INSIDE COMPUTER

BSI Computer Engineering

English II Task
Class : 13.2C.11
2015-2016

1ST WORKGROUP MEMBER :

WAHYU RAMDANI
13140301
EKA SEFTHA RANA

13140269
SUMANTO
13140264
IVAN GUSTIANDA
13140286

PREFACE

First of all wed like to thanks to Allah SWT The Most Beneficent &
The Most Mercifull Who grand us health and time to finish this paper.
And also to our lecturer Mrs. Hadita who gave us this oportunity to
complete the assignment.
Now days computer has spread all around the world, helping people
do their task more faster and more efficient with its ability to calculate
aritmathic faster and precisely. But, did you ever knows what was in it,
what is inside computer?
So, in this paper we would like to provide us all about Inside of
Computer as Mrs. Hadita assigned this topic to our workgroup. And may
this paper usefull to everyone who read.

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INSIDE COMPUTER
A computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to
carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a
sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve
more than one kind of problem.
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing
element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of
memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic
operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of
operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow
information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of
operations saved and retrieved.
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to
billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a
fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into
mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries.
Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age
and are what most people think of as computers. However, the
embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter
aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.
If you curious about what are inside the computer, we didnt
recommend you to open the computer case by your self. Because if you
dont know the knowledge of it you may break it or it cant be run at all as
it was.
But if you insist to see whats inside it, lets we learn about it little bit.
There are three catagories of what inside computer or what is computer
consist of:
1. Prosessing Units this typicaly known as CPU (Central Prosessing
Units), the box that contend most of computer peripheral such as
Motherboard, Microprocessor, Power Supply, RAM (Random Acces
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Memory), HDD (Hard Disk Drive), VGA (Video Graphic Array), Front
Panel, Heat Sink Fan, Floppy Disk Drive, Optical Drive etc.
2. Input Units The componens that use to input instructions, or input
controls of the computer such as Mouse, Keyboard, Floppy Disk
Drive, CD/DVD ROM, etc.
3. Output Units The component where the result of prossesing can be
display, for example Monitors, Printer, PC Speaker etc.
THE CASE
The computer case is a very important part of the computer. It
protects all of the electronic components inside and provides adequate
ventilation to prevent overheating. The case also should be capable of
allowing you to expand your hardware if the need arises. Some cases only
have 5 or 6 expansion bays. This may not be enough if you plan to add
several drives. There also should be plenty of expansion slots on the back
for adding AGP, ISA, PCI, PCIe, or other expansion

cards.

Cases are designed for different types of

motherboards. All motherboards won't work
inside of all cases. There are several different

sizes

of cases. The larger cases have more expansion

bays

than the smaller cases have. The smallest case

is

the "desktop" type that lies flat. The next size

up is

the "mini tower," then the "mid tower," then

the

"full tower," and finally the "server," which is the largest. The server case
is primarily used for server computers in businesses.
MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is like a big city with many streets and highways
that connect all of the buildings together. Instead of streets and highways,
the motherboard uses tiny electrical paths to connect each component of
the computer together. These paths are called "buses." The more buses
that connect to a component, the faster it can operate. Larger buses are
able to operate faster than smaller buses. Buses work just like highways.
Wider highways and highways with more lanes are able to carry more
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traffic than smaller highways

and highways with less lanes.
Many cities have a freeway. A
freeway is designed so that
large amounts of traffic can
move quickly from one place to
another. The "front side bus,"
(or FSB), is the freeway of the
motherboard. It is the most
important

bus

motherboard,

on
because

the
it

connects the processor to the

main

memory

and

the

Northbridge chipset. Below is a

diagram showing the front side
bus in red.
Like a traffic cop, the chipset, (2 chips on
this

motherboard), manages and directs the flow

of data between each of the components.
The BIOS is where the computer's settings

are

stored

and changed. In the first picture of the slot

AOpen AX6B motherboard above, you can
see most of the connecting slots, ports, and
connectors. Some are labeled to show what
they are. Motherboards are judged primarily by their
chipsets and their front side bus speed. The

type of BIOS and the type and amount of expansion slots are also other
important things to consider. Below is a picture of the socket 939 Asus
A8N-E, another example of motherboard.

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MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the
functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The
microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts
digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its
memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential
digital logic, as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate on
numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system.

The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips

greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit
processor was produced in large numbers by highly automated processes,
so unit cost was low. Single-chip processors increase reliability as there
are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor designs

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get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components

built on a semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same.
Before microprocessors, small computers had been implemented
using racks of circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale
integrated circuits. Microprocessors integrated this into one or a few largescale ICs. Continued increases in microprocessor capacity have since
rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see
history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in
everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to
the largest mainframes and supercomputers.
Below is the example pictures of several microprocessor from Intel and

AMD:

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POWER SUPPLY
The power supply supplies the
electrical power for a computer.
It

supplies

power

to

the

motherboard, drives, and certain

expansion cards. It normally has at least
one fan that helps cool the power supply
and will assist in the task of cooling
the

computer.

Some

power

supplies have an additional outlet on the

back that can be used to provide power to the monitor. Power supplies
come in a variety of wattages. They range anywhere from around 160
watts to about 700 watts. 350 to 400 watt power supplies are probably
the most common. A higher wattage power supply doesn't hurt anything,
but a lower wattage power supply can cause problems for people with lots
of devices connected to their computer.

HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk[b] is a
data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information
using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An
HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a randomaccess manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or
retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or
more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters) with magnetic heads
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arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and

write data

to the surfaces.
Hard drives are sealed and contain disks
that are not removable. For this reason, they
can be hidden inside of the computer,
never to be seen. This is why most hard
drives are internal bay drives. The hard
is where your files and programs are stored for everyday

drive
use.

They

are always there unless someone or something erases them. Normally,

computers will have one or two external, and two or three internal 3.5inch drive bays.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage.
A random-access memory device allows data items to be read and written
in roughly the same amount of time regardless of the order in which data
items are accessed. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage
media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory,
the time required to read and write data items varies significantly
depending on their physical locations on the
recording

medium,

due

to

mechanical

limitations such as media rotation speeds and

arm movement delays.
Today, random-access memory takes the
form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally
associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory
modules), where stored information is lost if power is removed, although
many efforts have been made to develop non-volatile RAM chips.[2] Other
types of non-volatile memory exist that allow random access for read
operations, but either do not allow write operations or have limitations on

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them. These include most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called
NOR-Flash.

VGA (Video Graphic Array)

Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display
hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but
through its widespread adoption has also come to mean either an
Amplitude

Modulated

computer

display

standard,

the

15-pin

D-

subminiature VGA connector or the 640x480 resolution itself.

VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of PC
clone

manufacturers

conformed,

making

it

the

lowest

common

denominator that virtually all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be

expected to implement. It was officially followed by IBM's Extended
Graphics Array (XGA) standard, but was effectively superseded by
numerous

slightly

different

extensions

to

VGA

made

by

clone

manufacturers, collectively known as Super VGA.

Today, the VGA analog interface is used for high definition video,
including resolutions of 1080p and higher. While the transmission
bandwidth of VGA is high enough to support even higher resolution
playback, there can be picture quality degradation depending on cable
quality and length. How discernible this degradation is depends on the
individual's eyesight and the display, though it is more noticeable when
switching to and from digital inputs like HDMI or DVI.

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Fron Panel
Alternatively
referred to as the
front

panel

connector

connector,

fpanel or
the

or system panel header is what

system
controls

panel
the

computer's power button, reset button, and LED's found on the front bezel
of a computer using the system panel cables. The System panel cables, as
shown in the picture are two wire cables that are color coded to help
identify where they connect to the motherboard system panel connector.
The black or white wire is the ground (GND) wire and the colored wire is
the powered wire. The cables, colors, and connections vary depending on
the computer case and motherboard you have, however, generally include
the cables mentioned below.
Types of system panel cables :
-

HDD LED (IDE LED) - The LED activity

light

for the hard drive. This is the LED that

flashes as information is being written
-

and

read

from

the hard drive.

Power LED (PLED) - The LED power
light,

which

indicates

when

the

computer is on, off, or in Standby.

Power SW (PWRSW) - Controls the

that allows you to turn on and off the computer.

Reset SW - Handles the reset button to restart the computer.
Speaker - The internal speaker used to sound the beep noises you

power

button

hear from your computer when it is booting.

Motherboard Battery
The motherboard battery is used to preserve the computer's time
and BIOS settings while the computer is turned off. Some motherboards
only need the battery in case of a power outage. They draw the needed
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electricity from the electrical outlet to power the clock.

These motherboards save their BIOS information to
EEPROM.

EEPROM

stands

for

Electrically

Erasable

Programmable Read Only Memory.

BIOS
BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. The photo above shows
an example of what a built in BIOS program looks like. BIOS programs vary
from computer to computer, but every computer has one. Without any
disks or even a hard drive, the BIOS program is always available, written
permanently on the BIOS chip. It is used to set up the computer's
hardware. Every time you boot your computer, you have the option of
entering "Setup." Setup is how you access the BIOS program. Only
experienced users should alter the BIOS settings. Improper BIOS settings
can cause major problems on a computer. The BIOS chip contains enough
information to operate the computer all by itself. When the computer is
first turned on (or booted), the BIOS program is in charge. After booting
and performing a few system checks, the BIOS program turns the
computer over to your operating system. Below is a picture of a BIOS chip.
This chip is where the BIOS program is stored.

Case Fan
Case fans are relatively inexpensive and are extremely important.
Computer components generate quite a bit of heat and must be kept as
cool as possible. The case fan is the primary source of cooling for most
computers. Although the importance of the fan is often overlooked, it is
the key to a long life for a computer. Most computer cases are designed to
allow a person to add one or more additional case fans.
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Chipset PCI/AGP/ISA/IDE Controlers

Why is it called a chipset? Because in the
past there were always two or more of these on
a motherboard. Some motherboards now have
only one chip that performs all of the duties of
the chipset, but others still use two or more
chips. Chipsets are like the motherboard's traffic cops. They direct the flow
of data from one point to another. Each chip in the chipset has its own
particular job.
The Northbridge chip controls the data traffic between the
microprocessor and the rest of the motherboard. It also controls the traffic
to and from the AGP card. Both chips share in the task of controlling the
PCI and main memory data flow. In the diagram below you can see the
data flow paths mapped out for the chipset. The paths managed by chip 1,
(or the Northbridge chip), are shown in red. The paths managed by chip 2,
(or the Southbridge chip), are shown in blue. The duties of the chips may
vary slightly depending on the chipset. For some chipsets, the Northbridge
may control the CPU, video, and main memory traffic, while the
"Southbridge" chip may control the other traffic.
The paths between each component are referred to as "buses."
Buses are simply the paths, or wires, that connect one component to
another. The chips in the chipset are referred to as bridges, because they
bridge the components together and ensure that the data flow is directed
to the proper place. The better chipsets are those that can handle data
the fastest and most efficiently. Below is a picture of both of the chipsets
on the motherboard.

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Expansion Slot
Expansion slot openings are located on the back of the computer.
They look like the ones shown in the picture above. They provide access
to the AGP, PCIe, PCI, and ISA expansion slots on the motherboard.
Expansion cards, like the one shown below, plug into these slots to add
more devices to a computer.

Mouse

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In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects twodimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically
translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine
control of a graphical user interface.
Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with
one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as
touch surfaces and "wheels", which enable additional control and
dimensional input. Below is picture of a wireless mouse.

Keyboard
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an
arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic
switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction
via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for
computers.
A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys
and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol.
However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several
keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce
letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key
presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.

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Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the

mouse, touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice
recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used device for
direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into computers.
In normal usage, the keyboard is used
as a text entry interface to type text and
numbers into a word processor, text editor or
other programs. In a modern computer, the
interpretation of key presses is generally left
to

the

software.

computer

keyboard

distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key
presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer
gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special
gaming

features,

which

can

expedite

frequently

used

keystroke

combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating

system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination,
which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine. A commandline interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a
keyboard, or another device doing the job of one.

Monitor
A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers.
The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The
display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid
crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode
ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.
Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while
television receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s
onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data
processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some
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computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and then

computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9.

SOURCE
-

http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.kids-online.net
https://www.google.com

And other various website....

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