Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS

Dr. M.V. Kartikeyan

Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
Email: kartik@iitr.ac.in / kartik@ieee.org
Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Lesson#01
1. General Introduction to the
Topic
2. Applications w.r.t. Microwave /
Millimeter Wave / Sub-THz to
THz Wave Engineering

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO
THE SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF
EM-SPECTRUM

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

EMFT & Microwave Engineering

Microwave engineering: engineering and design of communication/navigation systems in the microwave frequency
range.
Applications: Microwave oven, Radar, Satellite communication, direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television, personal
communication systems (PCSs) etc.

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

frequency f Hz

velocity of light c 3 108 m / s

m
wavelength

What are Microwaves?

Microwaves: 30 cm 1 cm

(centimeter waves)

= 30 cm: f = 3 x 108/ 30 x 10-2 = 1 GHz

= 1 cm: f = 3 x 108/ 1x 10-2 = 30 GHz

Note: 1 Giga = 109

Millimeter waves: 10 mm 1 mm
= 10 mm: f = 3 x 108/ 10 x 10-3 = 30 GHz
= 1 mm: f = 3 x 108/ 1x 10-3 = 300 GHz
Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

ITER
ITER SITE AT
CADARACHE
FRANCE

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Principle of a Fusion Power Station

Power
Steam
Boiler
Turbine and
Generator
Deuterium

Tritium

Tritium
Extraction
Heat
Exchanger

Kartik

Reactor
Core

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Vacuum Lithium Bearing

Vessel
Blanket

Helium Exhaust

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Modern
Communication
Systems

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Resistor (conventional PCB)

What are Microwaves?

1 360

1 cm
Electrical length = Physical length/Wavelength (expressed in )
Phase delay = (2 or 360) x Physical length/Wavelength
RF
f =10 kHz, = c/f = 3 x 108/ 10 x 103 = 3000 m
Electrical length =1 cm/3000 m = 3.3 x 10-6 , Phase delay = 0.0012
Microwave
f =10 GHz, = 3 x 108/ 10 x 109 = 3 cm
Electrical length = 0.33 , Phase delay = 118.8 !!!
Electrically long - The phase of a voltage or current changes
significantly over the physical extent of the device
Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

In a lumped circuit, the wavelength is so long compared to the

circuit dimensions, that the voltage will appear constant at all
points in the circuit (a function of time only) !

In a microwave circuit, the voltage itself varies as a function of

poisition, as well as time ! SO .... THE CONCEPT OF CIRCUITS
WITH DISTRIBUTED ELEMENTS HAS TO BE ADOPTED ...
......... L / Unit length & C / Unit length !!!

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

What are Microwaves?

Low Frequency
Printed Circuit Trace
Propagation
delay negligible

A B

B
A

Microwave
Propagation delay
not negligible

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

???

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

How to account for the phase delay?

Low Frequency
Printed Circuit Trace
Propagation
delay negligible

A B

B
A

Transmission
line section!

Microwave

Propagation delay
considered

Zo,

Zo: characteristic impedance

(=+j): Propagation constant
Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Microwave Integrated Circuits (MIC)

Traces: transmission lines,
Passive components: resistors, capacitors, and inductors
Active devices: diodes and transistors.
Hybrid MIC: Transmission lines are defined on the metallization layer and
the discrete components (passive and active) are bonded to the substrate.

Substrate

Teflon fiber, alumina, quartz etc.

Metal

Copper, Gold etc.

Process

Conventional printed circuit

(Photolithography and etching)

Components

Soldering and wire bonding

What are Microwave Integrated Circuits?

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Monolithic MIC (MMIC): Mono single, litho - stone

Active and passive circuit elements are grown on a single substrate.

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Substrate

GaAs, silicon etc. (semiconductor

substrates)

Metal

Gold

Process

Semiconductor Processing
techniques (Ion implantation,
deposition of thin films)

Passive
Components

Deposition of metals, dielectric

films, and resistive films

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Network theory (or Circuit Theory): Description in terms of voltage,

current, impedance and power (ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Laws).
Transmission Line Theory: Description in terms of voltage and current
waves traveling in one dimensional (1D) transmission line (Telegraphers
Equations).
Field theory: Description of the electromagnetic field at every point in
three-dimensional (3D) space (Maxwells equations)
Approximations
Fast but approximate

Network solution
Initial design

Slow but accurate

Field solution
Final design

RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Circuit
Specifications
Models

What is CAD?

Initial Design

Network/EM
Analysis

Modifications

RF and microwave circuit

design techniques using
CAD approach

Fail
compare
Pass
Fabrication

Modify

Measurements

Fail

compare

Pass
Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION !

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION !

Kartik

@ Millimeter Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India