Solution of Homework S

Problem No: 5.1.1

wc = 108 , kf = 105, kp = 25
FM: the instantaneous frequency is W; = 108 + 1 0 5m ( t) , (Wj) min = 108 1 0 5 = 9.99 X 1 0 7 ra d /s

(Wi)max = 108 + 1 0 5 = 1.001 X 108 rad /s

10-3
The below figure shows th a t cycle is split into fo u r equal parts o f le n g th ------= 2.5 X 10-4 second .

The instantaneous frequency increases linearly from (wt)min to (wt)max , stays there and then
decreases linearly back to (wt)min and stays there fo r the last quarter -cycle.

m(t)

WO

8000 __ _

__

__

-8000

PM: In this case

= 1 08 + 25m (t) w ith (m (t))max = 8000, (w ; )min = 108 2 X 1 0 5 = 9.98 X

1 0 7 ra d /s

(Wi)max = 108 + 2 X 105 = 1.002 X 108 ra d /s

The above figure shows th a t th e w aveform in this case stays at (wt)max fo r one quarter -cycle shifts
back to wc fo r the last quarter -cycle.

Problem No: 5.1.2

(a) wc = 2n X 10 6 , k f = 2 0 0 0 ^ , kp = n/2.
FM:
The instantaneous frequency is f t = 1 0 6 + 1 0 0 0 m (t), ( f t ) min = 106 1000 = 999 kH z . As shown
In the below figure the instantaneous frequency o f the FM wave increases linearly from 999 to 1001 kHz
over 1 0 -3 , then switches back to 999 kHz and repeats.
PM:
Since m (t) has ju m p discontinuities , th e direct approaches w ill be used. W hen one cycle o f th e sawtooth
is centered on th e origin, m (t) =2000t over th a t cycle. Hence
2000t durante esse ciclo. por isso

V p m ( 0 = COs[2ff X 106 t + ^ m (t)]

= cos[2rc X 10 6 t + 2 0 0 0 t]
= c o s [2 ^ (1 0 6 1 + 5 0 0 )t]
As shown in th e above figure, at th e discontinuity there is a jum p o f 2kp = n , otherw ise the carrier
frequency is constant at (1 0 6 + 5 0 0 ) Hz.

\tV W -

(b)This equivalent to another PM signal w ith

f c = 1000.5 K H z and periodic rectangular message that sw itc hesfrom 1 to 1 . it is necessary

to keep kp less than n. Since those periodic signal jum ps at those points o f discontinuity A =
2.Otherwise a larger kp w ill give rise to phase am biguity when kpA> 2n.

Problem No: 5.1.4

wc = 1 0 0 0 0 ^ and that over |t| < 1

<Pem ( 0 = 1 0 c o s 1 3 0 0 0 rc t
(a) If this w ere a PM signal w ith kp = 1000, we would have

V pm ( 0 = 10 cos 1 3 0 0 0 ^ t = 10 cos[wct + kpm (t)]

= 10 c o s [1 0 0 0 n t + 1 0 0 0 m (t)]
Clearly, m (t)=3nt over th is interval.
(b) For an FM signal w ith k f = 1000;

nt
<Ppm ( 0 = Aeos wct + k^ I m ( a ) d a
0

= 10 cos 1 0 0 0 0 n t + 1000

Here f ^ m ( a ) d a = 3n t and m (t) = 3n over the interval.

I0

m(a)da

Solution of HW:9

Problem No: 5.2-3

m (t) = 2cos1000t + 9 cos2000nt so B = 1 K H z

(a) A=10 ,wc = 106,K f = 10 00 n ,k p = 1 .T h e re fo re ,

=A cos (wct + kpm ( t) j

= 10 c o s ((1 0 6t ) + 2cos1000t + 9cos2000nt)
N ow f^ a m {a)da = 2 sin 1 0 0 0 t/1 0 0 0 + 9 sin 20 0 0 n t /(2 0 0 0 n :), so
^ p m ( 0 =A cos(w ct + k f I

m(a)da

' '- a

= 10 c o s ((1 0 6) t + 2 n sin 1000t + 4.5 sin 2 0 0 0 n t)

(b)

P M = m ( t ) = 2 0 0 0 s m 1 0 0 0 t 18000nsin2000nt,m p = 2000 + 18000n:

K f m
1000
V / = - L J L = --------+ 9 0 0 0 = 9.32 kHz
2^
n
Hence B PM = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2(9.32 + 1) = 20.64kHz
K f mn
mv = 11 , V f = ^ - ^ = (5 0 0 )(1 1 ) = 5.5kHz and B FM = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2(5.5 + 1) = 13kHz
F

2n:

Problem No: 5.2-4

wc = 2 n x 106 ,q>EM(t) = 1 0 c o s (w ct + 0 .1 s m 2 0 0 0 n t) , 6 = 1 kHz

(b )9(t) = wct + 0.1sin2000nt ,w i (t) = w c + 2 0 0 n sin 2 0 0 0 n t , Am = 2 0 0 ^ , A / = 100H z

(c) A 0 = 0.1
(d) B em = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2(0.1 + 1) = 2.2H z

Problem No: 5.2-6

In this case, B = 3 x 1 0 3 = 3 kHz

PM:Kp = 25 , mv =
P

'

10 J

= 8000

V/ =
>

2n

B pm = 2 (A f + B ) = 2(31.82 + 3) = 69.66
FM:
_
K f m
10s
K f = 1 0 5 ,m v = 1 , V / = - = ----- = 15.92kHz
1
^
2n
2n
B fm = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2(15.92 + 3) = 37.84 kHz

Problem No: 5.2-7

m (t) = sin 2 0 0 0 n t ,B = 1 K h z,k f = 2 0 0 0 0 0 ^ ,and kp = 10

(a) PM:
m ( t ) = 200nsin2000nt

Af =

,m p = 2 0 0 0 ^

K f mv
(1 0 )(2 0 0 0 ^ )
pf v =
= 10kHz
2^

2^

B pm = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2 (1 0 + 1) = 22kHz

FM:

K f m
200000^
mv = 1 , V f = - = ----- -------- = 100kHz.
y
2n
2^
Th u s B fm = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2 (1 0 0 + 1) = 202kHz
m (t) = 2sin 2000n t ,B = 1Khz

(b)
PM:

m (t) = 4000ncos2000nt

Af =
J

,m p = 4 0 0 0 ^

K f m
(1 0 )(4 0 0 0 ^ )
pr p =
--------- - = 20kHz
2^

2^

= (25)(8000)
2n

31.84 kHz

B pm = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2 (2 0 + 1) = 42kHz
FM:

mv = 2 ,
F

K f m
400000^
V f = - = -------------- = 200kHz.
2^
2^

Th u s B fm = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2 (2 0 0 + 1) = 402kH z

(c)
m ( t ) = sin 4 0 0 0 n t ,B = 2kHz
PM:

m (t) = 4000n:cos4000n:t , mp = 4 0 0 0 ^

Af =
J

K f m
(1 0 )(4 0 0 0 ^ )
pr p =
--------- - = 20kHz
2^

2^

B pm = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2 (2 0 + 2) = 44kHz
FM:

mv = 2 ,
F

K f m
200000^
V f = - V ^ = ----- -------- = 100kHz.
2 ^ 2 ^

Th u s B fm = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2 (1 0 0 + 2) = 204 kHz

(d)
Doubling th e am plitude of m (t) roughly doubles the bandw idth o f th e both FM and PM. Doubling
the frequency o f m (t) (i.e. expanding the spectrum o f M ( ^ ) by a fa c to r 2 )has hardly any effect on the
FM bandw idth. However, it roughly doubles the bandw idth o f PM, indicating th a t th e PM spectrum is
sensitive to the shape o f th e baseband spectrum. The FM spectrum is relatively insensitive to th e nature
o f th e spectrum M ( ^ ) .

Solution of HW 10

Problem 5.3.1
= 9 to 1 0 H z .The final WBFM

As shown in the graph, th e NBFM generators f c1 = 2 0 0 K H z and

should have f c4 = 9 6 MHZ and A f 4 = 2 0 kH z .The to ta l factor of frequency m ultiplication needed is

M i. M2= =2000 to 2222.Because only frequency doubles are available, we find th a t Mt . M2=2 1 1 And
4fi

A/1 =

=9.7655 Hz. Now M 1=2 n 1 , M 1=2 n2, n1+n2=11, f c2=2 n 1f c1 and f c4=2 n 1 f c3. In order to find

f Lo , there are three possible relationships: f c3 = f c2 + f Lo, f Lo_ f c2.Each should be tested to determ ine
the one th a t w ill require 9 X 1 0 6 << f Lo << 1 0 X 1 0 6 .First we test f c3 = f c2 f Lo.This case
Leads to 96 MHz=fc 4 = 2 n2fc 3 = 2 n 2 (fc 2 / lo ) = 2 n 1+n 2 fc 1 2 n 2 f a = 2 11 (2 0 0 X 1 0 3 ) 2 n2 f ^
Thus we havefLo=2 _n 2 (4 .09 6 X 1 0 8 9 .6 X 1 0 8) = 2 _ n2( 3 .1 3 6 X 1 08).

In this case, if n2=5 then f Lo = 9 .8 M H z, which is in th e desired range. We w o n 't te st the o ther cases
since this one works. Thus, the final design M1=64, M2=32 and f Lo=9.8 M Hz. This givesf c2 = 2 n 1 f c1 =
1 2 .8 M H z, A f 2 = M 1 . A/1 =

2 5 H z , f c3 = ( f c2 f Lo) = 1 2 .8 9 .8 = 3 M H z. A f 3 = 62 5 H z

.This

band pass filte r used w ill be centered at 3 M Hz.

Problem 5.4.2
Given

th a t

f c = 10k H z , A f = 1 k H z

and

the

message

is

periodic

square

wave

of

period

resulting FM signal simply switches instantaneous frequency from 11kHz to 9 kHz and back over
one period. Thus
<PFM( t ) = A co s [2 0 0 07Tt +

2 0 0 0 n t]

over any given half period. Now, after the ideal d iffe re n tia to r

<Pf m ( t ) =

(2 0 0 0 0 n

200

07t)A co s [ 2 0 0 0 n t +

2 0 0 0 n t]

Next after th e envelope detector, th e o u tp u t w ill be a periodic square wave proportional to (2 0 0 0 0n +

2 0 0 0n )A , w ith a dc offset. A fter dc blocking, th e is a periodic square wave proportional to m(t).This is
illustrated in below figure:

Problem 5.4.3
s ( t ) = 2 c o s [ 1 0 7 n t + 2 s in ( 2 0 0 0 n t + 0 .3 n ) 3 nco s( 1 0 0 t ) ]
(a) The baseband bandw idth o f this angle -m o d u la te d signal is B= 2 000n = 1 ZcHz.

2n

Also

( )

Therefore

(
Aw = 43 0 0n

and

)
A / = 2 . 1 5 ZcHz.

(
Thus

BFM = 2 ( A / + B ) = 2 ( 2 .1 5 + 1 ) =

6.3 kHz
(b) Since s(t) is an angle -m o d u la te d signal w ith a constant am plitude of 2 , the o u tp u t of an ideal
envelope detector w ould be just a constant.
(c) If s(t) is firs t differentiated ,
S (t) = ( 2 ) ( 1) [1 0 7n + 4 0 0 0 n co s (2 0 0 0 n t + 0 .3n) + 3 0 0 n s in ( 1 0 0 t)] * s in [1 0 7 n t
+ 2 s in (2 0 0 0 n t + 0 .3n) 3 n c o s (1 0 0 t)]
Thus the o u tp u t o f the ideal envelope detector w ould be
2 [ 1 0 7n + 40 00n co s (2 0 0 0n t + 0 .3 n ) + 3 0 0n s in ( 1 0 0 t ) ]

(d) Clearly ,it is necessary to first differentiate the signal to obtain the message .If /e^=200n, then
. . 40007TSin(20007Tt+ 0. 37r) + 3007T sin(10 0t)
I .
1 I-
m (t)=------------ -------------------------------- (------1 = 2 0 c o s (2 0 0 0n t + 0 .3 n ) + 1 .5 s in ( 1 0 0 t )
kf