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MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
OBJETIVOS.
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
MARCO TEORICO
El flujo variado puede ser clasificado como rpidamente variado o gradualmente
variado. En el primer caso (rpidamente variado) la profundidad de flujo cambia
abruptamente en una distancia comparativamente corta, por ejemplo en un resalto
hidrulico. En el otro caso, se requiere distancias mayores para que alcancen a
desarrollar los perfiles de flujo gradualmente variado. En un canal con flujo
permanente uniforme puede existir causas que retardan o aceleran la corriente de
forma que pasa a condiciones variadas que se manifiestan por un aumento o
disminucin de la profundidad del flujo, respectivamente.
ENERGIA EN CANALES ABIERTOS
En hidrulica se sabe que la energa total del agua en metros-kilogramos por
kilogramos de cualquier lnea de corriente que pasa a travs de una seccin de
canal puede expresarse como la altura total en pies de agua, que es igual a la
suma de la elevacin por encima del nivel de referencia, la altura de presin y la
altura de velocidad.
Energa de un flujo gradualmente variado en canales abiertos.
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
La profundidad antes del resalto es siempre menor que la profundidad despus del
resalto. La profundidad antes del resalto se conoce como profundidad inicial y1, y
despus del resalto se conoce como profundidad fin
FLUJO VARIADO ACELERADO.
Se presenta cuando la velocidad del flujo aumenta, y por profundad disminuye
(fig.b), en sentido de la corriente; ocurre cuando la pendiente del canal aumenta
bruscamente o cuando existe una cada vertical.
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
METODOS DE CLCULO.
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
CONCLUCIONES
RECOMENDACIONES
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
2
2
Z+Y+ V =Z +Y + V +h
2g
2g
(1)
f
h
se debe
Dnde:
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
2
E , E : energa especifica (E=Y+ V /2g) para las secciones y .
S ES 1+ S ES 2
2
V .n
S
S= ( R2/ 3 )
SS 1
y la
Yf Yi
n
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
E E
x= SSSS
= SSSS
V
g A/T
Y1
y2
S
S
R^2/3
SS
SSS
-S
V^2/
(2g)
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
EJEMPLOS:
a). en un canal trapezoidal que conduce
1.3 m
seg
FLUJO
SUPERCRITIC
O
Curva S1
Yn1=Y
S=0.008 1
Y2
Yn2
RESALTO
AHOGADO
SOLUCION :
A .Calculo del tirante normal .
Yc
S=0.0004
FLUJO
SUBCRITICO
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
1.3 m
ParaQ=
, b=1 m, z=1 m, S =0.008, n=0.014
seg
por manny :
2
1
Q= R 3 S 2 A
n
2
Qn
S
1
2
A3 A
2
P3
5 3
3
( )( )
( )( )
Qn
S
1
2
1
2
Qn
S
P3
A
2
P
reemplazando :
1.30.014
0.008
1
2
( Yn 1+Yn12 )
Calculando se obtiene :
Yn1=Y 1=0.3737 m
ParaQ=
1.3 m3
, b=1 m, z=1 m, S =0.0004, n=0.014
seg
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
por manny :
2
1
Q= R 3 S 2 A
n
2
Qn
S
1
2
A3 A
P
2
3
5 3
3
( )( )
( )( )
Qn
S
1
2
Qn
1
2
3
S2
A
2
P
reemplazando :
1.30.014
0.0004
1
2
( Yn 1+Yn12 )
Calculando se obtiene :
Yn2=0.8362 m
Q 2 Ac 3
=
g
Tc
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
2 3
Q 2 ( b Yc+ Z Yc )
=
g
b+2 ZYc
reemplazando :
2 3
1.32 ( Yc +Yc )
=
9.81 ( 1+ 2Yc )
Resolviendo se obtiene :
Yc=0.4718 m
Y 2=0.5833 m
Tipode curva : S 1
a .6 Calculo del perfil
Nuestro tirante de inicio ser desde el quiebre o sea :Yi=Yn 2=0.836 m; Yf =Y 2=0.583 m
1.3 m3
ParaQ=
, b=1 m, z=1 m, S =0.008, n=0.014
seg
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
Y
0.8360
0
0.8300
0
0.8200
0
0.8100
0
0.8000
0
0.7900
0
0.7800
0
0.7700
0
0.7600
0
0.7500
0
0.7400
0
0.7300
0
0.7200
0
0.7100
0
0.7000
0
0.6900
0
0.6800
0
0.6700
0
0.6600
0
0.6500
0
0.6400
0
0.6300
0
R3
v2
2g
1.53490
0.03656
1.51890
0.03734
1.49240
0.03867
1.46610
0.04007
1.44000
0.04154
1.41410
0.04308
1.38840
0.04468
1.36290
0.04637
1.33760
0.04814
1.31250
0.05000
1.28760
0.05195
1.26290
0.05401
1.23840
0.05617
1.21410
0.05844
1.19000
0.06083
1.16610
0.06335
1.14240
0.06600
1.11890
0.06880
1.09560
0.07176
1.07250
0.07488
1.04960
0.07819
1.02690
0.08168
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
0.6200
0
0.6100
0
0.6000
0
0.5900
0
0.5830
0
1.00440
0.08538
0.98210
0.08931
0.96000
0.09346
0.93810
0.09788
0.92289
0.10113
E
0.87256
SE
0.00000
0.00040
SE
0.00000
0.86734
-0.00523
0.00041
0.00041
0.85867
-0.00866
0.00043
0.00042
0.85007
-0.00860
0.00045
0.00044
0.84154
-0.00853
0.00048
0.00046
0.83308
-0.00846
0.00050
0.00049
0.82468
-0.00839
0.00052
0.00051
0.81637
-0.00831
0.00055
0.00054
0.80814
-0.00823
0.00058
0.00057
0.80000
-0.00814
0.00061
0.00060
0.79195
0.78401
-0.00805
-0.00795
0.00064
0.00068
0.00063
0.00066
0.0075
9
0.0075
8
0.0075
6
0.0075
4
0.0075
1
0.0074
9
0.0074
6
0.0074
3
0.0074
0
0.0073
7
0.0073
0.00000
0.00000
-0.68816
-0.68816
-1.14305
-1.83122
-1.13793
-2.96914
-1.13248
-4.10162
-1.12668
-5.22830
-1.12051
-6.34881
-1.11393
-7.46274
-1.10692
-8.56966
-1.09942
-9.66908
-1.09140
-1.08282
-10.76049
-11.84330
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
0.77617
-0.00784
0.00071
0.00070
0.76844
-0.00773
0.00075
0.00073
0.76083
-0.00761
0.00080
0.00077
0.75335
-0.00748
0.00084
0.00082
0.74600
-0.00734
0.00089
0.00086
0.73880
-0.00720
0.00094
0.00091
0.73176
-0.00704
0.00100
0.00097
0.72488
-0.00688
0.00105
0.00102
0.71819
-0.00670
0.00112
0.00109
0.71168
-0.00651
0.00119
0.00115
0.70538
-0.00630
0.00126
0.00122
0.69931
-0.00608
0.00134
0.00130
0.69346
-0.00584
0.00142
0.00138
0.68788
-0.00559
0.00152
0.00147
0.68413
-0.00375
0.00159
0.00155
4
0.0073
0
0.0072
7
0.0072
3
0.0071
8
0.0071
4
0.0070
9
0.0070
3
0.0069
8
0.0069
1
0.0068
5
0.0067
8
0.0067
0
0.0066
2
0.0065
3
0.0064
5
-1.07361
-12.91691
-1.06372
-13.98063
-1.05308
-15.03371
-1.04162
-16.07533
-1.02926
-17.10459
-1.01589
-18.12047
-1.00140
-19.12188
-0.98568
-20.10756
-0.96858
-21.07613
-0.94992
-22.02606
-0.92953
-22.95559
-0.90717
-23.86276
-0.88258
-24.74534
-0.85545
-25.60079
-0.58109
-26.18188
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
E .Uso de Hcanales
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
0.8360
0.8288
0.8215
0.8143
0.8071
0.7999
0.7926
0.7854
0.7782
0.7709
0.7637
0.7565
0.7493
0.7420
0.7348
0.7276
0.7203
0.7131
0.7059
0.6987
0.6914
0.6842
0.6770
0.6697
0.6625
0.6553
0.6481
0.6408
0.6336
0.6264
0.6191
0.6119
0.6047
0.5975
0.5902
0.5830
1.5349
1.5156
1.4965
1.4774
1.4585
1.4396
1.4209
1.4023
1.3837
1.3653
1.3470
1.3288
1.3106
1.2926
1.2747
1.2569
1.2392
1.2216
1.2042
1.1868
1.1695
1.1523
1.1353
1.1183
1.1014
1.0847
1.0680
1.0515
1.0350
1.0187
1.0025
0.9864
0.9703
0.9544
0.9386
0.9229
3.3646
3.3441
3.3237
3.3032
3.2828
3.2623
3.2419
3.2214
3.2010
3.1806
3.1601
3.1397
3.1192
3.0988
3.0783
3.0579
3.0374
3.0170
2.9965
2.9761
2.9557
2.9352
2.9148
2.8943
2.8739
2.8534
2.8330
2.8125
2.7921
2.7716
2.7512
2.7308
2.7103
2.6899
2.6694
2.6490
0.4562
0.4532
0.4502
0.4473
0.4443
0.4413
0.4383
0.4353
0.4323
0.4293
0.4262
0.4232
0.4202
0.4171
0.4141
0.4110
0.4080
0.4049
0.4018
0.3988
0.3957
0.3926
0.3895
0.3864
0.3833
0.3801
0.3770
0.3739
0.3707
0.3675
0.3644
0.3612
0.3580
0.3548
0.3516
0.3484
R3
0.5926
0.5900
0.5874
0.5848
0.5822
0.5796
0.5770
0.5744
0.5717
0.5690
0.5664
0.5637
0.5610
0.5583
0.5556
0.5528
0.5501
0.5473
0.5446
0.5418
0.5390
0.5362
0.5333
0.5305
0.5276
0.5248
0.5219
0.5190
0.5160
0.5131
0.5102
0.5072
0.5042
0.5012
0.4982
0.4951
v
2g
0.8470
0.8577
0.8687
0.8799
0.8913
0.9030
0.9149
0.9271
0.9395
0.9522
0.9651
0.9784
0.9919
1.0057
1.0198
1.0343
1.0490
1.0641
1.0796
1.0954
1.1116
1.1281
1.1451
1.1625
1.1803
1.1985
1.2172
1.2363
1.2560
1.2761
1.2968
1.3180
1.3397
1.3621
1.3850
1.4086
0.0366
0.0375
0.0385
0.0395
0.0405
0.0416
0.0427
0.0438
0.0450
0.0462
0.0475
0.0488
0.0501
0.0516
0.0530
0.0545
0.0561
0.0577
0.0594
0.0612
0.0630
0.0649
0.0668
0.0689
0.0710
0.0732
0.0755
0.0779
0.0804
0.0830
0.0857
0.0885
0.0915
0.0946
0.0978
0.1011
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
0.8726 --0.8663
-0.0063
0.8600
-0.0063
0.8538
-0.0062
0.8476
-0.0062
0.8414
-0.0062
0.8353
-0.0061
0.8292
-0.0061
0.8232
-0.0060
0.8172
-0.0060
0.8112
-0.0060
0.8053
-0.0059
0.7994
-0.0059
0.7936
-0.0058
0.7878
-0.0058
0.7821
-0.0057
0.7764
-0.0057
0.7708
-0.0056
0.7653
-0.0055
0.7598
-0.0055
0.7544
-0.0054
0.7491
-0.0053
0.7438
-0.0053
0.7386
-0.0052
0.7335
-0.0051
0.7285
-0.0050
0.7236
-0.0049
0.7187
-0.0048
0.7140
-0.0047
0.7094
-0.0046
0.7049
-0.0045
0.7005
-0.0044
0.6962
-0.0043
0.6920
-0.0042
0.6880
-0.0040
0.6841
-0.0039
SE
S-E
0.0004 ----0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0011
0.0010
0.0011
0.0011
0.0012
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0013
0.0012
0.0013
0.0013
0.0014
0.0014
0.0015
0.0014
0.0015
0.0015
0.0016
0.0016
-0.8290
-0.8260
-0.8240
-0.8210
-0.8180
-0.8150
-0.8120
-0.8080
-0.8050
-0.8010
-0.7980
-0.7940
-0.7890
-0.7850
-0.7800
-0.7750
-0.7700
-0.7650
-0.7590
-0.7530
-0.7470
-0.7400
-0.7330
-0.7250
-0.7170
-0.7090
-0.6990
-0.6900
-0.6790
-0.6680
-0.6570
-0.6440
-0.6310
-0.6160
-0.6000
0.0000
0.8300
1.6600
2.4800
3.3000
4.1200
4.9300
5.7400
6.5500
7.3600
8.1600
8.9600
9.7500
10.5400
11.3200
12.1000
12.8800
13.6500
14.4200
15.1700
15.9300
16.6700
17.4100
18.1500
18.8700
19.5900
20.3000
21.0000
21.6900
22.3700
23.0300
23.6900
24.3300
24.9700
25.5800
26.1800
--0.0076
0.0076
0.0076
0.0076
0.0075
0.0075
0.0075
0.0075
0.0075
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0073
0.0073
0.0073
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0071
0.0071
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
0.0069
0.0069
0.0068
0.0068
0.0067
0.0067
0.0066
0.0065
0.0065
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
Respuestas finales :
Y
0.8360
0.8288
0.8215
0.8143
0.8071
0.7999
0.7926
0.7854
0.7782
0.7709
0.7637
0.7565
0.7493
0.7420
0.7348
0.7276
0.7203
0.7131
0.7059
0.6987
0.6914
0.6842
0.6770
0.6697
0.6625
0.6553
0.6481
0.6408
0.6336
0.6264
0.6191
0.6119
0.6047
L
0.0000
0.8300
1.6600
2.4800
3.3000
4.1200
4.9300
5.7400
6.5500
7.3600
8.1600
8.9600
9.7500
10.5400
11.3200
12.1000
12.8800
13.6500
14.4200
15.1700
15.9300
16.6700
17.4100
18.1500
18.8700
19.5900
20.3000
21.0000
21.6900
22.3700
23.0300
23.6900
24.3300
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
0.5975
0.5902
0.5830
24.9700
25.5800
26.1800
b).-Un canal trapezoidal con talud z=1, ancho de solera 1.5m, coeficiente de
rugosidad 0.014 y con una pendiente de 0.9 , conduce un caudal de
1.8 m
seg
pendiente del
Yn2
S=0.01
FLUJO
SOLUCION :
ParaQ=
1.8 m3
, b=1.5 m, z=1 m, S =0.0009,n=0.014
seg
por manny :
2
1
Q= R 3 S 2 A
n
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
Qn
S
1
2
2
3
( )
3
P3
Qn
S
A A
1
2
5 3
3
()
P3
( )( )
Qn
S
1
2
A
2
P
reemplazando :
1.80.014
0.0009
1
2
( 1.5Yn1+Yn 12 )
5
2
( 1.5+2 Yn 1 1+12 )
Calculando se obtiene :
Yn1=0.676 m
ParaQ=
1.8 m
, b=1.5 m, z=1 m, S =0.01,n=0.014
seg
por manny :
2
1
Q= R 3 S 2 A
n
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
Qn
S
1
2
2
3
A A
2
P3
5 3
3
( )( )
( )( )
Qn
S
1
2
1
2
Qn
S
P3
A
2
P
reemplazando :
1.80.014
0.01
1
2
( 1.5Yn 2+Yn22 )
( 1.5+2Yn 2 1+12 )
Calculando se obtiene :
Yn2=0.341 m
Q 2 ( b Yc+ Z Yc )
=
g
b+2 ZYc
reemplazando :
2 3
1.82 ( Yc +Yc )
=
9.81 ( 1+ 2Yc )
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
Resolviendo se obtiene :
Yc=0.472 m
ParaQ=
1.8 m
, b=1.5 m, z=1 m, S =0.0009,n=0.014
seg
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
R3
v
2g
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
0.472000
0.475000
0.485000
0.495000
0.505000
0.515000
0.525000
0.535000
0.545000
0.555000
0.565000
0.575000
0.585000
0.595000
0.605000
0.615000
0.625000
0.635000
0.645000
0.655000
0.665000
0.669000
E
0.662611
0.662640
0.663173
0.664336
0.666077
0.668349
0.930784
0.938125
0.962725
0.987525
1.012525
1.037725
1.063125
1.088725
1.114525
1.140525
1.166725
1.193125
1.219725
1.246525
1.273525
1.300725
1.328125
1.355725
1.383525
1.411525
1.439725
1.451061
x
0.000000
0.000029
0.000533
0.001163
0.001741
0.002272
2.835018
2.843503
2.871787
2.900071
2.928356
2.956640
2.984924
3.013209
3.041493
3.069777
3.098061
3.126346
3.154630
3.182914
3.211198
3.239483
3.267767
3.296051
3.324335
3.352620
3.380904
3.392218
SE
0.003236
0.003165
0.002942
0.002739
0.002552
0.002382
0.328317
0.329919
0.335235
0.340517
0.345766
0.350981
0.356165
0.361318
0.366440
0.371533
0.376598
0.381636
0.386646
0.391630
0.396589
0.401522
0.406432
0.411318
0.416181
0.421021
0.425840
0.427762
E
0.000000
0.003201
0.003054
0.002840
0.002645
0.002467
0.475914
0.477461
0.482577
0.487633
0.492630
0.497572
0.502459
0.507294
0.512077
0.516811
0.521498
0.526138
0.530732
0.535284
0.539793
0.544260
0.548688
0.553076
0.557427
0.561741
0.566019
0.567721
S-E
-0.002301
-0.002154
-0.001940
-0.001745
-0.001567
1.933854
1.918721
1.869693
1.822739
1.777734
1.734564
1.693122
1.653310
1.615038
1.578221
1.542780
1.508643
1.475742
1.444014
1.413400
1.383844
1.355294
1.327703
1.301025
1.275217
1.250239
1.240472
x
0.000000
-0.012404
-0.247578
-0.599564
-0.997533
-1.449651
0.190611
0.187640
0.178173
0.169336
0.161077
0.153349
0.146109
0.139319
0.132943
0.126951
0.121313
0.116004
0.111000
0.106278
0.101820
0.097606
0.093620
0.089847
0.086272
0.082884
0.079669
0.078429
L
0.000000
-0.012404
-0.259982
-0.859546
-1.857079
-3.306730
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II
0.671109
0.674319
0.677943
0.681951
0.686313
0.691004
0.696000
0.701278
0.706820
0.712606
0.718620
0.724847
0.731272
0.737884
0.744669
0.747429
0.002760
0.003210
0.003625
0.004008
0.004362
0.004691
0.004995
0.005278
0.005541
0.005786
0.006014
0.006227
0.006426
0.006611
0.006785
0.002760
CURVA DE REMANSO
E .Uso de Hcanales
0.002226
0.002082
0.001950
0.001828
0.001715
0.001612
0.001515
0.001426
0.001344
0.001267
0.001196
0.001130
0.001068
0.001010
0.000956
0.000936
0.002304
0.002154
0.002016
0.001889
0.001772
0.001663
0.001563
0.001471
0.001385
0.001305
0.001231
0.001163
0.001099
0.001039
0.000983
0.000946
-0.001404
-0.001254
-0.001116
-0.000989
-0.000872
-0.000763
-0.000663
-0.000571
-0.000485
-0.000405
-0.000331
-0.000263
-0.000199
-0.000139
-0.000083
-0.000046
-1.966180
-2.560182
-3.248560
-4.053568
-5.005114
-6.144363
-7.529576
-9.246012
-11.423621
-14.270729
-18.143622
-23.706254
-32.353771
-47.601458
-81.579488
-59.989103
-5.272910
-7.833092
-11.081652
-15.135220
-20.140334
-26.284698
-33.814274
-43.060286
-54.483906
-68.754635
-86.898257
-110.604512
-142.958283
-190.559740
-272.139229
-332.128332
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS II