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Photon interactions
With energy deposition
Photoelectric effect
Compton scattering
Pair production (above the threshold of 1.02 MeV)
Photo-nuclear interactions for higher energies
(above 10 MeV)
Coherent scattering
http://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther
Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect
Thomson scattering
(classical treatment)
Thomson scattering
(classical treatment)
d 0 r02
1 cos2
d
2
max at
max at
r0
0, 180o
30
d 2 sin d
d 0 r02
1 cos2 2 sin
d
2
90o
e
m0 c 2
Coherent scattering
Example 1
d coh r02
1 cos2 F ( x, Z )2 2 sin
d
2
x sin / 2 /
Typical ratios of coherent to total attenuation coefficient
1
hv hv' E hv' m0 c 2
1
2
2
1
v
/
c
m0 v
hv hv'
pII
cos
cos
c
c
1 v2 / c2
p 0
m0 v
hv'
sin
sin
c
1 v2 / c2
r2
d d 0
1
FKN
(
1
cos
where
2 (1 cos ) 2
1
A. 0
B. 10
C. 50
D. 90
E. 100
hv / m0c 2
(1 cos )
Energy of electron
1 (1 cos )
1
Energy of scattered photon
hv' hv
1 (1 cos )
The maximum energy that electron can acquire in a direct hit
( = 180o ):
2
1
Emax hv
; photon energy : hv'min hv
0.255MeV
1 2
1 2
For high-energy photon
E hv
Energy distribution of
Compton electrons
Lower energy and high
energy electrons are
more likely to be
produced
Higher energy photons
are more likely to
transfer more energy to
Compton electrons
(bound
electron)
(free electron)
(free
electron)
d inc d
S ( x, Z )
d
d
x=sin(/2)/
Makes the scattering
coefficient Z-dependent
Example 3
In Compton scattering original photon has
energy 1.25 MeV, scattered at 30.
Calculate the energy of scattered photon.
A. 1.2 MeV
B. 1.1 MeV
C. 0.94 MeV
D. 0.83 MeV
hv
1.25
2.45
m0 c 2 0.511
1 (1 cos )
1
1.25
0.941M eV
1 2.45(1 cos 30)
hv' hv
Pair production
Probability of pair
production increases
with energy (this
trend is opposite
those of both
Compton and photoelectric interactions)
High Z dependence:
increases as Z2
Example 2
Compton scattered electrons can be emitted at:
A. Any angle.
B. 0o-90o with respect to the direction of the incident photon
C. 30o-120o with respect to the direction of the incident
photon.
D. 90o-180o with respect to the direction of the incident
photon.
Pair production
Photon is absorbed giving rise to
electron and positron
Occurs in Coulomb force field usually near atomic nucleus;
threshold energy 1.022 MeV
Sometimes occurs in a field of atomic electron (triplet
production); threshold energy 2.044 MeV
For 10-MeV photons in soft tissue, for example, about 10%
Pair production
Energy in excess of 1.02 MeV is released as kinetic energy
of the electron and positron
d Z 2 r02 2 4
m0 c Fpair
d 137 2
Fpair is a function of
momentum, energy and
angle of positron projection
E
Parameters:
Stopping power
Mass stopping power energy loss per unit track
length in producing ionization in the absorbing
medium
Sion
z 2 m0c 2
1 dE
2
...
4r0 N e
2
dx
z 2 r02 m0c 4 M
b2
E
Stopping power
When a charged particle moves close to a nucleus
it experiences electrostatic force
Radiation stopping power energy loss due to
bremsstrahlung (breaking radiation)
Important for electrons (low mass)
for electrons
Stopping power
S rad
1 dE
2 N ZE
4r0 e ...
137
dx
Range of electrons
Half-value depth
Practical range
E0
dE
S (E)
0
Example 4
Example 5
A. 1
B. 3
C. 6
D. 9
E. 12
dF( E )
Sion ( E )dE
dE
E1
A. 7
B. 4
C. 1.5
D. 0.7
E. 0.4
lead=11 g/cm3
Rlead ~0.5x12/11=0.55 cm
RCerrobend~0.55x(1+0.2)= 0.66 cm
E1
dF( E )
dE
dE
Example 7
Example 6
A 6 MeV electron travels through 3 m of
air. By how much is its average energy
reduced?
Need to remember air~0.001
Rair~0.5xE/10-3=3x103 cm=30 m
Assuming linear decrease in energy:
LET=6MeV/30 m=0.2 MeV/m
0.2MeV/m x 3m=0.6 MeV
g/cm3
A. 0.6 MeV
B. 1 MeV
C. 2 MeV
D. 3 MeV
pair
eV
eV
34
6 105
cm
pair
cm
E
6MeV
10 cm 100 mm
LET 0.6 MeV
cm
Bragg peak
Never observed