Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
W: relative velocity
21
1
2
Absolute Path
2
4
Velocity triangle
(in case of vane congruent flows)
Velocity triangle
(in case of vane congruent flows)
Velocity triangle
Cu
Cm
INDEX:
C: absolute velocity
W: relative velocity
U: peripheral velocity of the blade
Cu: peripheral (whirl) component of
the absolute velocity
Cm: meridional component of the
absolute velocity
NOTE:
1) Angle () is measured between positive direction of W and negative
direction of U.
2) Angle () is measured between positive direction of C and positive
8
direction of U
Velocity triangle
Pump/Compressor
Usually for pump/compressor, Cu1 is zero. Cu1 in this case is the prewhirl. So C1=Cm1. The velocity triangle thus looks like
Outlet
Cm2
Inlet
W1
C1=Cm1
1
U1
Velocity triangle at 1
(Suction Side)
C2
W2
2
U2
Cu2
Velocity triangle at 2
(Pressure Side)
9
Velocity triangle
Turbine
Ideally Cu1 is zero for improved efficiency. Cu1 in this case is the exit
whirl. So C1=Cm1. The velocity triangle thus looks like
Cm2
Inlet
Outlet
C2
W2
2
U2
Cu2
Velocity triangle at 2
(Pressure Side)
W1
C1=Cm1
1
1
U1
Velocity triangle at 1
(Suction Side)
10
11
Control Volume
2
U2
C2
W2
W1 C1
r2
U1
L1 r1
L2
12
L2
L1
cos i , i 1, 2
Torque (T):
& Li ri=
=
T m (C2 L2 C1 L1 ) =
=
T m (C2 r2 cos 2 C1r1 cos 1 )
= m ( r2Cu 2 r1Cu1 )
13
Pbl = T
= m (r2Cu 2 rC
1 u1 )
= m (U 2Cu 2 U1Cu1 )
Specific Work:
Pbl
W=
= (U 2Cu 2 U1Cu1 )
bl
m
- +
- ++
-- +
- +
s
- +
- +
- +
- +
Circulatory Flow
Estimation of slip
Cu2
C2
W2
Ideal
Cu2: Slip
deviation of the actual
flow (with finite number of vanes) from
the ideal flow (with infinite number of
vanes)
U2
Pfleiderers method: an empirical formulation based on experiments.
r22
p = '
Zs1
r2
where,
s1 = rds1
r1
Estimation of slip
Special cases:
a) Radial flow impeller: ds1=dr
2 '
p=
Z
1
2
r
1 1
r2
r
p = '
Ze
Estimation of slip
is a function of 2b, the impeller type (radial/axial) and the
system at the exit of the impeller.
2b
' = k 1 +
2 b is in degrees.
60
For radial and mixed flow impellers:
with guide vanes after impeller, k=0.6
with spiral casing after impeller, k=0.65 to 0.85
with vaneless diffuser after impeller, k=0.85 to 1.0,
For axial flow impellers, k=1.0 to 1.2
Cu 2
Cu 2
SLIP
S2 =
Crel =
D2
Z
d
2
where,
2U 2
=
D2
so,
From ABC,
sin 2b
U
D
2
2
sin 2b
sin 2b
Z
d = d= D2
Crel
U
=
=
2
Z
D2
Z
U 2d
Crel =
D2
SLIP
C2
Cu2
W2
Cu' 2
Cu 2
s=
=
Cu 2 Cu 2
Ideal
U2
Cu 2
U 2 sin 2b
= 1
Cu 2
Z
as Z , s 1
as Q increases, Cm2 increases
and s reduces
Cu 2 U 2
sin 2b
U2
sin 2b
s= 1
U 2 Cm 2 cot 2b
Z
Viscous effect
tu2
No. of blades S =
D
Z
t
t =
& u sin
b
II
2
1
I
2b
=
V S1.1.C=
mI
1b
tu1
S1
1b
tu1
( S1 tu1 ) .1.Cm1
S1
Cm1 = CmI
S
t
1 u1
II
2
1
I
Cm 2
2b
S2
= CmII
S
t
2 u2
1b
Cm 2 > CmII
S1
tu1
C2
W1
Cm2
Cm1
CmI
CmII
WI
I
1 > I
Suction edge
C3
U1
WII
II
2 > II
Pressure edge
2
U2
(Z)
+ + +
C2
For pump/compressor
+ + + +
W2
2
2b
U2
Ideally flow should leave (considering direction of W2) at an angle
2b but actual flow leaves at an angle 2. The different causes for
changes in angle are as follows:
+++
: due to vane thickness