Vectors and Tensors Solutions D. Fleisch

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors
Chapter 1
http://www.daneisch.com/sgvt/bio.shtml
About The Author
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
Alternative forms of
Dan Fleisch is a Professor in the Department of Physics at

Wittenberg University, where he specializes in
electromagnetics and space physics. He is the author of the
internationally best-selling book A Students Guide to
Maxwells Equations, published by Cambridge University
Press in January 2008. This book, currently in its 11th printing,
has been translated into Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. Dr.
Fleischs latest book, A Students Guide to Vectors and
the EM tensor
Tensors, was published by Cambridge Press in September of 2011. Fleisch is also the co-author
About Dan Fleisch
with the late Prof. John Kraus of The Ohio State University of the McGraw-Hill textbook
Electromagnetics with Applications.
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Prof. Fleisch has published technical articles in the IEEE Transactions, The Journal of Atmospheric
and Terrestrial Physics, and Microwave Journal, and has presented more than a dozen
BUY This Book
professional papers on topics related to high-speed microwave instrumentation and radar crosssection measurement. He has been a regular contributor of science commentary to PBS station
WYSO of Yellow Springs, and in 2006 he appeared in the documentary "The Dayton
Codebreakers" shown on Public Television.
Prof. Fleisch was named Outstanding Faculty Member at the Wittenberg Greek scholarship awards
in 2000, and in 2002 he won the Omicron Delta Kappa award for Excellence in Teaching. In 2003
and 2005 he was recognized for Faculty Excellence and Innovation by the Southwestern Ohio
Council for Higher Education (SOCHE), and in 2004 he received Wittenbergs Distinguished
Teaching Award, the universitys highest faculty award.
In November, 2010 Prof. Fleisch was named the Ohio Professor of the Year by the Carnegie
Foundation and the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education.
Fleisch received his B.S. in Physics from Georgetown University in 1974 and his M.S. and Ph.D. in
Space Physics and Astronomy from Rice University in 1976 and 1980, respectively.
To contact Dan Fleisch, send e-mail to
A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors 2012 Cambridge University Press
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:48
Chapter 1
http://www.daneisch.com/sgvt/chapter1/problem3/
Home > Chapter 1 Problems
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
Problem 1.3
Imagine that the y-axis points north and the x-axis points east.
(a) If you travel a distance r = 22 km in a straight line from the origin in
a direction 35 degrees south of west, what is your position in Cartesian
(x,y) coordinates?
(b) If you travel 6 miles due south from the origin and then turn west
the EM tensor
and travel 2 miles, how far from the origin and in what direction is your
About Dan Fleisch
final position?
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

SOLUTION!
Full Solution A
Go
Full solution for part (a):
Continue to Problem 1.4

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:29
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
Problem 1.3
Imagine that the y-axis points north and the x-axis points east.
(a) If you travel a distance r = 22 km in a straight line from the origin in
a direction 35 degrees south of west, what is your position in Cartesian
(x,y) coordinates?
(b) If you travel 6 miles due south from the origin and then turn west
the EM tensor
and travel 2 miles, how far from the origin and in what direction is your
About Dan Fleisch
final position?
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution B

SOLUTION!
Go
Full solution for part (b):

From a sketch such as Figure P1.3b, you can see that point P has coordinates x = -2 miles and y = -6 miles. Thus
and
where 180 has been added to the result of the arctan operation since
the denominator was negative.
1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:29
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.4
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge

SOLUTION!
University Press
Full Solution
Go
BUY This Book

Full solution for part all parts (a through c):

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:30
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 1.5
Cylindrical coordinates
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections

SOLUTION!
Full Solution A
Go
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:32
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 1.5
Cylindrical coordinates
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections

SOLUTION!
Full Solution B
Go
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:32
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.6
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution A
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:33
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.6
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution B
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:33
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.7
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution A
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:34
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.7
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution B
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:35
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.8
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution A
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:36
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.8
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution B
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:36
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.9
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Book Corrections
Full Solution
Go
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full solution:

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:37
Chapter 1
http://www.daneisch.com/sgvt/chapter1/probl...
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 1.10
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full solution:
To find the unit basis vectors, use
Thus
1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:38
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.1
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full solution:
The definition of the scalar product in Cartesian coordinates is
BUY This Book
which in this case gives
or
and
so
and

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:39
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.2
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full solution:
BUY This Book
or
Thus in this case

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:40
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
so
or
Likewise, for the vector product
so
or

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:41
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.4
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
which is
So

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:42
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.5
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
Using the BAC-CAB rule,
Inserting values for the vectors that appear in the dot products gives
So

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:43
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.6
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
Using the rules of partial differentiation, the partial derivative with respect to x is
and the partial derivative with respect to y is

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:43
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.7
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
Full Solution:
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:44
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.8
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
Full Solution:
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:45
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 2.9
What is the curl of the vector field given in the previous problem?
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
Full Solution:
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:45
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 2.10
Find the Laplacian of the function given in Problem 2.6.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
Full Solution:
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Taking the first partial derivatives makes this
Taking the second partial derivatives makes this

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:46
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.11
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
BUY This Book

Full Solution:

1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:47
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 2.12
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge

SOLUTION!
University Press
Full Solution
Go
BUY This Book

Full Solution:
At the optimum angle of 90, for a force of 25 Newtons and a distance
1 von 1
13/11/2015 10:48
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Problem 3.1
Solve the box-on-a-ramp problem (that is, find the acceleration of
the box) for the frictionless case using a Cartesian coordinate system for
which the y-axis points vertically upward and the x-axis points horizontally to the right.
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 2
Full Solution:
13/11/2015 10:56

2 von 2
13/11/2015 10:56
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 3.2
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections

SOLUTION!
About Cambridge
Full Solution
Go
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
1 von 2
13/11/2015 10:58
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 3.3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Book Corrections
Full Solution
Go
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
Begin by making a free-body diagram such as Fig. P3.3 showing all the
forces acting on the box along with the coordinate axes. The equations
for the sum of the forces in the x- and y-directions are
and the y-components are
This means that Newton's 2nd law for this case is
1 von 2
13/11/2015 10:59
To find the velocity after the deliverywoman has pushed the box for 2
meters, use the constant-acceleration kinematic equation
So, for example, if the mass of the box is 1 kg, the speed of the box
after the deliverywoman has pushed with a force of 10 Newtons over a
distance of 2 meters will be

2 von 2
13/11/2015 10:59
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Problem 3.4
If the hammer thrower shown on the cover of this book wishes to
launch a hammer of mass 7.26 kg on a cable of length 1.22 meters with a
speed of 22 m/s, what is the magnitude of the centripetal force he must
supply?
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
and the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is related to the velocity and radius of curvature by
thus
Plugging in values gives

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:00
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Problem 3.5
Imagine a Formula 1 car going around a curve with radius of 10
meters while slowing down from a speed of 180 mph to a speed of 120
mph in 2 seconds. What are the magnitude and direction of the car's
acceleration at the instant the car's speed is 150 mph?
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:00
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 3.6
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections

SOLUTION!
About Cambridge
Full Solution
Go
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
1 von 4
13/11/2015 11:01
2 von 4
13/11/2015 11:01
3 von 4
13/11/2015 11:01

4 von 4
13/11/2015 11:01
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 3.7
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
Thus
Taking the partial derivatives gives
Thus

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:03
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 3.8
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
and in cylindrical coordinates, the gradient is given by
Taking the partial derivatives makes this
and

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:04
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 3.9
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:05
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 3.10
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
which in this case
or
Thus
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:06
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:06
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Problem 4.1
Write the inverse transformation matrix for a 70 rotation of the
2D Cartesian coordinate axes and the direct transformation matrix for
the rotation of a vector through an angle of 70 degrees. Show that the
product of these two transformation matrices is the identity matrix.
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
which is the identity matrix.

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:07
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 4.2
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
or
which means

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:09
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 4.3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
and
and
Remember that these are the components of the rotated unit vectors in
the original (non-rotated) coordinate system.
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:10
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 4.4
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Book Corrections
Full Solution
Go
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:10
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 4.5
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
and
This is consistent with the results of Problems 4.2 and 4.4.

1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:11
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 4.6
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
and
which in this case is
and
Solving the first of these two simultaneous equations for A1 gives
and substituting this into the second equation gives
Thus
and
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:12
Another approach to finding the contravariant components is to use the

matrix method and Cramer's Rule. To do this, write
in matrix form as
or
Now use Cramer's Rule to find A1 and A2:
and
in agreement with the results of the substitution method.

2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:12
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 4.7
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:13

2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:13
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 4.8
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
which may be written as
or
You can now use Cramer's Rule:
and
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:14
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:14
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 4.9
Use the substitution method and the elimination method to solve the
two simultaneous equations that result from vector Equation 4.27.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 3
13/11/2015 11:20
2 von 3
13/11/2015 11:20
3 von 3
13/11/2015 11:20
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Problem 4.10
Show that the elements of the Cartesian-to-polar transformation
matrix are the components of the basis vectors tangent to the original
(Cartesian) coordinate axes.
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:23
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 5.1
Show that the process of subtracting one tensor from another results
in a quantity that is also a tensor.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:24
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 5.2
Find the elements of the metric tensor for spherical coordinates by
forming the dot products of the relevant basis vectors.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
Full Solution

SOLUTION!
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
You can determine the elements of the metric tensor by finding the scalar products of these basis
vectors:
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:26
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:26
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 5.3
Show how the derivatives given after Equation 5.16 lead to the elements of the metric tensor for spherical polar coordinates (Equation 5.17).
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
The steps in getting from Equation 5.16 to Equation 5.17 can be found
in the solution for Problem 5.2. But in case you skipped that problem,
here it is again. The relevant derivatives are
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:27
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:27
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Problem 5.4
Use the scale factors for spherical polar coordinates to verify the
expressions given in Chapter 2 for the gradient, divergence, curl, and
Laplacian in spherical coordinates.
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
in agreement with Equation 2.34 in the text.

For the divergence, inserting the spherical polar scale factors gives
1 von 3
13/11/2015 11:28

The curl is given by
Inserting the scale factors gives
which simplified to
2 von 3
13/11/2015 11:28
or

The Laplacian can be found as
which is
3 von 3
13/11/2015 11:28
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 5.5
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 2
Full Solution:
13/11/2015 11:30
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:30
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 5.6
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
For diagonal matrices, the inverse matrix is also diagonal, and each (diagonal) element of the inverse matrix is the inverse of the corresponding
element of the original matrix. Since
the inverse matrix is
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:30
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 5.7
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:31
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 5.8
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:32
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 5.9
What are the Christoffel symbols for the 2-D spherical surface of
Problem 5.8?
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
To find Christoffel symbols, use
and from the solution for Problem 5.8, you know that
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:33
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 5.10
Show that the covariant derivative of the metric tensor equals zero.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
The covariant derivative of a second-rank tensor is
BUY This Book
Applying this to the metric tensor gives
Based on Equation 5.23 in the text, the two Christoffel symbols in this
expression are related to the metric tensor as
in which the dummy index is written as m since the letter k is being

used as the index with respect to which the covariant derivative is being
taken. Thus
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:34
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 6.1
Find the inertia tensor for a cubical arrangement of eight identical masses with the origin of
coordinates at one of the corners and the co-ordinate axes along the edges of the cube.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:35
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:35
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 6.2
How would the moment of inertia tensor of Problem 6.1 change if one of the eight masses is
removed?
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:37
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:37
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch
Problem 6.3
Find the moment of inertia tensor for the arrangement of masses of
Problem 6.2 if the coordinate system is rotated by 20 degrees about one
of the coordinate axes (do this by finding the locations of the masses in
the rotated coordinate system).

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
A sketch such as Figure P6.3(a) will help you determine the impact
of rotating the coordinate system. In this case, the Cartesian axes are
rotated 20 about the z-axis, so the x and y coordinates of the masses will
change (excepting the mass at the origin). One approach to determining
the values of x' and y' for each mass is to make a sketch such as Figure
P6.3(b), which is the view you would have if you looked directly down the
z-axis (toward the origin). To make it a bit easier to determine the x' and
y' values for each mass, "picture has been tilted" in Figure 6.3(c) so that
the x' axis is horizontal and the y' axis is vertical. Applying geometry
to a figure such as this allows you can determine the coordinates of each
of the masses in the primed coordinate system.
For example, the x' coordinate of masses 2 and 6 may be seen from
the figure to equal s sin 20 = 0.342s, and the y' coordinate of masses 2
and 6 is to equal s cos 20 = 0.940s.
1 von 7
13/11/2015 11:39
An alternative approach is to use a rotation matrix to convert the
2 von 7
13/11/2015 11:39
3 von 7
13/11/2015 11:39
4 von 7
13/11/2015 11:39
5 von 7
13/11/2015 11:39
6 von 7
13/11/2015 11:39
7 von 7
13/11/2015 11:39
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 6.4
Use the similarity-transform approach to verify the moment of inertia tensor you found in Problem 6.3.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
1 von 3
13/11/2015 11:40
2 von 3
13/11/2015 11:40
3 von 3
13/11/2015 11:40
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Problem 6.5
Show how the vector wave equation results from taking the curl of
both sides of Faraday's Law and inserting the curl of the magnetic field
from the Ampere-Maxwell Law.
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
About Dan Fleisch
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
Full Solution:
BUY This Book
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:42
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:42
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Problem 6.6
If an observer in one coordinate system measures an electric field of
5 volts per meter in the z-direction and zero magnetic field, what electric
and magnetic fields would be measured by a second observer moving at
1/4 the speed of light along the x-axis?
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:43
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Problem 6.7
If an observer in one coordinate system measures a magnetic field
of 1.5 Tesla in the z-direction and zero electric field, what electric and
magnetic fields would be measured by a second observer moving at 1/4
the speed of light along the x-axis?
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
Full Solution:
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:44
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 6.8
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
About Cambridge
Full Solution:
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 2
13/11/2015 11:44
2 von 2
13/11/2015 11:44
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Problem 6.9
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review
the EM tensor
About Dan Fleisch

SOLUTION!
Full Solution
Go
Book Corrections
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 4
Full Solution:
13/11/2015 11:45
2 von 4
13/11/2015 11:45
3 von 4
13/11/2015 11:45
4 von 4
13/11/2015 11:45
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Problem 6.10
Find the Ricci tensor and scalar for the 2-sphere of Section 6.3.
Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Review

SOLUTION!
the EM tensor
Full Solution
Go
About Dan Fleisch

Book Corrections
Full Solution:
About Cambridge
University Press
BUY This Book
1 von 1
13/11/2015 11:46
1
EM Tensor Comparison
This document compares the electromagnetic eld tensor presented in A

Students Guide to Vectors and Tensors (SGVT) to the equivalent tensor
in several other texts. It is not meant to provide additional information
about this tensor, but rather to help you understand why the tensor may
appear dierent when you encounter it elsewhere. This initial document
will compare the EM eld tensor as presented in SGVT to the versions
presented in Griths Introduction to Electrodynamics, Jacksons Classical Electrodynamics, and Shadowitzs The Electromagnetic Field ; Ill
add the versions of other texts based on readers suggestions.
The electromagnetic eld tensor presented in Section 6.2 of SGVT has
the following form:
0
Ex /c Ey /c Ez /c
Ex /c
0
Bz
By
.
F =
Ey /c
Bz
0
Bx
Ez /c By
Bx
0
Notice that this is the contravariant form of the EM eld tensor (in both
indices), so the rst thing to check when making comparisons between
texts is that youre using the same form with respect to contravariant
and covariant indices.
In Griths Introduction to Electrodynamics, the doubly contravariant
EM eld tensor is presented as
0
Ex /c Ey /c Ez /c
Ex /c
0
Bz
By
F =
Ey /c Bz
0
Bx
Ez /c By
Bx
0
which diers by a minus sign from the version presented in SGVT. This
dierence is attributable to the fact that Griths uses the sign convention of placing a minus sign on the time component and a plus sign on
the spatial components of four-vectors, and the opposite convention is
used in SGVT.
In Jacksons Classical Electrodynamics, the
eld tensor is given as
0 Ex Ey
Ex
0
Bz
F =
Ey Bz
0
Ez By Bx
doubly contravariant EM
Ez
By
Bx
0
In this case, the sign convention is the same as that used in SGVT,
but the electric-eld terms do not contain the factor of 1/c included in
the SGVT version. The reason for this dierence is that Jackson uses
Gaussian rather than SI units for all chapters after Chapter 10 of the
latest (third) edition of his book (thats what the little G means after
the chapter headings on the top of the even pages). You can understand
the impact of those units by looking at Table 3 in the Appendix of the
Jackson text. There he indicates that you should make the following
substitutions to convert his equations between systems:
in SI
E
in SI
B
J in SI

E
in Gaussian system
40

mu0
B in Gaussian system
4
40 J in Gaussian system
If you make the appropriate conversions in the EM eld tensor (as well
as in the expression relating the derivatives of the eld-tensor elements
to the four-current), you can get to Maxwells Equations in the same
manner described in Section 6.2 of SGVT.
In Shadowitzs The Electromagnetic Field, the doubly contravariant EM

eld tensor is written as
0
cBz cBy Ex
cBz
0
cBx Ey
F JK =
cBy cBx
0
Ez
Ex
Ey
Ez
This appears quite dierent from the other versions of this tensor discussed above, but notice that a large part of this dierence comes about
because the electric-eld terms appear in the fourth row and column
rather than in the rst row and column as in the previous versions.
The reason for this dierence is that Shadowitz writes four-vectors with
the time component in the last position (after the spatial components)
rather than in the rst position. Additionally, the EM eld tensor presented by Shadowitz is essentially c times the EM eld tensor in SGVT,
so Ex /c in SGVT becomes Ex in Shadowitz, and Bx in SGVT becomes
cBx in Shadowitz.
To compensate for this dierence when deriving Maxwells
Equations

from the EM eld tensor, Shadowitz includes a factor of 0 /0 in front
of his four-current (J) term:

0
Fij
=
Ji
xj
0
so if you pull the multiplicative factor of c out of Shadowitzs EM tensor
and divide it into the four-current term, this becomes

0
1 0
Ji = 0 0
Ji
c 0
0

20 0
=
Ji = 0 Ji
0
where the fact that c = 1/ 0 0 has been used, making the nal expression consistent with the four-current term in SGVT.
References
Griths, D., Introduction to Electrodynamics, Benjamin-Cummings 1999.
Jackson, J.D., Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley 1999.
Shadowitz, A., The Electromagnetic Field, McGraw-Hill 1975.
1
Matrix Algebra Review
Introduction
This is the matrix review for A Students Guide to Vectors and Tensors
(SGVT). It is not meant to be a thorough introduction to the theory and
practice of matrix algebra, but rather a review of the matrix concepts
you should understand when learning about vectors and tensors.
A matrix is dened as an array of numbers. Some authors restrict the
term matrix to refer only to square arrays of real numbers, but in common usage a matrix is a rectangular (m x n) array of complex numbers
or elements, where m represents the number of rows, n represents
the number of columns, and complex means that the numbers may be
purely real, purely imaginary, or mixed. Thus
8
0

3 2
A=
C = 9 15 3 8 12 2
B=
2
1 0
1
5
and
5 2i
3i
0
15
D=
4i 2 + 8i
12
i1
1
E= 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

F =
0 0
0 0
are all matrices. In these examples, matrix A has dimensions or order (rows x columns) of 2x2, B of 5x1, C of 1x6, D of 4x2, E of 3x3,
and F of 2x2.
If both m and n for a matrix are equal to one, that matrix is called
a scalar (because its just a single value), and if either (but not both)
of m and n are one, that matrix may be called a vector. So in the
examples shown above, B and C are vectors; in some texts youll see
B called a column vector and C called a row vector. A square matrix
(that is, a matrix with m=n) with ones on the diagonal and zeroes in all
o-diagonal elements (such as matrix E above) is called the unit or
identity matrix, and a matrix with all elements equal to zero is called
the null or zero matrix.
Two matrices are said to be equal only if they have the same number
of rows as well as the same number of columns and if every element in
one matrix is equal in value to the corresponding element in the other
matrix. Matrices are usually denoted using uppercase letters or bold font,
often surrounded by square brackets (such as [A]), and the elements are
often written using lowercase letters with subscripts. So you may see the
elements of matrix [A] written as aij , although some authors use Aij or
[A]ij to refer to the elements of A (but be careful to note that Aij may
also refer to the Matrix of Cofactors of matrix A, which you can read
about in Section E of this document).
So does terminology such as row vector mean that matrices, vectors,
and tensors are the same thing? Not really. Its certainly true that the
vectors and tensors in SGVT are often represented using matrices, but
its important to remember what those matrices stand for. Those arrays
of values represent the components of vectors and tensors, and those
components have meaning only when associated with the basis vectors
of a particular coordinate system. Since the basis vectors are not always
shown, its convenient to think of the matrix as representing the vector
or tensor itself, and thats ne as long as you remember that the actual
vector or tensor has existence independent of any coordinate system.
A) Matrix addition, multiplication by a scalar, and subtraction
Matrices may be added only if both the row dimension (m) and their
column dimension (n) are equal (such matrices are said to be of the
same order). The addition is accomplished simply by adding each element of one matrix to the corresponding element of the other matrix.
For example:
5
3
2
0

+
3 1
0 4

=
2 3
3 4

or in general

b11
a11 a12
+
a21 a22
b21
b12
b22

=
a11 + b11
a21 + b21
a12 + b12
a22 + b22

.
Note that the result is a matrix of the same order as the matrices being
added. Note also that matrix addition is commutative, so [A]+[B]=[B]+[A].
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar is straightforward; you simply
multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar. Thus

3 2
9 6
3A = 3
=
1 0
3 0
and generally

kA = k
a11
a21
a12
a22
ka11
ka21
ka12
ka22
You can use the rules for addition of matrices and scalar multiplication
to see that subtraction of matrices is accomplished simply by subtracting
the corresponding elements. Thus [A]-[B]=[A]+(-1)[B]. So if

a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
and

B=
then
AB =
a11 + (1)b11
a21 + (1)b21
b11
b21
b12
b22
a12 + (1)b12
a22 + (1)b22

=
a11 b11
a21 b21
a12 b12
a22 b22

.
Just as for addition, subtraction of matrices only works for matrices of

the same order.
B) Matrix multiplication
There are several dierent ways to multiply matrices; the most common
and most relevant to the vector and tensor concepts in SGVT is to
multiply two matrices (call them A and B) by multiplying the elements
of each row in A by the elements of each column of B and then summing
the results. So if matrix A is given by

a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
and matrix B is given by
b11
b21
b31
b13
b23
b33
b12
b22
b32
then the product A times B is given by

b11
a11 a12 a13
b21
a21 a22 a23
b31

=
a11 b11 + a12 b21 + a13 b31

a21 b11 + a22 b21 + a23 b31
b12
b22
b32
b13
b23
b33
a11 b12 + a12 b22 + a13 b32

a21 b12 + a22 b22 + a23 b32
a11 b13 + a12 b23 + a13 b33

a21 b13 + a22 b23 + a23 b33
This result is achieved by multiplying the elements of the rst row of

A by the elements of the rst column of B, summing the results, and
placing the sum in the rst row and rst column of the result matrix,
as shown in Figure 1.1.
Sum products
Multiply first row
by first column
Place result in first row

and first column
a11 a12 a13

( ) ( )
( )
b11 ( )
b21 ( )
b31 ( )
( )
( )
( )
a11b11+ a12b21+ a13b31

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Figure 1.1 Multiplying rst row by rst column
The next step is to multiply the elements of the rst row of A by the
elements of the second column of B, summing the products, and placing
the sum in the rst row and second column of the result matrix, as
shown in Figure 1.2.
After multiplying the rst row of A by the third column of B and placing
the sum in the rst row and third column of the result matrix, the
same procedure is done with the second row of A - those elements are
multiplied by the rst column of B, summed, and placed in the second

.
Sum products
Multiply first row
by second column
Place result in first row

and second column
a11 a12 a13
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) b12
( )
( ) b22
( )
( )
( ) b32
( )
a11b12+ a12b22+ a13b32
( )
( )
( )
( )
Figure 1.2 Multiplying rst row by second column
Multiply second row

by first column
( ) ( ) ( )
x
a21 a22 a23
b11 ( )
b21 ( )
b31 ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
a21b11+ a22b21+ a23b31
( )
( )
Place result in second row

and first column
Sum products
Figure 1.3 Multiplying second row by rst column
row and rst column of the result matrix, as shown in Figure 1.3.
Notice that the matrix that results from multipling a 2x3 matrix (A) by
a 3x3 matrix (B) is a 2x3 matrix - the result has the number of rows of
the rst matrix and the number of columns of the second matrix. You
should also note that this type of matrix multiplication only works when
the number of columns of the rst matrix (3 in the case of A) equals the
number of rows of the second matrix (also 3 in the case of B).
To understand why matrices are multiplied in this way, consider the
sorting of ve types of toy marbles (Bowlers, Cats Eyes, Steelies, Aggies,
and Commons) into four sizes of package (Small, Medium, Large, and
Extra Large). The number of each type of marble in each size package
is shown in the following table:

Bowlers
Cats Eyes
Steelies
Aggies
Commons
3
5
10
15
2
3
5
12
5
7
12
16
4
6
10
14
Small package
1
Medium package
2
Large package
5
Extra Large package 10
This array of numbers can be put into a matrix - call it P the package
matrix:
1 3 2 5 4
2 5 3 7 6
P =
5 10 5 12 10
10
15
12
16
14
Now imagine three containers (Cans, Boxes, and Crates) with dierent
numbers of packages in each type:
Can
Box
Crate
Small Pkgs
Medium Pkgs
Large Pkgs
10
15
40
8
12
25
5
7
15
Extra-Large Pkgs
2
3
10
Put this array into a matrix called C the container matrix:
10 8 5 2
C = 15 12 7 3
40 25 15 10
If you wish to nd the number of each type of marble in each type of
container, you could do it like this:
Bowlers per Can = 10 small packages 1 Bowler per small package
+ 8 medium packages 2 Bowlers per medium package
+ 5 large packages 5 Bowlers per large package
+ 2 extra-large packages 10 Bowlers per extra-large package
= (10)(1)+(8)(2)+(5)(5)+(2)(10)=71 Bowlers per Can
Likewise, you can nd the number of Cats Eyes per can using
Cats Eyes per Can=10 small packages3 Cats Eyes per small package
+ 8 medium packages 5 Cats Eyes per medium package
+ 5 large packages 10 Cats Eyes per large package
+ 2 extra-large packages 15 Cats Eyes per extra-large package
= (10)(3)+(8)(5)+(5)(10)+(2)(15)= 150 Cats Eyes per Can
And if you wished to nd the number of Bowlers per Box, you could use
Bowlers per Box = 15 small packages 1 Bowler per small package
+ 12 medium packages 2 Bowlers per medium package
+ 7 large packages 5 Bowlers per large package
+ 3 extra-large packages 10 Bowlers per extra-large package
= (15)(1)+(12)(2)+(7)(5)+(3)(10)=104 Bowlers per Box
If you compare the numbers in these calculations to the values in the P
and C matrices, youll see that in each case youre multiplying the row
elements of C by the column elements of P, which is exactly how matrix
multiplication works:
1 3 2 5 4
10 8
5
2
71 150 93 198 166
2 5 3 7 6

CP = 15 12 7
3
5 10 5 12 10 = 104 220 137 291 244
40 25 15 10
265 545 350 715 600
10 15 12 16 14
So the product matrix shows you how many of each type of marble are
in each type of container:
Can
Box
Crate
Bowlers
Cats Eyes
Steelies
Aggies
71
104
265
150
220
545
93
137
350
198
291
715
Commons
166
244
600
In addition to showing why the rows of the rst matrix are multiplied by the columns of the second matrix, this example also illustrates
the point made earlier: when you multiply two matrices, the number of
columns in the rst matrix must equal the number of rows in the second matrix. So in this case, multiplication works only if you multiply C
by P, not P by C. The larger point is that matrix multiplication is not
commutative, so even if youre able to multiply two matrices in either

order (which you can do, for example, with square matrices), the answer
is not the same. So in matrix world, AB is in general not equal to BA.
Another dierence between matrix multiplication and multiplication
of numbers is that its possible to get zero as the result of multiplying
two matrices, even if neither matrix is zero. For example,

2 1
1 0
0 0
=
.
0 0
2 0
0 0
If you study vectors and tensors, youre likely to come across the multiplication of a row vector times a column vector or vice versa, and you
should understand that such products use the same process described
above for matrix multiplication, although that may not be immediately
obvious when you look at the result. For example, multiplying a row
vector A by a column vector B gives
b11

a11 a12 a13 b21 = [a11 b11 + a12 b21 + a13 b31 ] .
b31
This scalar result (essentially the dot product between A and B) comes
from multiplying the rst (and only) row of A by the rst (and only)
column of B and adding the sums. Likewise, if A is a column vector and
B a row vector, the product AB is
a11 b11 a11 b12 a11 b13

a11

a21 b11 b12 b13 = a21 b11 a21 b12 a21 b13
a31
a31 b11 a31 b12 a31 b13
Once again, the same rule of matrix multiplication has been applied.
The rst row of A (just a11 in this case) is multiplied by the rst column
of B (just b11 in this case), and since there are no other elements in the
rst row of A or the rst column of B, there is nothing to add, and
the result (a11 b11 ) is written in the rst row and column of the result
matrix. Then the rst row of A (again, only a11 ) is multiplied by the
second row of B (only b12 ), and the result is written in the rst row,
second column of the result matrix. After doing the same for the rst
row of A and the third column of B, you then multiply the second row
of A (which is just a21 in this case) by the rst column of B (again just
b11 ) and write the result in the second row, rst column of the result
matrix. So although you get a scalar when you multiply a row vector by a
column vector (sometimes called the inner product of the matrics) and
a matrix when you multiply a column vector by a row vector (sometimes

called the outer product of the matrices), the process is exactly the
same in both cases.
Although matrix multiplication is not commutative (so AB is not
necessarily equal to BA), matrix multiplication is the associative and
distributive over addition, so for matrices A, B, and C
(AB)C = A(BC)
and
A(B + C) = AB + AC
as long as you remember not to reverse the order of any of the products.
You may be wondering if theres ever a need to multiply each element
of one matrix by the corresponding element of an equal-size matrix.
There certainly is (for example, when applying a two-dimensional lter funtion to an image). This process is called element-by-element
or entrywise matrix multiplication and the result is sometimes called
the Hadamard product. In MATLAB, such multiplication is denoted
A.*B, where the decimal point before the multiplication symbol signies
element-by-element multiplication.
C) Transpose and trace of a matrix
The transpose of a matrix is accomplished by interchanging the rows
with the columns of that matrix. This is usually denoted by placing the
superscript T after the matrix name, so the transpose of matrix A is
written as AT (MATLAB uses A ). So if the matrix A has elements

a11 a12 a13 a14
A=
a21 a22 a23 a24
then the transpose of A is given by
a11
a12
T
A =
a13
a14
a21
a22
.
a23
a24
So (Aij )T = Aji ; notice that the indices have been switched. The transpose of the product of two matrices is equal to the transpose of each
matrix multiplied in reverse order, so
(AB)T = B T AT .
10
so long as the dimensions of the matrices allow such products to be

formed.
For square matrices, the trace of the matrix is given by the sum of the
diagonal elements. The trace is usually denoted by Tr so the trace of
matrix A is written as Tr(A). So if the matrix A is given by
a11 a12 a13 a14

a21 a22 a23 a24
A=
a31 a32 a33 a34
a41
a42
a43
a44
the trace of A is
T r(A) = a11 + a22 + a33 + a44 =
aii .
D) Determinant, minors, and cofactors of a matrix

The determinant of a square matrix is a scalar calculated by multiplying,
adding, and subtracting various elements of the matrix. If A is a 2x2
matrix

a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
the determinant of A (denoted using vertical bars on each side of A) is
found by cross-multiplying the upper-left element times the lower-right
element and then subtracting the product of the lower-left element times
the upper-right element:

a
a12
= a11 a22 a21 a12 .
|A| = 11
a21 a22
Hence if A is

A=
4 2
3 1
the determinant of A is

4 2
= (4)(1) (3)(2) = 4 (6) = 10.

|A| =
3 1
To nd the determinant of higher-order matrices, you must use the
minors and cofactors of the determinant of the matrix. The minor
for each element of the determinant of a square matrix is found by
11
eliminating the entire row and the entire column in which the element
appears and then writing the remaining elements as a new determinant,
with row and column dimensions reduced by one (so the minor of each
element of a 3x3 determinant is a 2x2 determinant). So for the 3x3
determinant of matrix A

a11 a12 a13

|A| = a21 a22 a23
a
a
a
31
the minor of element

a11 is

a22
a32
a23
a33
32
33

a22
=
a32

a23
a33
obtained by elminating the rst row and column of the determinant of

matrix A (since the element for which this minor is taken (a11 ) is in
the rst row and the rst column). Likewise, the minor for element a12
is found by eliminating the row and column in which a12 appears (rst
row and second column):

a21 a23 = a21 a23 .
a31 a33

a
a33
31
For element a22 , the

minor is
a11
a31
a13

a33

a11
=
a31

a13
.
a33
Before you can use minors to nd the determinant of a higher-order

matrix, you have turn each minor into a cofactor. The cofactor of an
element is just the minor of that element multiplied by either +1 or -1.
To know which of these to use, just determine whether the sum of the
elements row index and its column index is even or odd. If even (as it
is, for example, for the element in the rst row and rst column, since
1+1=2 which is even), the cofactor equals the minor of that element
mutiplied by +1. If odd (for example, for the element in the rst row
and second column, since 1+2=3 which is odd) the cofactor equals the
minor of that element multiplied by -1. So for element aij with row index
of i and column index of j,
Cofactor of (aij ) = (1)(i+j) Minor of (aij ).
12
So for the minors shown above, the cofactors are

a
a23
= (1)(a22 a33 a32 a23 )
Cofactor of (a11 ) = (1)(1+1) 22
a32 a33

a
Cofactor of (a12 ) = (1)(1+2) 21
a31
and
(2+2)
Cofactor of (a22 ) = (1)

a11

a31

a23
= (1)(a21 a33 a31 a23 )
a33

a13
= (1)(a11 a33 a31 a13 ).
a33
With cofactors in hand, the determinant of a 3x3 matrix is straightforward to nd. Simply pick one row or column, and multiply each of
the elements of that row or column by its cofactor and sum the results.
So, for example, if you choose to use the rst row of the 3x3 matrix A,
the determinant is given by
|A| = a11 (Cofactor of a11 ) + a12 (Cofactor of a12 ) + a13 (Cofactor of a13 ).
or
|A| = a11 (1)(a22 a33 a32 a23 )+a12 (1)(a21 a33 a31 a23 )+a13 (1)(a21 a32 a31 a22 ).
The value of the determinant would have been the same if you had used
a dierent row (or any of the columns) of matrix A, as long as you
multiply each element in your selected row or column by its cofactor
and sum the results.
The same approach can be used to nd the determinant of 4x4 and
higher-order matrices; you just have to expand each of the determinants
using elements and cofactors until you get down to the 2x2 level. Of
course, the calculation becomes a bit tedious, so its worth your time to
learn to nd determinants using a program like MATLAB.
Some useful characteristics of determinants are that the determinant
of the transpose of a matrix equals the determinant of the matrix (so
|AT | = |A|) and the determinant of the product of two matrices is the
same as the determinant of the reverse product (so |AB| = |BA|) provided that the dimensions of A and B allow both of these products to
be made.
You may also nd it useful to know that if a matrix has two identical
rows or columns, or if one row or column is an integer multiple of another row or column, the determinant of that matrix must be zero.
13
E) Inverse of a matrix
As indicated in Section C of this document, matrix multiplication is
quite dierent from ordinary multiplication of numbers. One example of
this is that the product of two matrices may be zero even if both of the
matrices are non-zero (so you cant simply divide both sides of a matrix
equation such as AB = 0 by A to get B = 0). Additionally, the matrix
equation AB = AC does not mean that matrix B equals matrix C (so
dividing both sides of this equation by A does not work for matrices).
Dierences such as this suggest that matrix division has little in common with ordinary division of numbers. About the closest you can get
to a process similar to division for matrices comes about by considering
the matrix equation
AX = B
where A, X, and B are all matrices. If you wish to nd matrix X from
this equation, heres one thing you denitely cannot do:
B
AX
=
A
A
B
X=
A
because this type of division does not work for matrices.
What you can do to nd X is this: you can try to nd a matrix A1
(called the inverse or reciprocal of A) with the following property:
A1 A = I
where I represents the identity matrix (ones on the diagonal and zeroes
everywhere else). Now you can nd X rather easily:
AX = B
A
(AX) = A1 B
(A1 A)X = A1 B
IX = A1 B
X = A1 B
since IX = X (multiplying the identity matrix times any matrix does
not change that matrix).
So although you havent really divided matrix B by matrix A, youve
used the matrix equivalent of multiplying by the reciprocal of a number
to achieve the same result as dividing.
14
The question is, does every matrix have an inverse (that is, another
matrix with which it multiplies to give the identiry matrix), and if so,
how do you nd it? The rst part of this question is easy to answer:
any matrix that has a non-zero determinant (|A| =
0) has an inverse.
Matrices that have no inverse ((|A| = 0) are called singular matrices,
and matrices that have an inverse are called non-singular matrices.
But if a certain matrix has an inverse, how do you nd that inverse?
There are several ways to go about this, but one approach is to use
the concepts of cofactors, transpose, and determinant described above.
Those concepts appear in the following equation for the inverse of matrix
A:
A1 =
(Matrix of cofactors of A)T

|A|
in which the Matrix of cofactors of A is a matrix in which each element

of A is replaced by that elements cofactor.
Heres how that works for a 3x3 matrix. If matrix A is the usual
a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
then the matrix of cofactors (MoC) for A is
a22 a33 a32 a23

(a21 a33 a31 a23 )
a21 a32 a31 a22
MoC (A) = (a12 a33 a32 a13 )
a11 a33 a31 a13
(a11 a32 a31 a12 ) .
(a11 a23 a21 a13 )
a11 a22 a21 a12
a12 a23 a22 a13
The equation for the inverse of A shown above requires that you take
the transpose of this matrix, which is
(a12 a33 a32 a13 )

a12 a23 a22 a13
a22 a33 a32 a23
[MoC (A)]T = (a21 a33 a31 a23 )
a11 a33 a31 a13
(a11 a23 a21 a13 ) .
(a11 a32 a31 a12 )
a11 a22 a21 a12
a21 a32 a31 a22
Dividing this matrix by the determinant of A provides the inverse of A.

Fortunately, the inverse of non-singular matrices is easily found using
most scientic calculators or computers, usually by dening a matrix A
and then raising A to the power of minus one.
For a diagonal matrix, the inverse is simply another diagonal matrix
in which each diagonal element is the reciprocal of the corresponding

element in the original matrix. So
1 1
0
a11 0
a11
0 a22 0 =
0
0
0 a33
0
15
0
1
a22
0 .
1
a33
F) Simultaneous linear equations and Cramers Rule

The relationship between matrices and simultaneous linear equations
can be understood by considering equations such as
2x + 5y z = 12
3x 3y + z = 1
x + y = 1.
Using the rules of matrix multiplication, this system of equations can be
written as a single matrix equaton:
2
5 1
x
12
3 3 1 y = 1 .
1
1
0
z
1
In general, three linear equations in three unknowns (x1 , x2 , x3 ) can be
written as
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 = b2
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 = b3
or
a11
a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
If you dene the matrices
x1
b1
a13
a23 x2 = b2 .
a33
x3
b3
a11
A = a21
a31
and
a12
a22
a32
x1
x = x2
x3
a13
a23
a33
16
and
b1
b = b2
b3
then the system of equations can be written as a single matrix equation:

Ax = b
which can sometimes be solved using the inverse of matrix A:
x = A1 b.
The reason that the word sometimes appears in the previous sentence
is that there are several conditions which will prevent this approach from
succeeding. For example, the system of equations may be inconsistent that is, there may be no set of values for x1 , x2 , x3 that satisfy all three
equations. In that case, you will not be able to nd the inverse of A
because it will be a singular matrix. And if matrix b equals zero, you
have a system of homogeneous linear equations, which means there will
be only the trivial solution (x1 = x2 = x3 = 0) if A is non-singular or
an innite number of solutions if A is singular.
In cases for which A is non-singular and b does not equal zero, you
can nd the values of x1 , x2 , and x3 by nding the inverse of matrix
A and multiplying that inverse by matrix b, or you can use Cramers
Rule. In that approach, the rst unknown (x1 in this case) is found by
replacing the values in the rst column of the coecient matrix (A) with
the elements of matrix b and dividing the determinant of that matrix by
the determinant of A. Heres how that looks:

b1 a12 a13

b2 a22 a23

b a
a33
3
32
x1 =
a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

a
a32 a33
31
Likewise, to nd the second unknonwn (x2 in this case), replace the

values in the second column of A with the elements of b:

a11 b1 a13

a21 b2 a23

a
b3 a33
31
x2 =

a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

a
a32 a33
31
and to nd x3 use

a11 a12 b1

a21 a22 b2

a
a32 b3
31
x3 =
a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

a
a32 a33
31
Thus for the equations given at the start of this section,
2
A = 3
1
5
3
1
1
1
0
x1
x
x = x2 = y
x3
z
and
Hence
12
b1
b = b2 = 1 .
b3
1

x = x1 =

5 1
3 1
1
0

2
5 1
3 3 1
1
1
0
12
1
1
17
18
so
12[(3)(0) (1)(1)] + 5(1)[(1)(0) (1)(1)] 1[(1)(1) (1)(3)]
2[(3)(0) (1)(1)] + 5(1)[(3)(0) (1)(1)] 1[(3)(1) (1)(3)]
12 + 5 2
= 3.
=
2 + 5 0
x=
Proceeding in the same way for y and

2

3

1
y = x2 =
2

3

1
so
y=
and
z=

12 1
1 1
1
0

5 1
3 1
1
0
2 + 12 + 2
=4
2 + 5 0

z = x3 =

so
z gives

2
5
12
3 3 1
1
1
1

2
5 1
3 3 1
1
1
0
4 + 10 + 0
= 2.
2 + 5 0
G) Matrix diagonalization using eigenvectors and eigenvalues

In the matrix equation discussed in the previous section
Ax = b
the matrix A operates on matrix x to produce matrix b. If x and b
are vectors, this equation represents the transformation by matrix A
of vector x into vector b. In some cases, the operation of A on the
components of x produces the components of a vector b that is a scaled
(but not rotated) version of x. In such cases, the equation becomes
Ax = x
19
where represents a scalar multiplier (and scalar multipliers can change

the length but not the direction of a vector).
Any vector x which satisfy this equation for a matrix A is called an
eigenvector of matrix A, and the scalar is called the eigenvalue
associated with that eigenvector.
The eigenvalues of a matrix can be very useful in nding a diagonal
version of that matrix, so you may wish to understand how to nd the
eigenvalues of a given matrix. To do that, write the previous equation
as
Ax x = 0
which, since Ix = x, can be written as
Ax (Ix) = 0
or
(A I)x = 0.
which means that either x = 0 (which is a the trivial case) or
|A I| = 0.
This equation is called the characteristic
for a 3x3 matrix it looks like this:

1
a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23 0

0
a
a32 a33
31
or

a11

a21

a
31
a12
a22
a32
equation for matrix A, and

0
1
0
a13
a23
a33
0
0
1

=0

= 0.

This expands to
(a11 )[(a22 )(a33 ) a32 a23 ]
+ a12 (1)[a21 (a33 ) a31 a23 ]
+ a13 [a21 a32 a31 (a22 )] = 0.
Finding the roots of this polynomial provides the eigenvalues () for
matrix A, and substituting those values back into the matrix equation
Ax = x allows you to nd eigenvectors corresponding to each eigenvalue. The process of nding the roots is less daunting than it may
20
appear, as you can see by considering the following example. For the
3x3 matrix A given by
4 2 2
A = 7 5
8
5 1 4
the characteristic equation is

4
2

7
5

5
1
2
8
4

=0

or
(4 )[(5 )(4 ) (1)(8)]
2(1)[(7)(4 ) (5)(8)]
2[(7)(1) (5)(5 )] = 0.
Multiplying through and subtracting within the square brackets makes
this
(4 )(2 12) + 2(7 12) 2(5 18) = 0
or
3 + 52 + 12 36 = 0.
Finding the roots of a polynomial like this is probably best left to a
computer, but if youre lucky enough to have a polynomial with integer
roots, you know that each root must be a factor of the term not involving
(36 in this case). So (+/-) 2,3,4,6,9,12,and 18 are possibilities, and it
turns out that +2 works just ne:
(2)3 + 5(22 ) + 12(2) 36 = 8 + 20 + 24 36 = 0.
So you know that one root of the characteristic equation (and hence one
eigenvalue) must be +2. That means you can divide a factor of ( 2)
out of the equation and try to see other roots in the remainder. That
division yields this:
3 + 52 + 12 36
= 2 + 3 + 18.
( 2)
The roots remaining polynomial on the right-hand side of this equation
are +6 and -3, so you now have
3 + 52 + 12 36 = ( 2)(6 )( + 3) = 0.
21
So matrix A has three distinct eigenvalues with values +6, -3, and +2;
these are the factors by which matrix A scales its eigenvectors. You
could nd the eigenvectors of A by plugging each of the eigenvalues
back into the characteristic equation for A, but as long as you can nd
N distinct eigenvalues for an NxN matrix, you can be sure that A can
be diagonalized simply by constructing a new diagonal matrix with the
eigenvalues as the diagonal elements. So in this case, the diagonal matrix
(call it A ) associated with matrix A is
6 0 0
A = 0 3 0 .
0 0 2
To see why this is true, consider the operation of matrix A on each of
its three eigenvectors (call them e, f , and g):
Ae = 1 e
Af = 2 f
Ag = 3 g
Now imagine a matrix E whose columns are made up of the eigenvectors
of matrix A:
e1 f1 g1
E = e2 f2 g2
e3 f3 g3
where the components of eigenvector e are (e1 , e2 , e3 ), the components
of eigenvector f are (f1 , f2 , f3 ), and the components of eigenvector g are
(g1 , g2 , g3 ). Mutiplying matrix A (the original matrix) by E (the matrix
made up of the eigenvectors of A), you get

e1 f1 g1
a11 a12 a13
AE = a21 a22 a23 e2 f2 g2
a31 a32 a33
e3 f3 g3
which is
a11 e1 + a12 e2 + a13 e3

AE = a21 e1 + a22 e2 + a23 e3
a31 e1 + a32 e2 + a33 e3
a11 f1 + a12 f2 + a13 f3

a21 f1 + a22 f2 + a23 f3
a31 f1 + a32 f2 + a33 f3
a11 g1 + a12 g2 + a13 g3

a21 g1 + a22 g2 + a23 g3
a31 g1 + a32 g2 + a33 g3
The columns of this AE matrix are the result of multiplying A by each

of the eigenvectors. But you know from the denition of eigenvectors
22
and eigenvalues that
e1
1 e1
Ae = 1 e = 1 e2 = 1 e2
e3
1 e3
and
and
f1
2 f1
Af = 2 f = 2 f2 = 2 f2
f3
2 f3
g1
3 g1
Ag = 3 g = 3 g2 = 3 g2 .
g3
3 g3
This means that the product AE can be written
1 e1 2 f1 3 g1
AE = 1 e2 2 f2 3 g2 .
1 e3 2 f3 3 g3
But the matrix on the right-hand side can also be written like this:

e1 f1 g1
1 0
0
1 e1 2 f1 3 g1
1 e2 2 f2 3 g2 = e2 f2 g2 0 2 0
e3 f3 g3
1 e3 2 f3 3 g3
0
0 3
This means that you can write
1
AE = E 0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
and multiplying both sides by the inverse of matrix

1
0
1 0
1
1
E AE = E E
0 2 0 = 0
0
0 3
0
E (E 1 ) gives
0
0
2 0 .
0 3
If you tracked the discussion of the similarity transform in Section 6.1,

youll recognize the expression E 1 AE as the similarity transform of matrix A to a coordinate system with basis vectors that are the columns
of matrix E. Those columns are the eigenvectors of matrix A, and the
matrix that results from the similarity transform (call it A ) is diagonal
and has the eigenvalues of A as its diagonal elements.
23
References
Pettofrezzo, A., Matrices and Transformations, Prentice-Hall 1966.
Riley, K., Hobson, M.P., and Bence, S.J. Mathematical Methods for
Physics and Enginnering, Cambridge 2006.
Schwartz, J.T., Introduction to Matrices and Vectors, McGraw-Hill 1961.
Errata and Clarifications (September 2015)

1) On page 18, the radial line from the origin to point P should be labeled r
rather than .
2) On page 19, the last of the three equations of Eq. 1.14 should say z = k.
3) On page 24 in the second line of Problem 1.9, the word spherical should
be replaced by the word cylindrical. Hence the phrase should be ...a steady
current I is given in cylindrical coordinates by the expression....
4) On the top of page 35 in the second line of the right-hand side of the equation
~ (B
~ C),
~ the term Ax Cy should be Ax Cx .
for A
~ A,
~ there
5) On the top of page 48 in the right-hand side of the equation for
should be no vector symbols over the components Ax , Ay , and Az .
6) On page 57, the paragraph beginning with And how does the difference...
should read And how does the difference between a functions value at a point
and the average value at neighboring points relate to the divergence of the gradient of that function? To understand that, think about a point which is a local
maximum of the function - at such at point, the functions value is greater than
the surrounding average. Likewise, at a point which is a local minimum, the
functions value is less than the surrounding average. This is the reason you
may find the Laplacian described as a concavity detector - it finds points at
which the value of the function sticks above or falls below the average value of
the surrounding points.
7) On page 60 in Problem 2.3, in two places vertical-line symbols are printed
as slanting lines (this occurs after the letter B, once before cos and once
before sin). Here is the correct text:
~ B
~ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = |A||
~ B|
~ cos() and that |A
~ B|
~ =
2.3 Show that A
~ B|
~ sin().
|A||
8) On page 68, the sentence beginning According to this equation... should
say that the y-component of the boxs acceleration is proportional to (rather
than equal to) the difference between the magnitude of the normal force and
the y-component of the gravitational force.
9) On page 71, 77, and 80 the word accelerate is misspelled.
10) On page 87, the units of the permittivity of free space should be C2 /(Nm2 ).

11) On page 88, the equation on the second line should contain the term kre2q
rather than
ke q
r
12) On page 90, the equation for the divergence of the magnetic field near the
bottom of the page (after Eq. 3.36) should read

0 I
~ B
~ = 1 B = 1
r
r 2r
13) On page 114 in the right portion of Figure 4.13, the basis vector along the
y axis labeled ~e 2 should be ~e2 . Heres a corrected version of the figure:
14) Clarification: On page 126, the paragraph beginning with And heres the
important insight... should make it clear that the columns of the transformation matrix are the components of the basis vectors.
15) On the bottom of page 129 in the right side of Equation 4.62, Ai should be
Aj .
16) In the statement for Problem 4.1 on page 130, the word indirect should
be direct.
17) In the statements for Problems 4.6 and 4.8 on page 131, the vector components A1 , A2 , A1 and A2 should not have vector arrows.
18) On pages 133 to 136, in Equations 5.1 through 5.9 and the text in-between,
0
the prime marks should appear before the superscripts. So on these pages, xi
should be x0i .
19) On page 134, the statement beginning with And just as in Equation 5.1...
should read And just as in Equation 5.1, the elements of the inverse transformation matrix also represent the basis vectors tangent to the original coordinate
axes.
20) On page 135, the statement beginning with In this case, the weighting facxj
tors... should read In this case, the weighting factors ( x
i0 ) are the elements
of the direct transformation matrix from the unprimed to the primed coordinate
systems...
21) On page 140, in the sentence ...or using covariant components and dual
basis vectors (~ei )... the subscript i should be a superscript. So the corrected
sentence reads ...or using covariant components and dual basis vectors (~e i )....
22) On page 141, the final equation in the second block of equations (after the
sentence A third option is to use contravariant components on one side of the
dot and covariant components on the other:) should say = dxi dxi .
~
23) On
p the top of page 142
in the second line of the equation for |A, the expression Ai Aj should be Ai Ai .
24) On page 148, in the final equation on the page, the subscript 1 in the basis
vector ~e1 should be an i. So the corrected equation is
~
A
(A1 e~1 + A2 e~2 + A3 e~3 )
=
x1
x1
(Ai e~i )
=
x1
e~i
Ai
e~i + Ai 1
=
x1
x
25) On page 149, in the fourth line from the top of the page, the word differentiation is misspelled as defferentiation.
26) On page 151, the word of is missing from the sentence beginning Now
its just a matter of pulling out...
27) On page 153, in the expression for 122 , the multiplying factor for the third
term should be 12 g 31 .
28) On page 155 in the expression for A; on the right side of the equation the
second term should contain Ar instead of A and the third term should contain
3
A instead of Ar . The correct equation is:

A
+ Ar r + A + Az z

A
1
r
+A
+0+0
=
A; =
29) On page 155, the final equation should be

~
A
Ar
A
1
Az
=(
rA )~er + (
+ Ar )~e +
~ez
30) On page 176, in the expression for the square of the distance covered by a
wavefront of the light wave in the unprimed coordinate system, the right side
should be (ct)2 , and in the primed coordinate system, the right side should be
(c0 t0 )2 .
31) On page 182 in the matrix at the top of the page, at the bottom row of
the second column, the expression (By )() should be (By )(), and in the
~
expression for F~ 0 , the element in the third column of the first row should be
(Ey /c Bz ).
32) On page 183 near the end of the second paragraph, the second-last sentence
should askSo does the electric field exist or not?
33) On page 190, in the expression
1
g
= ( ) g
2
the minus sign should be in front of the (1/2) factor. So the correct expression
is
1
g
= ( )g
2
34) On page 191, in the second equation from the top, which is
R =
+ +
the second term after the equals sign should have instead of in the denominator. The correct expression is
R =
+ +
35) On page 193, the statement for Problem 6.3 should sayFind the moment
of inertia tensor for the arrangement of masses in Problem 6.1....
4

Vectors and Tensors Solutions D. Fleisch

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Vectors and Tensors Solutions D. Fleisch

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

About The Author

Dan Fleisch is a Professor in the Department of Physics at

About Dan Fleisch

BUY This Book

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

About Dan Fleisch

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

Full solution for part (a):

Continue to Problem 1.4

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

About Dan Fleisch

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

Full solution for part (b):

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors 2012 Cambridge University Press

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

BUY This Book

Continue to Problem 1.5

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

Full solution for part (a):

Continue to Problem 1.6

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

Full solution for part (b):

Continue to Problem 1.6

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors 2012 Cambridge University Press

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

About Dan Fleisch

Full solution for part (a):

BUY This Book

Continue to Problem 1.6

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

About Dan Fleisch

Full solution for part (b):

BUY This Book

Continue to Problem 1.7

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors 2012 Cambridge University Press

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

About Dan Fleisch

Full solution for part (a):

BUY This Book

Continue to Problem 1.8

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors

Home > Chapter 1 Problems

Give me a HINT or show me THE FULL

About Dan Fleisch

Full solution for part (b):

BUY This Book

Continue to Problem 1.8

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors 2012 Cambridge University Press

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors