CRIMES'

'
SPECIFIC'INTENT'
Attempt"
Conspiracy"
First"Degree"Murder"
Assault"
Larceny"
Robbery"
Burglary"
Forgery"
Solicitation"

'

GENERAL'INTENT'
Rape"
Battery"
Kidnapping""
False"Imprisonment"
"
"
"
"
"

MALICE'
Common"Law"Murder"
Arson"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

STRICT'LIABILITY'
Statutory"Rape"
Felony"Murder"
Bigamy"
Selling"Liquor"to"Minors"
"
"
"
"
"

CULPABILITY'TERMS'
'
Intent"
Intentionally"
"
Knowledge"
Knowingly"

COMMON'LAW'
Conscious"object"to"cause"result;"or"knew"
harm"was"virtually"certain"to"occur"as"
result"of"conduct."
Aware"of"the"fact"(attendt"circ.);"correctly"
believes"that"it"exists;"or"suspects"that"it"
exists"and"purposely"avoids"learning"if"
suspicion"is"correct"(willful"blindness)"

Purposely"

Recklessness"

Consciously"takes"a"substantial"and"
unjustifiable"risk"of"causing"harm."""

Recklessly"

Negligence"

Should"know"that"he"is"taking"a"
substantial"and"unjustifiable"risk"of"
causing"harm."

Negligently"

Malice"

Intentionally"or"recklessly"caused"social"
harm."
Intentional;"done"with"bad"purpose"or"evil"
motive;"or"intentional"violation"of"a"
known"legal"duty"or"purpose"to"disobey"
the"law."""
Some:"Synonym"for"intentional."""
Others:"To"measure"and"evaluate"the"
major"facets"or"problem."
To"think"about"beforehand.""How"long?"
Some:"No"time"is"too"short"to"scheme"
murder."
Most"Some"appreciable"time,"depending"
on"the"deliberate"requirement,"to"reflect"
meaningfully."""

'

Aware"that"the"result"is"practically"certain"
to"result"from"conduct"(result)."""
Aware"that"the"circumstances"exist;"or"
aware"of"a"high"probability"of"its"existence,"
unless"he"actually"believes"it"does"not"exist"
(attendt."circ)."
Consciously"disregards"(aware,"but"
proceeds"anyway)"a"substantial"and"
unjustifiable"risk"that"the"material"element"
exists"or"will"result"from"his"conduct."""
RiskMtaking"involves"a"gross"deviation"from"
the"standard"of"care"a"reasonable"person"
would"observe"in"actors"situation."
Should"be"aware"(not"aware,"but"should"be)"
of"a"substantial"and"unjustifiable"risk."""
RiskMtaking"involves"a"gross"deviation"from"
the"standard"of"care"a"reasonable"person"
would"observe"in"actors"situation."""
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Willfully"

Deliberate"

Premeditate"

Knowingly"

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
Conscious"object"to"cause"the"result."""

'
'

MURDER'

TRADITIONAL'COMMON'LAW'
Killing"of"a"human"being"by"
another"human"being"with"malice"
aforethought."
Malice:"Extreme"indifference"to"
the"value"of"human"life."
"

"

'
'
'
'

C/L:'Murder'in'1st'and'2nd'Degree'
MPC:'Murder'
'
MODERN'COMMON'LAW'
Express'Malice:'Intentional'killing'I
Willful,'deliberate,'premeditated'
1st"Degree"
Implied'Malice:'Intent'to'Inflict'
Grievous'Bodily'Harm''
2nd"Degree"

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
Purposely'and'Knowingly:'
Homicide"constitutes"murder"if"
killing"is"committed"
purposely/knowingly."

Extremely'Reckless'Murder:'
Recklessly"under"circumstances"
manifesting"extreme"indifference"
to"the"value"of"human"life.'
Implied'Malice:'Extreme'
Extremely'Reckless'Murder:'
Recklessness'Murder'(Depraved'
Recklessly"under"circumstances"
Heart)''
manifesting"extreme"indifference"
nd
2 "Degree"
to"the"value"of"human"life.""Slightly"
Russian"Roulette,"DrunkMdriving"while" diff."from"C/L"in"that"it"requires"
speeding"and"running"red"lights."
conscious"substantial"and"
unjustifiable"riskMtaking."
Implied'Malice:'Felony'Murder''
Extremely'Reckless'Murder:"Jury"
st
Enumerated"felonies"are"1 "Degree."
is"permitted"to,"but"if"prosecutor"
nd
Unspecified"felonies"are"2 "Degree.""" doesnt"prove"beyond"a"
Limits:'InherentlyMDangerous"Felony"
reasonable"doubt,"infer"Extremely"
(limit"to"felonies"dangerous"to"human" Reckless"Murder"if"person"causes"
life"measured"either"by"abstract"or"
death"during"commission"of"
facts"of"case);"IndependentMFelony"
robbery,"arson,"burglary,"
(Predicate"felony"must"be"
kidnapping,"felonious"escape,"or"
independent"of"homicide);"Res"
rape."
Gestae"Limitation"(Must"be"causal"
connection"between"the"felony"and"
the"death);"NonMFelon"Killing."

MANSLAUGHTER'
C/L:'Voluntary'&'Involuntary'Manslaughter'
MPC:'Manslaughter,'Negligent'Homicide'
'
TRADITIONAL'COMMON'LAW' MODERN'COMMON'LAW'
MODERN'PENAL'CODE'
Unlawful"killing"of"a"human"by" Voluntary'Manslaughter:'
Extreme'Emotional'Disturbance''
another"human"without"malice" Provocation'(HeatIofIPassion)'
(EED)'Manslaughter:'One"who"
aforethought"
Sudden"heat"of"passion"as"the"result"
commits"murder"is"only"guilty"of"
"
of"adequate"provocation."
manslaughter"if"he"kills"while"
HeatIofIPassion"
Four'Elements:'(1)"Adequate"
suffering"from"an"EED,"for"which"
At"early"C/L"Adequate"
Provocation"[Render"Reasonable"
there"is"a"reasonable"explanation"or"
Provocation"limited"toM"
Person"to"lose"control]"(2)"While"in"a" excuse"as"determined"from"the"
1) Aggravated"
State"of"Passion"(3)"With"no"
perspective"of"person"in"actors"
assault/battery"
Reasonable"Time"to"Cool"Off"
situation"under"circumstances"as"he"
2) Mutual"combat"
[suddenness]"(4)"and"there"is"a"causal" believes"them"to"be"[slight"subj."of"
3) Serious"crime"against"
link"between"the"provocation,"
obj."standard].""
close"relative"
passion,"and"fatal"act.""""
Distinguished'from'HeatIofIPassion:'
4) Illegal"arrest"
(1)"No"specific"provocative"act"
5) Observation"of"spousal"
required;"(2)"Words"alone"can"
adultery"
warrant"a"manslaughter"instruction;"
6) Words"alone"not"
(3)"No"rigid"coolingMoff"rule"
enough."
(suddenness"requirement"is"absent)."""

'

"

No"Analogy"

Reckless'Manslaughter:'Unlike"
reckless"murder,"does"not"manifest"
an"extreme"indifference"to"human"
life.""Still,"actor"is"aware"that"he"is"
taking"a"substantial"unjustifiable"risk"
to"human"life."

Voluntary"&"Involuntary"
Manslaughter"punished"alike"
at"early"C/L."""

Involuntary'Manslaughter:'Criminal'
Negligence'
Actor"should"know"that"he"is"taking"a"
substantial"and"unjustifiable"risk"to"
human"life"that"is"a"gross"deviation"
from"the"standard"of"care"that"a"
reasonable"person"would"exercise."""
Different'from'Implied'Malice'
(Depraved'Heart):'Criminally"
Negligent"actor"is"not"conscious"of"the"
risk"taking."""

"

Involuntary'Manslaughter:'UnlawfulI
Act'Doctrine'(or'Misdemeanor'
Manslaughter)'
Accidental"homicide"that"occurs"
during"commission"of"an"unlawful"act"
not"a"felony."""

Negligent'Homicide'[Separate'Crime'
from'Manslaughter''3rd'Degree'
Felony,'same'as'C/L'Criminal'
Negligence'Involuntary'
Manslaughter]'
Actor"should"know"that"he"is"taking"a"
substantial"and"unjustifiable"risk"to"
human"life"that"is"a"gross"deviation"
from"the"standard"of"care"that"a"
reasonable"person"would"exercise."""
Different'from'Reckless'
Manslaughter:'Negligent"Homicide"
actor"is"not"conscious"of"the"risk"
taking."""
"

RAPE'
TRADITIONAL'COMMON'LAW"
Minority'
Forcible'Rape:'Requires"proof"of"
both:"(1)"Lack"of"Consent"&"(2)"
Secured"by"Force.""
Sufficient'Force:"Use"or"threat"of"
force"likely"to"cause"serious"injury"or"
death."

Lack'of'Consent:'Force"usually"
proves"both"elements,"despite"being"
distinct."""

GENERAL'INTENT'
'
MODERN'COMMON'LAW'
Majority'
Forcible'Rape:'Physical"force"
sufficient"to"support"a"finding"that"
intercourse"is"against"the"will"of"
victim."P.#v.#Griffin#(CA)#
'
Any"force,"even"the"force"inherent"in"
penetration,"is"forcible"sexual"
assault.""Permission"must"be"
affirmative"and"freely"given.""S.#in#the#
Interest#of#MTS#(NJ)#
Lack'of'Consent:'NonMconsensual"
intercourse"is"rape.""(Growing#
minority##WI)"

Resistance'Requirement'
Use"or"threat"of"force"likely"to"cause"
death"or"serious"injury"="no"
resistance"required."""
Proving"threat"="Need"proof"of"fear"
of"force"(subjective)"AND"proof"of"
threat"(objective).""
Moderate"force"="resistance"to"the"
utmost"required"to"overcome"
force/threats"to"safety."
Gender'Specific'
Marital'Exception:'Husband"cannot"
be"guilty"of"rape"against"his"wife."""

Resistance'Requirement'
Abolition"of"Requirement:"Some"
states"got"rid"of"requirement"by"
statute"or"common"law"
interpretation."
Resistance"Requirement"Lesser/Non"
Existent:"Other"states"lower"the"
barrier"or"reduce"significance.""
Reasonable"under"the"
circumstances."
Increasingly'Gender'Neutral'
Marital'Exception'Abolished'
Half"the"states"have"abolished"it;"
other"abolished"it"as"to"forcible"rape."""

Vaginal'Penetration'

Sexual'Penetration'of'Any'Kind'

Mens'Rea:'General"Intent"Crime."

Mens'Rea:'General"Intent"Crime."

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
Minority'
Forcible'Rape:'By"use"or"threat"
of"4"types"of"force"against"victim"
or"third"party:"(1)"Imminent"
death;"(2)"Grievous"bodily"harm;"
(3)"Extreme"Pain;"(4)"
Kidnapping."

No'Lack'of'Consent'
Requirement:'Focuses"on"
Defendants"acts"of"aggression."
No'Proof'of'Resistance'
Required"
Though"may"be"evidentiary"to"
prove"compulsion."

Gender'Specific'
Marital'Exception:"Husband"
cannot"be"guilty"of"rape"against"
wife,"nor"can"those"living"as"man"
and"wife"without"formal"
marriage.""''
"

Mens'Rea:'Purposely,"
Knowingly,"Recklessly"
Mistake'of'Fact'Defense:'Not"guilty"if" Mistake'of'Fact'Defense:'Not"guilty"if" "
genuine"and"reasonable"belief"
genuine"and"reasonable"belief"
female"voluntarily"consented."""
female"voluntarily"consented."""
Fraud'in'the'Inducement:'
"
Deceptively"nonMforcible"obtainment"
of"consent"="not"rape."
Fraud'in'the'Factum:'Victim"does"not"
know"she"is"consenting"to"
intercourse"="rape."""
(Dr."says"hes"sticking"in"medical"
tools,"but"really"his"penis)"

Gross'Sexual'Imposition'
[separate'crime]'
(1)"Threat"of"loss"of"job;"(2)"With"
female"unable"to"appraise"
nature"of"her"conduct"due"to"
mental"illness"or"defect;"(3)"
Female"unaware"act"is"being"
committed"or"submits"
mistakenly"believing"it"is"her"

ATTEMPT"
SPECIFIC'INTENT'

'
"
MENS'REA'

COMMON'LAW'
DUAL'INTENT:'(1)"Intent"to"commit"the"acts"that"constitute"the"
actus"reus"of"attempt;"AND"(2)"Perform"acts"with"specific"intent"
of"committing"the"target"crime."
HOMICIDE:'Requires"intent"to"kill"(but"cannot"be"convicted"of"
attempted"involuntary"manslaughter"if"based"on"recklessness"
or"negligence"(no"intent"to"kill)."""

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
5.01(1):'A"person"is"guilty"of"an"attempt"to"commit"a"
crime"if,"acting'with'the'kind'of'culpability'otherwise'
required'for'commission'of'the'crime,'he:"(a)"Completed"
Attempted"Conduct"Crimes:"purposely"engages"in"conduct"
that"would"constitute"the"crime"if"the"attendant"
circumstances"were"as"he"believes"them"to"be;"or"(b)"
Completed"Attempted"Result"Crimes:"when"causing"a"
particular"result"is"an"element"of"the"crime,"does"or"omits"
to"do"anything"with"the"purpose"of"causing"or"with"the"
belief"that"it"will"cause"such"result"without"further"conduct"
on"his"part;"or"(c)"Incomplete"Attempts:"purposely"does"or"
omits"to"do"anything"that,"under"the"circumstances,"as"he"
believes"them"to"be,"is"an"act"or"omission"constituting"a"
substantial"step"in"a"course"of"conduct"planned"to"
culminate"in"his"commission"of"the"crime.'''

ACTUS'
REUS/TESTS'

Last'Act'Test:'Defendant"commits"all"acts"necessary"to"commit"
the"target"offense.""(No"attempt"until"defendant"pulls"trigger,"
puts"poison"in"coffee.""UNDESIRABLE"="hardly"any"time"to"stop."
Physical'Proximity'Test:'Defendant"has"within"his"power"to"
commit"the"crime"almost"immediately,"absent"external"
prevention."
Dangerous'Proximity'Test:'Danger"of"success"is"very"great.""
Courts"consider:"1)"nearness"of"dangers,"2)"substantiality"of"the"
harm,"3)"the"degree"of"apprehension"felt.""More"flexible"than"
Physical"Proximity."
Probable'Desistance'Test:'When"defendant"reaches"a"point"
where"it"is"unlikely"he"would"have"voluntarily"desisted"from"his"
effort"(based"on"an"ordinary"person""objective.)"
Unequivocality/Res'Ipsa'Loquitur'Test:"When"a"persons"
conduct"alone"unambiguously"manifests"her"criminal"intent."""""
ATTEMPT'TO'AID'&'ABET:'Not"an"offense.""Crime"must"be"
completed"or"attempted"for"accomplice"to"bear"liability."""

Substantial"step"meant"to"broaden"the"scope"of"liability."""
a) Strongly"corroborates"criminal"intent."
b) MPC"lists"factual"circumstances"not"insufficient"as"
a"matter"of"law"and"left"to"a"jury:"lying"in"wait,"
searching"for/following"intended"victim,"
reconnoitering"the"scene"of"the"crime,"unlawful"
entry"into"a"structure"where"crime"will"be"
committed,"possession"of"material"to"commit"
crime"if"specially"designed"for"criminal"purpose."""
ATTEMPT'TO'AID'
UNLIKE'COMMON'LAW:'A"person"may"be"convicted"of"a"
criminal"attempt,"although"a"crime"was"neither"committed"
nor"attempted"by"another"if"(i)"Purpose"of"her"conduct"is"
to"aid"another"in"the"commission"of"the"offense;"and"(ii)"
Such"assistance"would"have"made"her"an"accomplice"if"the"
offense"had"been"completed/attempted."""

DEFENSES""

Factual'Impossibility:'Never"a"defense,"save"for"Inherent"
Factual"Impossibility""the"method"chosen"is"one"a"reasonable"
person"would"view"as"completely"inappropriate"to"the"
objective."(PopMgun"to"sink"a"battleship)."""
Legal'Impossibility:'Is"a"defense.'Intended"goal"is"not"a"crime."""
Hybrid'Legal'Impossibility:"Not"a"defense.""Goal"is"illegal,"but"
commission"impossible"due"to"a"factual"mistake"regarding"the"
legal"status"of"some"attendant"circumstance"that"is"an"element"
of"the"crime."""
"
Abandonment' ABANDONMENT:'Not"a"common"law"defense"(objectivist"
principles."""
Today:'Defendant"must"voluntarily"and"completely"renounce"
criminal"purpose"(subjectivist)."""
- Involuntary"if"motivated"by"unexpected"resistance,"
absence"of"essential"instrumentality,"or"some"
circumstances"that"decreases"likelihood"of"success."""
- Incomplete"if"postponed"until"a"better"opportunity"
arises."""
- Cannot"occur"after"last"act"or"harm"done.""
"

"
"

Legal'Impossibility:'Still"a"defense."
Hybrid'Legal'Impossibility:'Abolished"as"defense."

RENUNCIATION:'Abandons"efforts"to"commit"the"crime"or"
prevents"it"from"being"committed;"and"conduct"manifests"
a"complete"and"voluntary"renunciation"of"criminal"
purpose.""''

COMPLICITY'
'
'
MENS'REA'

COMMON'LAW'
Majority:'Intend"to"assist"principal"to"engage"in"the"
conduct"that"forms"the"basis"of"the"offense;"AND"
Mental"state"required"for"the"commission"of"the"
offense.""Second"intent"to"commit"crime,"usually"
inferred"from"first"intent"(intent"to"aid).""
""
Crimes'of'Recklessness/Negligence:'Accomplice"
liability"for"reckless/negligent"crime"permitted"if"the"
accomplice"has"the"intent"to"assist"in"conduct"that"
forms"basis"of"offense"AND"mental"require"by"the"
offense."""
"
Accomplice'liable'for'any'crime'that'is'natural'and'
probable'consequence'to'crime'accomplice'
intended'to'assist."
ACCOMPICE' (1)"Physical"conduct;"(2)"Psychological"influence"
ASSISTANCE' [accomplice"incites,"solicits,"encourages,"MERE"
PRESENCE"INSUFFICIENT,"presence"coupled"with"very"
little"else"will"satisfy];"(3)"Omission;"(4)"Accomplice"
must"actually"assist"(amount"of"assistance"
immaterial);"(5)"Causation"not"required."""
LIABILITY'
Proof"of"Guilt"of"Principal"must"be"shown,"but"
prosecution"and"conviction"is"not"necessary.""
Acquittal"of"principal"does"not"necessarily"acquit"
accomplice,"unless"acquitted"because"no"crime"
occurred."""
"
When"principal"acquitted""justification"defense"
acquits"accomplice/excuseM"accomplice"can"still"be"
convicted.""If"principal"is"an"innocent"instrumentality,"
accomplice"becomes"the"principal."
"""
PINKERTON""(Maj)"reject"and"limit"to"accomplice"
liability"but"Federal"Courts"follow"and"some"states"
(CA)."
DEFENSES'
Abandonment'Defense:'Most"courts"say"accomplice"
can"avoid"responsibility"for"subsequent"acts"by"
principal.""Must"communicate"withdrawal"to"
principal."""
Bona"fide"efforts"to"neutralize"the"effect"of"his"prior"
assistance."""
"
"
"
"
"
"

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
With'the'purpose'of'promoting'or'facilitating'
the'commission'of'the'offense.''Excludes"
knowingly."""
"
Special'significance'in'Felony'Murder'jds:'"
Accomplice"can"be"liable"for"strict"liability"death"
if"an"accomplice"in"the"conduct"that"resulted"in"
death."""
"
MPC'rejects'natural'and'probable'
consequences'doctrine.''Liability"does"not"
extend"beyond"the"purposes"that"the"
accomplices"shares""must"prove"mens"rea"as"to"
each"crime.""""
Solicitation,"By"Aiding,"Agreeing"to"Aid"(not"
equivalent"to"conspiracy""do"not"have"to"agree"
to"aid"in"the"specific"offense"committed),"By"
Attempting"to"Aid"(unlike"C/L"liable"for"
attempting"to"aid,"even"if"ineffectual),"By"
Ommission."""
May"be"convicted"regardless"of"whether"
perpetrator"convicted,"acquitted,"or"not"
prosecuted."""
'
MPC'Rejects'PINKERTON'Doctrine.'''
"

Abandonment'Defense:"Accomplice"neutralizes"
his"assistance;"gives"timely"warning"to"police"of"
the"impending"offense;"or"In"some"other"
manner"attempts"to"prevent"the"commission"of"
the"crime."""
"

CONSPIRACY'
SPECIFIC'INTENT'
COMMON'LAW'
Agreement'between"two"or"more"persons"to"commit"a"
criminal"act"or"series"of"criminal"acts"or"to"accomplish"a"legal"
act"by"unlawful"means."
'

Does'Not'Merge'With'Completed'Offense:'When"target"
crime"completed.""Defendant"can"be"convicted"of"both"
conspiracy"and"crime."""
GRADING:'Graded"in"relation"to"target"crime.""If"target"is"
felony,"conspiracy"is"a"felony."If"target"is"misdemeanor,"
conspiracy"is"a"misdemeanor."""
AGREEMENT:'Express"agreement"not"required.""Requires"
shared"intent"and"mutual"goal."""
All'but'3'states'follow'MPC'and'limit'to'criminal'acts.'

OVERT'ACT:'C/L"conspiracy"upon"agreement,"no"overt"act"
required.""Many"statutes"require"overt"act"in"furtherance"of"
conspiracy""(a)"Need"not"constitute"an"attempt"to"commit"
target"offense;"(b)"Any"act,"no"matter"how"trivial,"is"
sufficient;"(c)"Need"to"be"an"illegal"act;"(d)"Proof"of"single"
overt"act"by"any"member"of"conspiracy"sufficient"to"convict"
all"members"(even"those"who"joined"after"the"over"act"
committed);"(e)"Ensure"no"premature"intervention."""""
MENS'REA:'Dual"Intent"(SpecificMintent"offense).""Two"or"
more"persons"must:"
a. Intend"to"agree;"AND"b."Intend"to"achieve"object"of"
agreement."""
Conspiracy'to'Commit'Murder:'Can"require"higher"mens"rea"
than"target"offense""Intent"to"Kill."""
Service'Providers:"In"on"Conspiracy?"Inferred"from"
knowledge"of"customers"plans:"
1."Promotes"criminal"venture"2."Stake"in"its"outcome"
(charging"grossly"inflated"price"3."Grossly"disproportionate"
share"of"business"is"criminal"4."No"lawful"use"of"
goods/services"provided."""
PLURALITY'REQUIREMENT:'Requires"at"least"two"people"
with"mens"rea"of"conspiracy"(both"intents).""No"conspiracy"if"
either"lacks"one"of"intents."""
PINKERTON'DOCTRINE:"guilty"of"all"crimes"done"by"all"
conspirators"in"furtherance"of"the"conspiracy"of"that"are"
reasonably"foreseeable"
IMPOSSIBILITY'DEFENSE:'Neither"factual"nor"legal"
impossibility"is"a"defense"to"conspiracy."""
ABANDONMENT'DEFENSE:'Conspiracy"complete"once"
agreement"formed.""Abandonment"is"not"a"defense"because"
crime"already"committed."
(a)"May"avoid"liability"for"subsequent"crimes"committed"in"

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
A'person'is'guilty'of'conspiracy"with"another"person"or"persons"
to"commit"a"crime"if"with"the"purpose"of"promoting"or"
facilitating"its"commission"he:"(1)"Agrees"with"such"other"person"
or"persons"that"they"or"one"or"more"of"them"will"engage"in"
conduct"that"constitutes"such"crime"or"an"attempt"or"
solicitation"to"commit"such"crime;"OR"(2)"Agrees"to"aid"such"
other"person"or"persons"in"the"planning"or"commission"of"such"
crime"or"an"attempt"or"solicitation"to"commit"such"crime."""
Merges'with'Completed'Offense:'When"target"crime"
completed.""Defendant"cannot"be"convicted"of"both"conspiracy"
and"crime.""EXCEPT"if"conspiracy"contemplated"additional"
offenses"not"yet"contemplated"or"attempted."""
GRADING:'The"same"as"target"offense,"except"first"degree"
felonies"are"downgraded"to"secondMdegree."""
SUBJECTIVIST"VIEW:"People"who"agree"are"as"dangerous"as"
those"who"complete"offense."""
AGREEMENT:'Four"types"of"agreement""(1)"To"commit"an"
offense;"(2)"To"attempt"to"commit"an"offense;"(3)"To"solicit"
another"to"commit"an"offense;"(4)"To"aid"another"in"the"
planning/commission"of"an"offense."
Must'be'criminal'offense.'
OVERT'ACT:'Requires"an"overt"act"in"furtherance"of"conspiracy."""
Except"felonies"of"the"first"and"second"degree."""

MENS'REA:'Requires"purpose"of"promoting"or"facilitating"the"
commission"of"the"substantive"offense."""
One"who"furnishes"goods/services"not"part"of"conspiracy"unless"
share"criminal"purpose."""

UNILATERAL'APPROACH:'Focuses"on"culpability"of"actor,"does"
not"matter"if"coMconspirator"did"not"intend"object"of"
agreement."""
PINKERTON'DOCTRINE:'Not"followed"M"coMconspirators"only"
liable"for"acts"they"actually"agree"to"
IMPOSSIBILITY'DEFENSE:'No"defense"recognized."""
ABANDONMENT'DEFENSE:'An"affirmative"defense"available"if"
renounces"criminal"purpose;"and"thwarts"the"success"of"the"
conspiracy"under"circumstances"demonstrating"a"complete"and"
voluntary"renunciation"of"her"criminal"intent."""

INTOXICATION'
'

DEFENSE'
COMMON'LAW'
VOLUNTARY'INTOXICATION:'Never"excuses"criminal"
conduct"EXCEPT:"a)"Intoxication"prevents"requisite"
mens"rea;"b)"Unconsciousness"negates"voluntary"act;"
c)"LongMterm"intoxicationMinduced"fixed"insanity."

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
THREE'TYPES'OF'INTOXICATION:'(1)"SelfMinduced"
intoxication;"(2)"Pathological"intoxication;"(3)"Intoxication"
notMself"induced"(involuntary)."""
"
Exculpates'in'Two'Circumstances:"(a)"Any"form"of"
intoxication"is"a"defense"if"it"negates"an"element"of"the"
offense;"(b)"Pathological"and"involuntary"intoxication"are"
affirmative"defenses"if"the"intoxication"caused"a"mental"
condition"comparable"to"insanity."""
VOLUNTARY'INTOXICATION'as'to'MENS'REA:'
NEGATION'OF'MENS'REA'ELEMENT'OF'OFFENSE:'Not"
General"intentM"no"defense,"Specific"intent""defense.""" guilty"if"intoxication"disproves"mental"state"required.""
'
""
Homicide:"Evidence"of"intoxication"negates"willful,"
EXCEPTION:'Defense"does"not"apply"to"reckless"crimes.""
deliberate,"premeditated"killings"and"reduces"to"
SelfMinduced"intoxication"is"reckless"behavior.""
secondMdegree.""
""
Felony'Murder:'If"predicate"crime"is"a"specific"intent"
crime"and"voluntary"intoxication"defense"defeats"
mens"rea"requirement,"the"defendant"cannot"be"
guilty"of"felony"murder."""
INVOLUNTARY'INTOXICATION'
'
Ingested"under"coercion;"ingestion"by"innocent"
mistake;"unexpectedly"intoxicated"from"prescribed"
medication;"pathological"intoxication""temporary"
psychotic"reaction"triggered"by"consumption"of"
alcohol"by"a"person"with"a"preMdisposing"
mental/physical"condition."""
"
GENERAL'RULE:'Entitled"to"acquittal"in"all"
circumstances"in"which"voluntary"intoxication"is"a"
defense."""
'

INSANITY'
DEFENSE'

'

'
'
'

MNAUGHTEN'

Irresistible'Impulse'

PRODUCT'

FEDERAL'

MPC'

Acquittal"if"(a)"A"
disease"of"the"mind"
(b)"Caused"a"defect"
of"reason"(c)"Such"
that"the"defendant"
lacked"the"ability"at"
the"time"of"his"
actions"to"either:"(1)"
Know"the"
wrongfulness"of"his"
actions;"or"(2)"
Understand"the"
nature'and'quality"
of"his"actions."""

Acquittal"if"
defendant"
establishes"that"
because"of"mental"
illness"he"was"
unable'to'control'
his'actions'or'to'
conform'his'
conduct'to'the'law."""

Acquittal"if"proof"
establishes"his"
crime"was"the"
product'of'mental'
disease'or'defect.''
Broader"than"
MNaughten"and"I.I."
tests."

Acquittal"if"proof"at"
the"time"of"the"
offense,"as"a"result"
of"severe"mental"
disease"or"defect,"
he"was"unable"to"
appreciate"(1)"the"
nature"and"quality"
of"her"conduct,"or"
(2)"the"
wrongfulness"of"her"
conduct."
"

Acquittal"if"the"
proof"shows"he"
suffered"from"
mental"disease"or"
defect"and"as"a"
result"lacked"
substantial"capacity"
to"either:"(i)"
Appreciate'the'
criminality'
(wrongfulness)"of"
his"conduct;"or"(ii)"
Conform'his'
conduct"to"the"
requirements"of"
law."

CRITIQUES:'
Cognitive"Prong"is"
too"narrow."Only"
allows"for"right"or"
wrong,"but"no"
degrees"of"
incapacity."
No"Volitional"ProngM
what"about"those"
who"cant"control"
their"actions?"
'

The"inability"need"
not"come"upon"
defendant"
suddenly,"despite"
name.""Some"jds"
apply"both"I.I."test"
and"MNaghten"="
acquittal"if"he"
meets"either."""

Broader"than"the"
MNaughten"and"I.I."
tests."Intended"to"
give"psychiatrists"
greater"liberty"in"
testifying."""

Essentially"the"same"
as"MNaghten"but"
appreciate"rather"
than"know,"
broadens"the"scope"
of"the"Cognitive"
prong."""

Combines"
MNaghten"and"the"
irresistible"impulse"
tests"by"allowing"for"
the"impairment"of"
both"cognitive"and"
volitional"capacity.""
Avoids"narrowness"
of"cognitive"prong"
by"using"
Appreciates'instead"
of"knows."""""

MAJORITY'

MINORITY'

ONLY'NH'

MOST'STRINGENT:'
Defendant'bear'
burden'of'
persuasion'by'Clear'
and'Convincing'
Evidence'(Medium'
Burden).'''

POPULAR'UNTIL'
HINCKLEY'WAS'
ACQUITTED'FOR'
ATTMPTED'
ASSASINATION'of'
R.'REAGAN.'

SELFIDEFENSE'
JUSTIFICATION'OR'PARTIAL'MITIGATION'
'
COMMON'LAW'
JUSTIFIED'IN'USING'FORCE:'If"he"reasonably'believes"such"
force"is"necessary'to"protect"himself"from"imminent'use"of"
unlawful'force'by"the"other"person."
Deadly'Force:'Only"justified"if"threatened"by"deadly"force."""

a)'Necessity'component:'Limited"to"imminent"threats."
b)'Proportionality'Component:'Defensive"force"must"be"
proportional"to"threatened"force.""Otherwise,"not"justified."
c)'ReasonableIBelief'Component:'Subjective/Objective"
Components"
"Subjective:"Defendant"believed"deadly"force"necessary"
"Objective:"Belief"must"be"on"that"a"reasonable"person"in"
same"situation"(actors"position)"would"possess.""
Imperfect'Self'Defense:'Mitigating'Doctrine'
Recognized"by"some"states"as"defense"to"murder,"mitigates"
to"mansl."
Two"Versions:"(1)"NonMdeadly"aggressor,"confronted"with"
deadly"response,"fails"to"retreat"to"a"known"place"of"
complete"safety"in"a"jd"where"right"is"not"immediately"
regained."(2)"One"who"kills"based"on"unreasonable"belief"
that"deadly"force"is"necessary."""
Aggressor:'No"right"to"claim"of"selfMdefense.""Must"have"
clean"hands."""
Deadly"aggressor"can"regain"right,"and"withdraws"in"good"
faith"and"fairly"communicates"the"fact,"expressly"or"
implicitly,"to"victim."
Nondeadly"aggressor"right"immediately"regained"if"victim"
responds"with"deadly"force"(Most"jds).""Some"say"must"use"
safe"retreat,"only"if"followed"by"victim"or"no"retreat,"can"
aggressor"resort"to"deadly"force."Even"in"these"jds,"ma"
mitigate"through"imperfect"s/d"or"heat"of"passion.""""
Retreat:'(Maj)'NonMaggressor"permitted"to"stand"ground"
and"use"deadly"force"even"if"aware"of"safe"retreat.""(Min)'
Must"retreat"if"aware"you"can"do"so"in"complete"safety"
before"using"deadly"force."""
ExceptionICastle'Doctrine:"Not"required"to"retreat"from"
dwelling"if"known"safe"retreat."""
Imminence:'Immediately"or"at"the"moment"of"danger."
Purpose"is"to"reduce"risk"of"unnecessary"use"of"deadly"
force."""
BATTERED'WOMAN'SYNDROME"
Confrontational"homicides"(during"a"battering"incident).""
Almost"always"get"jury"instruction."""
Nonconfrontational"homicides"(kill"abusive"spouse"in"sleep)"
no"jury"instruction"(maj.)"Imminence"problems""attack"is"
not"imminent"if"sleeping."""
Defense'of'Others''
Majority:"May"use"force"to"the"extent"that"threatened"party"
would"apparently"be"justified"in"using"force"to"protect"him"
or"herself."
Minority:"Would"the"threatened"party"actually"be"justified?"

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
JUSTIFIED'IN'USING'FORCE:'If"he"believes'that"such"force"is"
immediately'necessary"to"protect"himself"against"the"exercise"
of"unlawful'force"by"the"other"individual"on'the'present'
occasion.'
Deadly'Force:"Only"justified"protecting"against:"(a)"Death;"(b)"
Serious"bodily"injury;"(c)"Forcible"Rape;"(d)"Kidnapping."
Subjective'Belief:"Belief"doesnt"need"to"be"reasonable."""
But3.09"reincorporates"a"reasonableness"component:"If"the"
actor"is"reckless"or"negligent"in"their"belief"of"the"justifiability"of"
action,"the"defense"is"not"available"if"those"mens"reas"would"
suffice"to"convict"of"the"crime."""

Mistake'of'Fact'&'Imperfect'Justification'
Mistake"of"Fact:"based"on"a"subjective"belief"in"necessity"of"
force"or"regarding"other"circumstances"material"to"the"
particular"just."claimed."
Imperfect"Justification:"If"the"actor"is"reckless"or"negligent"in"
their"belief"of"the"justifiability"of"action,"the"defense"is"not"
available"if"those"mens"reas"would"suffice"to"convict"of"the"
crime.""'
Aggressor:'Deadly"aggressor"cant"use"deadly"force.""But"if"he"
breaks"off"struggle"and"victim"continues"to"threaten"him,"its"
regained.""May"still"be"convicted"of"initial"provocation."
Nondeadly"aggressors"dont"lose"privilege"of"selfMdefense"if"
victim"escalates"into"deadly"assault.""May"still"be"convicted"of"
initial"provocation."""
"

Retreat:'May"not"use"deadly"force"if"he"knows"he"can"avoid"
using"necessity"of"such"force"with"complete"safety"by"
retreating."""
ExceptionI'Home'or'Office:"unless"actor"was"initial"aggressor,"
must"retreat"to"regain"right"of"self"defense."
Imminence:'Immediately"necessary"on"the"present"occasion."
Based"on"need"to"use"defensive"force"immediately,"not"how"
soon"the"aggressors"force"will"be"used.""More"leeway"than"C/L.""''
'

"

'
'

NECESSITY'
JUSTIFICATION'
'
COMMON'LAW'
General'Six'Conditions'to'Defense:'(1)"Clear"and"
imminent"danger;"(2)"Must"reasonably"expect"his"
action"will"abate"danger;"(3)"No"effective"legal"way"to"
avert"harm;"(4)"Harm"of"violating"law"must"be"less"
serious"than"harm"avoided;"(5)"Lawmakers"must"not"
have"already"made"a"judgment"on"this"situation;"(6)"
Must"have"clean"hands."""
Potential'Limitations:'(1)"Some"states"limit"to"
emergencies"created"by"natural"(nonMhuman)"forces;"
(2)"May"not"apply"in"homicide"cases;"(3)"Some"limit"to"
protection"of"persons"and"property."""

'
'

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
Choice'of'Evils'Defense:'A"persons"conduct"is"justified"
if:"(1)"he"believes"his"conduct"is"necessary"to"avoid"
harm"to"himself"or"another;"(2)"harm"to"be"avoided"is"
greater"than"that"sought"to"be"avoided"by"the"law"
prohibiting"his"conduct;"(3)"Lawmakers"must"not"have"
already"made"a"judgment"on"this"situation."""
DIFFERENCES/NY'LIMITATIONS'
NO"IMMINENCY"REQUIREMENT"(NY"does"require"it)."
NO"CLEAN"HANDS"REQUIREMENT"(NY"does"require"it.""""
NOT"LIMITED"TO"NATURAL"FORCES"
MAY"BE"EMPLOYED"IN"HOMICIDE"PROSECUTIONS"

DURESS'
EXCUSE'
'

"
"

COMMON'LAW'
GENERALLY:'One"may"be"acquitted"of"any"offense"
except"murder"if:"(a)"Another"person"threatened"to"kill"
or"grievously"injure"the"actor"or"thirdMperson,"
particularly"a"near"relative,"unless"actor"committed"
offense;"(b)"Actor"reasonably"believed"the"threat"was"
genuine;"(c)"Threat"was"present,"imminent,"and"
impending,"at"time"of"criminal"act;"(d)"No"reasonable"
escape"from"the"threat"except"through"compliance;"
AND"(e)"Actor"was"not"at"fault"in"exposing"herself"to"the"
threat"(clean"hands)."""
DEADLY"FORCE"MUST"BE"THREATENED.""LESSER"
THREATS"ARE"INSUFFICIENT."""
DURESS'DEFENSE'to'HOMICIDE:'C/l"and"17"states"say"
not"a"defense"to"intentional"killing."""
Some'states'give'imperfect'duress'defense'to'mitigate'
to'manslaughter.'

MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
An'AFFIRMATIVE'DEFENSE'TO'UNLAWFUL'CONDUCT'
IF:'(a)"Compelled"to"commit"the"offense"by"the"use,"or"
threatened"use,"of"unlawful"force"by"the"coercer"upon"
her"or"another"person;"AND"(b)"A"person"of"reasonable"
firmness"in"her"situation"would"have"been"unable"to"
resist"coercion"(completely"objective)."""
Available"if"negligently"placed,"but"not"recklessly"
placed"in"the"situation."""
Distinguished'from'Common'Law:'Abandons"
imminent"AND"deadly"force"requirement."""

Escape'from'Intolerable'Prison'Conditions:'Most"
courts"recognize,"but"split"on"whether"duress"or"
necessity"defense"is"available."""
When"applied"limitations"imposed:"Bona"fide"effort"to"
surrender"or"return"to"custody"as"soon"as"the"claimed"
duress"or"necessity"has"lost"its"coercive"force."""

Escape'from'Intolerable'Prison'Conditions:'Duress"
Defense"applies"if"the"coercers"use"of"unlawful"force"
causes"the"coerced"party"to"perform"a"different"
criminal"act,"one"not"ordered"by"the"coercer."""
"

DURESS'DEFENSE'to'HOMICIDE:'Available"for"
Homicide"