250 341 353 352 296 206
74
21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SIP Forms (SIP)
63
110 147
151 150 124
84
27
4
Cast
1
870 1544 2189 2306 2387 2286 1983 1484 1275
2
-168
-336 -589 -673 -786 -1010 -1179 -1347 -1403
3
14
28
50
57
67
86 101 115 120
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sum of Casts + SIP 779 1346 1797 1841 1818 1486 989 279
-4
Max. +M
933 1654 2336 2457 2537 2410 2067 1511 1279
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DC2 + DW
275
477 643 661 657 551 386 148
52
Deck, haunches + SIP 786
1360
1822
1870
1850
1528
1038
335
53
M = 352 + 2,537 = 2,889 kip-ft
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Concrete Deck (continued)
Calculate the longitudinal concrete deck tensile
stress at the end of Cast 1 (use n = 8):
fdeck =
1.0(1 .5)( 1,403 )(23 .20)(12)

= 0.453 ksi > 0.432 ksi
161,518(8 )
Therefore, provide one-percent longitudinal

reinforcement (No. 6 bars or smaller @ 12).
Extend to 95.0 feet from the abutment.
Tensile force = (0.453)(100.0)(9.0) = 408 kips
B S D I
Design Example
3-40
Service
Limit State
B S D I
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Elastic Deformations (Article 6.10.4.1)
Use suggested minimum span-to-depth ratios
(optional - Article 2.5.2.6.3)
Check live-load deflections
(optional - Article 2.5.2.6.2):
End Spans: ALLOW =
Center Span: ALLOW =
140 .0(12 )
= 2.10 in. > 0 .91 in. ok
800
175 .0(12 )
= 2.63 in. > 1.23 in.
800
ok
B S D I
Design Example
3-41
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Permanent Deformations (Article 6.10.4.2)
Under the SERVICE II load combination:
1.0DC + 1.0DW + 1.3(LL+IM)
Top steel flange of composite sections:
ff 0 .95RhFyf
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-1)
Bottom steel flange of composite sections: ff
f
+ l 0.95 RhFyf
2
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-2)
fc Fcrw
Web bend-buckling:
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-4)
B S D I
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Permanent Deformations (continued)
Check top flange (Section 1-1):
0.95RhFyf = 0.95(1.0)(50) = 47.50 ksi
ff 0.95RhFyf
1.0(2,202) 1.0(335 + 322) 1.3(3,510)

+
ff = 1.0
12 = 22.30 ksi
+
4,863
13,805
1,581
22.30 ksi < 47.50 ksi
ok
(Ratio = 0.469)
B S D I
Design Example
3-42
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Check bottom flange (Section 1-1):
f
ff + l 0. 95RhFyf
2
1.0(2,202) 1.0(335 + 322) 1.3(3,510)

+
+
ff = 1.0
12 = 36.80 ksi
2,483
2,706
1,973
36.80 ksi + 0 < 47.50 ksi
ok
(Ratio = 0.77 5 )
For composite sections in positive flexure with D/tw 150,
web bend-buckling need not be checked at the service limit
state.
B S D I
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Check Section 2-2 (interior pier):
n
Article 6.10.4.2.1 -- for members with shear connectors

provided throughout their entire length that also satisfy
the provisions of Article 6.10.1.7 (i.e. one percent
longitudinal reinforcement is provided in the deck
wherever the tensile stress in the deck due to the
factored construction loads or the SERVICE II load
combination exceeds the modulus of rupture), flexural
stresses caused by SERVICE II loads applied to the
composite section may be computed using the shortterm or long-term composite section, as appropriate,
assuming the concrete deck is effective for both
positive and negative flexure.
B S D I
Design Example
3-43
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Check Section 2-2 (interior pier):
n
Flange major-axis bending stresses at Section 2-2 and

at the first flange transition located 15-0 from the
interior pier are checked under the SERVICE II load
combination and do not control. Stresses acting on the
composite section are computed assuming the concrete
is effective for negative flexure, as permitted in Article
6.10.4.2.1.
Web bend-buckling must be checked for composite
sections in negative flexure under the SERVICE II load
combination:
fc Fcrw
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-4)
B S D I
WEB BEND-BUCKLING
Fcrw =
0.9Ek
D

tw
where:
min(R hFyc , Fyw 0.7 )
k=
9
(D c D )2
Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-1)
Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-2)
According to Article D6.3.1 (Appendix D), for composite

sections in negative flexure at the service limit state where
the concrete is considered effective in tension for
computing flexural stresses on the composite section, as
permitted in Article 6.10.4.2.1, Dc is to be computed as:
fc
Eq. (D6.3.1-1)
d t fc 0
D c =
fc + f t
B S D I
Design Example
3-44
WEB BEND-BUCKLING
Check the bottom-flange transition (controls):
1 .0 ( 2,656 ) 1 .0( 373 + 358 ) 1 .3 ( 2,709 )
f f = 1 .0
+
+
12 = 38 .88 ksi
1,789
2,246
2 ,463
( 38 .88 )
71 .0 1 . 0 = 43 . 25 in . > 0
D c =
38
.
88
+
23
.
51
9
k=
= 22 .9
(43 .25 69 .0 )2
Fcrw =
0.9(29,000)(22.9)
= 39.72 ksi
2
69. 0
0.5625
ok
38 . 88 < 39 . 72 ksi
ok Ratio = (0.979)
B S D I
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Performance Ratios
Service Limit State

Live-load deflection
Permanent deformations (SERVICE II)
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-1) Top flange
0.433
0.469
0.775
INTERIOR-PIER SECTION (Section 2-2)
Permanent deformations (SERVICE II)

Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-1) Top flange @ Section 2-2
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-1) Top flange @ Flange transition
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-2) Bottom flange @ Section 2-2
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-2) Bottom flange @ Flange transition
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-4) Web bend buckling @ Section 2-2
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-4) Web bend buckling @ Flange transition
0.415
0.368
0.604
0.609
0.898
0.979
B S D I
Design Example
3-45
SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Concrete Deck (Article 6.10.1.7)
Calculate the longitudinal concrete deck tensile
stress in Span 1 at 95.0 ft from the abutment (use
n = 8):
fdeck =
1. 0 [1 . 0( 87 ) + 1 . 0( 83 ) + 1. 3 ( 1,701) ]( 23 . 20 )( 12 )
= 0 . 440 ksi
161,518 ( 8 )
> 0.90f r = 0.432 ksi
Therefore, extend the one-percent longitudinal

reinforcement (No. 6 bars or smaller @ 12) to
94.0 feet from the abutment.
fdeck = 0.430 ksi < 0.432 ksi ok
B S D I
Fatigue &
Fracture Limit
State
B S D I
Design Example
3-46
B S D I
FATIGUE RESISTANCE
FIRST PRINCIPAL
For lower traffic volumes, fatigue resistance is
inversely proportional to the cube of the effective
stress range.
B S D I
Design Example
3-47
FATIGUE RESISTANCE
SECOND PRINCIPAL
For higher traffic volumes, fatigue resistance is
infinite if the maximum stress range is less than
the constant-amplitude fatigue threshold.
B S D I
FATIGUE LOAD
(Article 3.6.1.4)
The specified load condition for fatigue is a single
truck; the current HS20 truck with a fixed rearaxle spacing of 30-0.
The truck occupies a single lane on the bridge -not multiple lanes.
The fatigue load produces a lower calculated
stress range than the Standard Specifications.
B S D I
Design Example
3-48
Load Combinations and Load Factors

DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
STRENGTH-I
?p
1.75
1.00
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-II
?p
1.35
1.00
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-III
?p
1.00
1.40
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-IV
EH, EV, ES, DW
DC ONLY
?p
1.5
1.00
1.00 0.50/1.20
STRENGTH-V
?p
1.35
1.00
0.40
0.40
EXTREME-I
?p
?EQ
1.00
1.00
?p
1.00
Load Combination
Limit State
EXTREME-II
WS
WL
FR
TU
CR
SH
EQ
IC
CT
CV
?TG ?SE
?TG ?SE
?TG ?SE
1.00 0.50/1.20
0.50
1.00
SERVICE-I
1.00 1.00
1.00
0.30
0.30
1.00 1.00/1.20
SERVICE-II
1.00 1.30
1.00
1.00 1.00/1.20
SERVICE-III
1.00 0.80
1.00
1.00 1.00/1.20
FATIGUE-LL, IM & CE
ONLY
TG SE Use One of These at a

Time
0.75
1.00
?TG ?SE
?TG ?SE
-
?TG ?SE
-
1.00 1.00 1.00
B S D I
FATIGUE LOAD - (continued)

In the LRFD Specification, 75% of the stress
range due to the fatigue load is considered to be
representative of the effective stress range; that
is, the stress range due to an HS-15 truck
weighing 54.0 kips with a fixed rear-axle spacing
of 30-0 (FATIGUE load combination -- load factor
= 0.75)
The maximum stress range is assumed to be
twice the effective stress range (i.e. stress range
due to a 108-kip truck)
B S D I
Design Example
3-49
NOMINAL FATIGUE RESISTANCE

(Article 6.6.1.2.5)
In the LRFD Specifications, the nominal fatigue
resistance is specified as follows:
1
3
(F)n = A 1 (F)TH
N 2
Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-1)
N = ( 365 )( 75 )n( ADTT ) SL
Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-2)
A = detail category constant (Table 6.6.1.2.5-1)

n = cycles per truck passage (Table 6.6.1.2.5-2)
(F)TH = constant-amplitude fatigue threshold
(Table 6.6.1.2.5-3)
B S D I
B S D I
Design Example
3-50
B S D I

In the LRFD Specifications, the nominal fatigue
resistance is specified as follows:
1
3
(F)n = A 1 (F)TH Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-1)
N 2
N = ( 365 )( 75 )n( ADTT ) SL Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-2)
A = detail category constant (Table 6.6.1.2.5-1)

n = cycles per truck passage (Table 6.6.1.2.5-2)
(F)TH = constant-amplitude fatigue threshold
(Table 6.6.1.2.5-3)
B S D I
Design Example
3-51

(continued)
First and Second Principles of Fatigue Resistance
1
A 3
( f )e
N
( )
( )
f max F TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(f )max = 2.0(f )e
(f )e
1
(F)TH
2
B S D I

(continued)
These LRFD Specification principals can be used
for design or evaluation :
B S D I
Design Example
3-52
B S D I

Load Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.2)
(ADTT)SL = p x ADTT
Eq. (3.6.1.4.2-1)
where ADTT = number of trucks per day in one

direction averaged over the design
life (assumed to be 2,000 for this
example)
For a 3-lane bridge: p = 0.80 (Table 3.6.1.4.2-1)
(ADTT)SL = 0.80(2,000) = 1,600 trucks/day
B S D I
Design Example
3-53

Load Induced Fatigue (continued)
n
Article 6.6.1.2.1 -- for flexural members with shear

connectors provided throughout their entire length, and
with concrete deck reinforcement satisfying the
provisions of Article 6.10.1.7 (i.e. one percent
longitudinal reinforcement is provided in the deck
wherever the tensile stress in the deck due to the
factored construction loads or the SERVICE II load
combination exceeds the modulus of rupture), the liveload stress range may be computed using the shortterm composite section assuming the concrete deck is
effective for both positive and negative flexure.
B S D I

Check the top-flange connection-plate weld at 72-0 from
the abutment in Span 1:
1,824 (12 )(38 .63 )
= 13.49 ksi
62 ,658
281 (12 )(23 .13 )
fDC 2 =
= 0.665 ksi
117 ,341
14.16 ksi
fDC 1 =
fLL + IM =
2 (0 . 75 ) 496 (12 )(10 . 70 )

= 0 . 591 ksi
161 ,518
14 . 16 ksi > 0 .591 ksi
Fatigue need not be checked at this detail.

B S D I
Design Example
3-54

Check the bottom -flange connection-plate weld at 72-0
from the abutment in Span 1 -- use the n-composite
stiffness to compute the stress range as permitted in Art.
6.6.1.2.1:
0 .75 (1,337 )(12 )(58 .31 ) 0 .75 496 (12 )(58 . 31 )

+
161 ,518
161 ,518
= 5 . 96 ksi
? (?f ) =
A
1
(F)n = 3 (F)TH
2
N
Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-1)
B S D I
B S D I
Design Example
3-55

(ADTT)SL = 1,600 > 745 trucks per day (Category C)
1
( F )n = 2 ( F )TH
For a Category C detail, (F)TH = 12.0 ksi (Table 6.6.1.2.5-3). Therefore:
(F )n = 1 (12 .0 ) = 6.00 ksi

2
( f ) (F )n
5. 96 ksi < 6. 00 ksi
Eq. (6.6.1.2.2-1)
ok
(Ratio = 0.993)
B S D I

Performance Ratios
Fatigue and Fracture Limit State

Base metal at connection plate weld to bottom flange
(72-0 from the abutment)
Stud shear connector weld to top flange
Special fatigue requirement for webs
0.993
0.208
0.618
Fatigue and Fracture Limit State

Base metal at connection plate weld to top flange
(20-0 to the left of the interior pier)
Special fatigue requirement for webs (shear at interior pier)
0.113
0.636
B S D I
Design Example
3-56

Special Fatigue Req. for Webs (Article 6.10.5.3)
Interior panels of stiffened webs must satisfy:
Vu Vcr
Eq. (6.10.5.3-1)
Vu = 73 .0 + 11 + 10 + 2(0 .75 )( 47 ) = 165 kips

at 7-3 from the abutment
Vn = Vcr = CVp
Eq. (6.10.9.3.3-1)
Vp = 0.58Fyw Dt w = 1,001 kips
C = 0.267 (for 201-inch stiffener spacing)

Vcr = 0. 267 (1,001) = 267 kips > Vu = 165 . 0 kips
ok
(Ratio = 0.618)
B S D I
Strength
Limit State
B S D I
Design Example
3-57

Section 1-1 (@0.4L1)
Section 1-1 qualifies as a compact section
if (Art. 6.10.6.2.2):
w Fy 70 ksi
w D/tw 150
w 2Dcp
E
tw
3.76
ok
ok
ok
Fyc
N.A. of composite section at the plastic

moment is in the top flange Dcp = 0
=> Go to Art. 6.10.7.1.1 (Compact sections)
B S D I

Section 1-1 (continued)
Compact composite sections in positive
flexure must satisfy the following ductility
requirement:
D p 0 . 42 D t
Eq. (6.10.7.3-1)
Dp = distance from top of deck to N.A. at plastic moment

Dt = total depth of the composite section
Dp = 9.0 + 3.5 1.0 + 0.44 = 11.94 in.
Dt = 1.375 + 69.0 + 3.5 + 9.0 = 82.88 in.
0.42Dt = 0.42(82.88) = 34.81 in. > 11.94 in.
ok
B S D I
Design Example
3-58

Compact sections in positive flexure must
satisfy the following relationship at the
strength limit state (Article 6.10.7.1.1):
1
Mu + flSxt fMn
3
Eq. (6.10.7.1.1-1)
where: Sxt = Myt/F yt
B S D I

Determine lateral bending stress,fl , in the bottom
flange due to the factored wind load:
W =
PDd
2
Eq. (C4.6.2.7.1-1)
WL2b
10
Eq. (C4.6.2.7.1-2)
Mw =
= 1.0 Lb = 24-0 WL = 0
AF = 1.0 for tension flanges
B S D I
Design Example
3-59

For STRENGTH I: Wind not considered
For STRENGTH III:
W=
1 .0(1.4 )(0.053)(1.375 + 69. 0 + 1.0) / 12

= 0.221 kips / ft
2
Mw =
fl =
0.221(24.0) 2
= 12.73 kip ft
10
Mw
12. 73(12 )
=
= 2. 06 ksi * AF = 2.06 (1 .0) = 2.06 ksi
Sl 1.375 (18 )2 6
< 0. 6Fyf = 30 .0 ksi ok
B S D I

For STRENGTH IV: Wind not considered
For STRENGTH V:
W=
1. 0(0 .4)(0.053 )(1.375 + 69 .0 + 1.0) / 12

= 0.063 kips / ft
2
Mw =
fl =
0.063(24 .0)2
= 3.63 kip ft
10
Mw
3 .63(12)
=
= 0 .587 ksi * AF = 0.587 (1.0) = 0 .587 ksi
Sl 1.375(18 )2 6
< 0.6Fyf = 30 .0 ksi ok
B S D I
Design Example
3-60

Calculate Mu:
For STRENGTH I:
Mu = 1.0[1.25(2,202 + 335 ) + 1.5(322) + 1.75 (3,510)] = 9,797 kip ft
For STRENGTH III:
Mu = 1.0[1.25(2,202 + 335 ) + 1.5(322 )] = 3,654 kip ft
For STRENGTH IV:
Mu = 1. 0[1.5(2,202 + 335 + 322 )] = 4,289 kip ft
For STRENGTH V:
Mu = 1.0[1.25(2,202 + 335 ) + 1.5(322) + 1.35 (3,510)] = 8,393 kip ft
B S D I

Determine the nominal flexural resistance
(Article 6.10.7.1.2)
If Dp 0.1D t, then:
Otherwise:
Mn = Mp
Dp
Mn = Mp 1.07 0.7
Dt
Eq. (6.10.7.1.2-1)
Eq. (6.10.7.1.2-2)
In a continuous span, M n is limited to:

Mn = 1.3RhMy
Eq. (6.10.7.1.2-3)
B S D I
Design Example
3-61

0.1D t = 0.1(82.88) = 8. 29 in. < Dp = 11.94 in.
Dp
Mn = Mp 1. 07 0.7
Dt
Eq.(6.10. 7.1.2 2 )
11.94
Mn = 14 ,199 1.07 0 .7
= 13,761 kip ft
82 .88
In a continuous span : Mn 1.3R hM y Eq. (6.10.7. 1.2 3 )

Mn = 1.3(1.0)(1 0,171) = 13,222 kip ft (governs)
Mn = 13,222 kip ft
S xt =
Myt
Fyt
10,171(12)
= 2,441 in3
50
B S D I

1
Mu + flSxt f Mn
3
Eq. (6 .10.7.1 .1 1)
For STRENGTH I:
1
Mu + flS xt = 9,797 kip ft + 0 = 9,797 kip ft
3
f Mn = 1.0(13,222 ) = 13,222 kip ft
9,797 kip ft < 13,222 kip ft
ok
(Ratio = 0.741)
For STRENGTH III:
1
1 (2.06 )(2,441)
Mu + flS xt = 3,654 kip ft +
= 3,794 kip ft
3
12
3
f Mn = 1.0(13,222 ) = 13,222 kip ft
3,794 kip ft < 13,222 kip ft
ok
(Ratio = 0.287)
B S D I
Design Example
3-62

1
Mu + flSxt f Mn
3
Eq. (6 .10.7.1 .1 1)
For STRENGTH IV:
1
Mu + flS xt = 4,289 kip ft + 0 = 4,289 kip ft
3
f Mn = 1.0(13,222 ) = 13,222 kip ft
4,289 kip ft < 13,222 kip ft
ok
(Ratio = 0.324)
For STRENGTH V:
1
1 (0.587 )(2,441)
Mu + flS xt = 8,393 kip ft +
= 8,433 kip ft
3
12
3
f Mn = 1.0(13,222 ) = 13,222 kip ft
8,433 kip ft < 13,222 kip ft
ok
(Ratio = 0.638)
B S D I

Performance Ratios
Strength Limit State (Compact Section)

Ductility requirement
Flexure Eq. (6.10.7.1.1-1) (STRENGTH I)
Flexure Eq. (6.10.7.1.1-1) (STRENGTH III)
Flexure Eq. (6.10.7.1.1-1) (STRENGTH IV)
Flexure Eq. (6.10.7.1.1-1) (STRENGTH V)
Shear (End panel) (STRENGTH I)
0.343
0.741
0.287
0.324
0.638
0.995
B S D I
Design Example
3-63
SHEAR
(Article 6.10.9)
Highlights:
n
Tension-field action extended to interior

panels of hybrid sections.
Moment-shear interaction equation is
eliminated.
No handling requirement since D/tw is limited
to 150 for transversely stiffened girders.
Shear connector design moved to separate
Article 6.10.10.
B S D I
SHEAR
End Panels (Article 6.10.9.3.3)
End panels must satisfy:
Vu vVn
Eq. (6.10.9.1-1)
Vu = 1. 0[1 .25 (87 + 13 ) + 1.5 (13 ) + 1 .75 (139 )] = 388 kips

Vn = Vcr = CVp
int . girder at the abutment
V p = 0 . 58 F yw Dt
Eq. (6.10.9.3.3-1)
= 1,001 kips
C = 0.390 (for 87-inch stiffener spacing < 1.5D = 103.5 in.)

Vcr = 0.390(1,001) = 390 kips > Vu = 388 kips
(Ratio = 0.995)
B S D I
Design Example
3-64
SHEAR
Interior Panels (Article 6.10.9.3.2)
For interior panels of hybrid & nonhybrid
members with the section along the entire panel
proportioned such that:
2Dt w
2.5
(b fc t fc + b ft t ft )
Eq. (6.10.9.3.2-1)
the nominal shear resistance is to be taken as:
0.87(1 C)
Vn = Vp C +
2
1 + o
Eq. (6.10.9.3.2-2)
B S D I
SHEAR
Interior Panels (continued)
For interior panels of hybrid and nonhybrid
members with the panel proportioned such that:
2Dt w
(b fc t fc + b ft t ft )
> 2.5
Eq. (6.10.9.3.2-1)
the nominal shear resistance is to be taken as:
0.87(1 C)
Vn = Vp C +
1 + do + do
D
D
Eq. (6.10.9.3.2-8)
B S D I
Design Example
3-65
B S D I
SHEAR
do = 16.75 ft = 201.0 in. < 3D = 207.0 in.
Vu = 1. 0[1 .25 (74 + 11) + 1.5 (11) + 1. 75 (127 )] = 345 kips
int . girder at 87 in. from abutment
For an unstiffened web:

Vn = Vcr = CVp
Eq. (6.10.9.2-1)
C = 0.239 (calculated w/ k = 5)
Vp = 0. 58(50)(69.0)(0.5 ) = 1,001 kips
Vn = Vcr = 0.239(1,001) = 239 kips
v Vn = 1.0(239) = 239 kips < 345 kips stiffeners are required
B S D I
Design Example
3-66
SHEAR
Calculate Vn for the stiffened panel:
2(69.0)(0.5 )
[16(1.0) + 18(0.875 )]
k =5+
1 .40
5
201 .0
69.0
= 2.17 < 2.5

= 5.59
Ek
29,000(5.59)
D 69 .0
= 1.40
= 79 .7 <
=
= 138 .0
Fyw
50
tw
0. 5
B S D I
SHEAR
Calculate Vn for the stiffened panel (contd):
C=
1.57 Ek
2
D Fyw

tw
1.57 29,000(5.59)
= 0.267
=> C = (138 .0 )2
50
Vp = 0. 58(50)(69.0)(0.5) = 1,001kips
0.87(1 0.267 )
Vn = 1,0010.267 +
= 475 kips
2
201 .0
1+

69 .0
v Vn = 1 .0(475 ) = 475 kips > Vu = 345 kips ok

B S D I
Design Example
3-67

Section 2-2 (Interior Pier)
Determine if the section is a slender-web section
(Article 6.10.6.2.3):
2Dc
E
Eq. (6.10.6.2.3-1)
5 .7
tw
Fyc
5.7
29,000
= 116.0
70
2(36.55)
= 130.0 > 116.0
0.5625
Note: Use D c of the steel

section + long.
reinforcement (D6.3.1)
Therefore, the section is a slender-web section.

=> Go to Article 6.10.8
B S D I

Use the provisions of Article 6.10.8.
For discretely braced compression flanges:
1
fbu + fl fFnc
3
Eq. (6.10.8.1.1-1)
For continuously braced flanges:

fbu f R hFyf
Eq. (6.10.8.1.3-1)
B S D I
Design Example
3-68

Calculate the maximum flange major-axis flexural
stresses at Section 2-2 due to the factored loads
under the STRENGTH I load combination:
Top flange:
1.25( 4,840) 1.25( 690) 1.5( 664 ) 1 .75( 4,040 )

f = 1 .0
+
+
+
12 = 54 .57 ksi
2,942
3,194
3,194
3,703
Bottom flange:
1.25( 4,840) 1.25( 690) 1.5( 664 ) 1 .75( 4,040 )

f = 1 .0
+
+
+
12 = 55. 64 ksi
3,149
3,208
3,208
3,310
B S D I

Calculate the hybrid factor, Rh (Article 6.10.1.10.1):
Rh =
12 + 3 3
12+ 2
=
=
2Dnt w
Afn
Fyw
fn
Eq. (6.10.1.10.1-1)
Eq. (6.10.1.10.1-2)
1.0
B S D I
Design Example
3-69

Calculate =
2(36.55 )(0.5625 )
2Dnt w
= 1. 028
=> =
40 .0
Afn
Dn = larger of the distances from the elastic N.A. of the

cross-section to the inside face of either flange
At Section 2-2: Dn = Dc = 36.55 in. (steel + reinf.)
Afn = sum of the flange area & the area of any cover
plates on the side of the neutral axis corresponding
to Dn. For the top flange, can include reinforcement.
At Section 2-2: Afn = Abot flg. = 20(2) = 40.0 in2
B S D I

Calculate =
Fyw
fn
1.0 =>
50 .0
= 0.714
70 .0
fn = for sections where yielding occurs first in the flange,

a cover plate or the longitudinal reinforcement on
the side of the N.A. corresponding to Dn, the largest
of the specified minimum yield strengths of each
component included in the calculation of Afn.
At Section 2-2: fn = Fyc = 70.0 ksi

Otherwise, fn is equal to the largest elastic stress in the
component on the side of the N.A. corresponding to Dn at
first yield on the opposite side of the N.A.
B S D I
Design Example
3-70

Calculate Rh:
Rh =
Rh =
12 + 3 3
12+ 2
12 + 1.028 3(0. 714) (0. 714)3

= 0 .984
12 + 2(1.028 )
B S D I

Calculate web load-shedding factor, Rb
(Article 6.10.1.10.2):
2Dc
E
= 130 .0 > rw = 5 .7
= 116 .0
tw
Fyc
a wc
2D c
R b = 1
rw 1 .0
1200
300
a
t
+
wc w
a wc =
Eq. (6.10.1.10.2-3)
2D c t w 2(36.55 )(0.5625 )
=
= 1.028
20(2)
b fc t fc
1 .028
Rb = 1
(130.0 116.0 ) = 0.990
+
1200
300
(
1
.
028
)
B S D I
Design Example
3-71

Bottom Flange - Section 2-2 (Article 6.10.8.2.2)
Determine the slenderness ratio of the bottom
flange:
b
20
f = fc =
= 5.0
2t fc 2(2)
pf = 0.38
Since f < pf:
Fnc
FLB
E
29,000
= 0 .38
= 7.73
Fyc
70
Fnc = RbR hFyc
Eq. (6.10.8.2.2-1)
= (0.990)(0.984)(70.0) = 68.19 ksi
B S D I

Basic Form of All FLB & LTB Eqs

F n or M n
F m a x or
M
M maxmax
Fnc=RbRhFyc
Anchor point 1
Fnc=RbRhFyc

Fyr f pf
RbRhFyc
Fnc = 1 1
RhFyc rf pf

Fyr Lb Lp
R R F RbRhFyc
Fnc = Cb 11
RhFyc Lr Lp b h yc

Anchor point 2
Mr r
Fr or M
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc

compact
noncompact
CbRb2 E
Lb

rt
nonslender
slender
(elastic buckling)
B S D IL p o r p pf
Design Example
Lr
o rr r f
L b or b f c/ 2 t fc
3-72
B S D I
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

From Article 6.10.8.2.3:
For unbraced lengths containing a transition to a
smaller section at a distance less than or equal to
20 percent of the unbraced length from the brace
point with the smaller moment, the lateral
torsional buckling resistance may be determined
assuming the transition to the smaller section
does not exist.
Assume Lb = 17-0
(17.0 15.0 ) = 12% < 20%

17.0
B S D I
Design Example
3-73

RESISTANCE (continued)
Determine the limiting unbraced length, Lp:
L p = 1.0rt
E
Fyc
where:
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-4)
rt =
Therefore:
rt =
b fc
1 Dc t w
12 1 +
3 b fc t fc
20
= 5.33 in.
1 36.55(0. 5625 )
12 1 +
20 (2 )
3
Lp =
1.0(5.33 ) 29,000
= 9.04 ft
12
70
B S D I

Determine the limiting unbraced length, Lr:
L r = rt
where:
E
Fyr
Fyr = 0. 7Fyc Fyw
Fyr = 0.7(70) = 49.0 ksi < 50 ksi
Therefore:
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Lr =
( 0.5Fyc = 35 ksi ok)
(5.33) 29,000
= 33.95 ft
12
49.0
B S D I
Design Example
3-74

Determine the moment gradient modifier, Cb:
For unbraced cantilevers & members where fmid/f2 > 1.0 or
f2 = 0:
Cb = 1.0
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-6)
Otherwise:
f
f
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2 .3
f
2
f2
f1 = 2fmid f2 fo
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-7)
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-10)
B S D I
Examples:
f1 = 2fmid f2 fo
f1
f0
f mid
f2
f 1/f 2 = 0.75
Cb = 1.13
Lb
When fmid < (fo+f2 )/2,

f1 = fo
f mid /f 2 = 0.875
f1 /f 2 = 0.375
f1 = f0
f0
fm i d
fmid
f0
f2
f2
C b = 1.40
fmid > f 2
Cb = 1
f2 = 0
f mid
Cb = 1
f0 < 0
fmid /f2 = 0.75

f mid
f1
f2
f1 /f 2 = 0.5
C b = 1.3
B S D I
Design Example
f0 = 0
3-75

Since the moment diagram in this region is
concave in shape, f1 = fo (therefore, do not need to
compute f mid). For STRENGTH I:
Bottom flange:
1 .25 ( 2,390 ) 1 . 25 ( 334 ) 1. 5( 321) 1 .75 ( 2,615 )

+
+
+
f1 = fo = 1. 0
12 = 31 . 34 ksi
3,149
3,208
3,208
3,310
31.34
31.34
Cb = 1. 75 1.05
+ 0 .3
= 1.25 < 2. 3
55
.
64
55.64
Note: fo is positive for compression. f2 is always positive.
B S D I


Fyr L b Lp
RbR hFyc RbR hFyc

Fnc = Cb 1 1
R hFyc L r L p
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-2)
49.0 17.0 9.04

Fnc = 1.25 1 1
(0.990 )(0.984 )(70) = 77 .38 ksi

0
.
984
(70 ) 33.95 9.04

> 0.990(0.984 )(70) = 68 .19 ksi
Therefore:
B S D I
Design Example
FncLTB = 68.19 ksi ( = FncFLB = 68.19 ksi)

Fnc = 68.19 ksi
3-76


F n or M n
F m a x or
M
M maxmax
Fnc=RbRhFyc
Anchor point 1
Fnc=RbRhFyc

Fyr f pf
R R F
Fnc = 1 1
R Fyc rf pf b h yc
h

Fyr Lb Lp
RbRhFyc RbRhFyc
Fnc = Cb 11
RhFyc Lr Lp
Anchor point 2
Fr or M
Mr r
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc

compact
noncompact
CbRb2 E
Lb

rt
nonslender
slender
(elastic buckling)
B S D IL p o r p pf
Lr
o rr r f

Assume Lb = 20-0
From Article C6.10.8.2.3:
(20.0 15.0 ) = 25% > 20 %

20.0
For unbraced lengths containing a transition to a smaller

section at a distance greater than 20 percent of the
unbraced length from the brace point with the smaller
moment, the lateral torsional buckling resistance should be
taken as the smallest resistance, Fnc, within the unbraced
length under consideration. This resistance is to be
compared to the largest value of the compressive stress,
fbu, throughout the unbraced length calculated using the
actual properties of the section. The moment gradient
modifier, Cb, should be taken equal to 1.0 in this case...
B S D I
Design Example
3-77
B S D I

For the smaller section at the flange transition in
the first unbraced length adjacent to the interior
pier:
rt = 4.95 in.
Lp = 8.40 ft
Lr = 31.53 ft
Rh = 0.971
Rb = 0.977
Set Cb = 1.0.
B S D I
Design Example
3-78


Fyr L b Lp
Fnc = Cb 1 1
L L RbR hFyc RbR hFyc
R
F
h yc r
p

Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-2)
49 .0 20.0 8. 40

Fnc = 1.0 1 1
(0. 977 )(0 .971)(70) = 57 .11 ksi

0.971(70 ) 31.53 8 .40

< 0.977(0.971)(70 ) = 66.41 ksi
Therefore:
FncLTB = 57.11 ksi
B S D I

For Lb = 17-0:
Flange transition < 20% of unbraced length from the brace
point with the smaller moment
FncLTB = 68.19 ksi
For Lb = 20-0:
Flange transition > 20% of unbraced length from the brace
point with the smaller moment
FncLTB = 57.11 ksi
From Appendix C to the Design Example:
FncLTB
2-2
= 61.14 ksi
FncLTB = 60.48 ksi

tr
B S D I
Design Example
3-79

Bottom-Flange Transition (Article 6.10.8.2.2)
Determine the slenderness ratio of the bottom
flange:
f =
b fc
20
E
=
= 10. 0 > pf = 0.38
= 7.73
2t fc 2(1)
Fyc
rf = 0.56
E
Fyr
Eq. (6.10.8.2.2-5)
Fyr = 0 . 7Fyc Fyw

Fyr = 0.7(70) = 49.0 ksi < 50 ksi
Therefore:
rf = 0.56
( 0.5Fyc = 35 ksi ok)
29 ,000
= 13.62
49 .0
B S D I

Bottom-Flange Transition (continued)
Since pf = 7.73 < f = 10.0 < rf = 13.62:

Fyr f pf
R bRhFyc
Fnc = 1 1
R hFyc rf pf
Eq. (6.10.8.2.2-2)
49 .0

10.0 7 .73
Fnc = 1 1
(0.977)(0.971)(70 .0) = 59.26 ksi

0
.
971
(
70
.
0
)
13.62 7 .73

Therefore:
B S D I
Design Example
FncFLB = 59.26 ksi (> FncLTB = 57.11 ksi)

Fnc = FncLTB = 57.11 ksi
3-80


F n or M n
F m a x or
M
M maxmax
Fnc=RbRhFyc

Fyr f pf
R R F
Fnc = 1 1
R Fyc rf pf b h yc
Anchor point 1
Fnc=RbRhFyc

Fyr Lb Lp
RbRhFyc RbRhFyc
Fnc = Cb 11
RhFyc Lr Lp
Anchor point 2
Fr or M
Mr r
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc

compact
noncompact
CbRb2 E
Lb

rt
nonslender
slender
(elastic buckling)
Lr
o rr r f
B S D IL p o r p pf

Section 2-2 - (continued)
For STRENGTH I:
Section 2-2:
Top Flange:
Bottom Flange:
fbu = 54.57 ksi

f = -55.64 ksi
Flange Transition (Span 1):

Top Flange:
1 . 25 ( 2 ,656 ) 1 . 25 ( 373 ) 1 . 5 ( 358 ) 1 . 75 ( 2 ,709 )
+
+
+
fbu = 1 . 0
12 = 52 . 86 ksi
1,700
1,945
1,945
2 , 448
Bottom Flange:
1 . 25 ( 2 ,656 ) 1 . 25 ( 373 ) 1 . 5 ( 358 ) 1 . 75 ( 2 ,709 )
+
+
+
f = 1 .0
12 = 57 . 54 ksi
1,789
1,862
1, 862
1,975
B S D I
Design Example
fbu (bot. flange) = -57.54 ksi
3-81

Section 2-2 - Bottom Flange
For STRENGTH I:
1
fbu + fl fFnc
3
Eq. (6.10.8.1.1-1)
1
fbu + fl = - 57.54 ksi + 0 = 57.54ksi
3
fFnc = 1.0(57.11)= 57.11ksi
57.54 ksi > 57.11ksi say ok
(Ratio = 1.008)
B S D I

Section 2-2 - Top Flange
For STRENGTH I:
fbu fRhFyf
Section 2-2:
Eq. (6.10.8.1.3-1)
fbu = 54.57 ksi

fR hFyf = 1.0(0.984 )(70.00 ) = 68.88 ksi
54.57 ksi < 68.88 ksi
ok
(Ratio = 0.792)
Flange transition:
fbu = 52.86 ksi
fR hFyf = 1.0(0.971)(70 .00) = 67. 97 ksi
52.86 ksi < 67.97 ksi
ok
(Ratio = 0.778)
B S D I
Design Example
3-82

Performance Ratios (continued)
Strength Limit State (Slender-web section)

Flexure (STRENGTH I)
Flexure (STRENGTH III)
Flexure (STRENGTH IV)
Flexure (STRENGTH V)
1.008
0.792
0.778
0.536
0.460
0.445
0.617
0.541
0.524
0.896
0.716
0.700
B S D I
OTHER TOPICS COVERED

Spacing of Transverse Stiffeners
Shear Connector Design
Transverse Intermediate Stiffener Design
Bearing Stiffener Design
Appendix A - Elastic Effective Length Factor for
Lateral Torsional Bucking
Appendix B - Moment Gradient Modifier, Cb
(Example cases)
Appendix C - Lateral Torsional Buckling
Resistance of Stepped Flanges
B S D I
Design Example
3-83
QUESTIONS
Michael A. Grubb, P.E.
BSDI, Ltd.
724-709-8349
m.grubb@comcast.net
B S D I
Design Example
3-84

LRFD Ex1-Bridge-3span Continuous Straight Composite I Girder

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LRFD Ex1-Bridge-3span Continuous Straight Composite I Girder

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EXAMPLE 1:

to the deck & from the deck to the bearings,

curing of the deck,

BRIDGE FRAMING PLAN

0.032L = 0.032(175.0) = 5.6 ft = 67.2 in.

Flange Thickness (Article 6.10.2.2)

(t f )min = 1.1t w = 1.1(0.5625 ) = 0.62 in.

Flange Moments of Inertia (Article 6.10.2.2)

0.1 < 0.51 < 10 ok

= 5.106 k/ft (incl. integral w.s.)

Wearing Surface Load (DW)

Basic LRFD Design Live Load

LRFD Negative Moment Loading

LRFD Fatigue Load

w/ fixed 30-ft rearaxle spacing

LOAD for OPTIONAL LIVE-LOAD

PB = base wind pressure = 0.050 ksf for beams

V o = friction velocity = 8.2 mph for open country

w = PDhexp. = 0.053(10.41) = 0.55 kips / ft > 0.3 kips / ft

Basic LRFD Design Equation

? i 0.95 for maximum s

Load Combinations and Load Factors

TG SE Use One of These at a

1.00 1.00 1.00

Load Factors for Permanent

DC: Component and

DW: Wearing Surfaces

EH: Horizontal Earth

LRFD LOAD COMBINATIONS

-> Load factor = 1.5

Fatigue Limit State

All Other Components

Fatigue & Fracture Limit State

- All Other Limit States

(applied to design truck onlynot to design lane load)

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (continued)

100% Design Lane + 25% Design Truck + IM

LRFD LIMIT STATES

SERVICE LIMIT STATE

SECTION PROPERTIES (continued)

SECTION PROPERTIES (continued)

= 0.44 in. from the top of the top flange

SECTION PROPERTIES (continued)

1.25 (2,202 )(12 ) 1 .25(335 )(12 ) + 1.50 (322 )(12 ) MAD

MAD = 78,206 kip- in. = 6,517 kip-ft

My = 1.0[1.25 (2,202 ) + 1.25(335 ) + 1.50 (322 ) + 6,517 ]

SECTION PROPERTIES (continued)

0.0926(100.5 ) = 9.30 in.2 @ 4.63 in. from bot. of

Table 1: Moments from Deck-Placement Analysis

M = 352 + 2,537 = 2,889 kip-ft

Table 2: Vertical Deflections from Deck-Placement Analysis

-1.71 -2.47 -2.59 -2.64 -2.43 -2.02 -1.47 -1.27

Table 3: Unfactored Vertical Dead-Load Reactions from Deck-Placement Analysis (kips)

Top flange: fbu =

For STRENGTH IV:

Bot. flange: fbu =

DECK OVERHANG LOADS

DECK OVERHANG LOADS

DECK OVERHANG LOADS

DECK OVERHANG LOADS

1.0(3. 90) 29,000

DECK OVERHANG LOADS

Note: assumes K = 1.0 (see Appendix A of example)