Sunteți pe pagina 1din 62

CE 544

SERVICEABILITY
Flexural Cracks, Beam Deflection
Related to Chapter 6, Textbook (Nilson)
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

Goals

Serviceability
Flexural Cracks
Beam deflection

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

Control of Flexural Cracks

Types of Cracks:

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

Control of Flexural Cracks

ACI Committee 224 Crack Limits:

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

Control of Flexural Cracks


ACI Code, sections 10.6.3 and 10.6.4 requires the flexural
tensile reinforcement should be well distributed within the
zone of maximum tension, so that the center-to-center spacing
of reinforcing closest to a tension surface is not greater than:

40000
40000
=
s 15
2.5cc 12
ACI Equation 10-4
fs
f s Nilson Textbook 6.3
2
f s = Computed tensile stress at working load (or f y )
3
cc = Clear cover of the nearest surface in tension to the
surface of the tensile reinforcement in inch.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

Control of Flexural Cracks

Calculating a flexural crack width (Gergely-Lutz Eqn.):

w = 0.076 f s d c A
3

Calculating a flexural crack width (Frosch Eqn.):

w
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

fs
s
2
2000
dc +
Es
2

Control of Flexural Cracks


w = 0.076 f s d c A
3

f
s
=
w 2000 s d c2 +
Es
2

w = estimated crack width in thousandths of inches


= ratio of the distance to the neutral axis from the
extreme tension concrete fiber to the distance from
the neutral axis to the centroid of the tensile steel.
(by working stress method)
f s = steel stress in ksi at service load (0.6 f y is permitted)
d c = the cover of the outermost bar measured from extreme
tension fiber to the center of closest bar or wire.
A = effective tension area of concrete around the main reinforcing
(with same centroid as the reinforcing) divided by number of bars.
s = maximum bar spacing (center to center).
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

permitted by the ACI 224 code


Use the (Gergely-Lutz Equation) for calculating the flexural crack width.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

Example (Cont.):

w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A

Example (Cont.):

Lets calculate all exactly assuming f 'c=3000psi

Ec = 57000

Ec = 3122.0186 ksi

We can find that the NA and Icr:


y = 9.0206 in (Nutral Axis Location from Top)

Icr = 13669.0831 in
=

hy
dy

h = 27 in

d = 24 in

dc = h d

A =

= 1.2003

n =

2( h d ) b
3

fc psi

= 2.5

Es
n = 9.2889

Ec
kip

Distributed Load

ft

moment =
fs =

Lb

Maximum Moment at the beam center

n moment ( d y )

Stress in tensile steel

Icr

w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
w = 0.0143 in

A = 32 in

d c = 3 in

moment = 3375 kip in

fs = 34.3525 ksi
w = 0.000076

in

kip

fs d c A

Compared to 0.015 in. by the inaccurate method.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

10

w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A

Example (Cont.):

Replace steel with 5 number 9 bars (f 'c=3000psi), As=5.0 in2


y = 9.252 in

(Nutral Axis Location from Top)

Icr = 14325.622 in

hy

d = 24 in

dc = h d

A =

2( h d ) b
5

= 1.2034

dy

moment =
fs =

h = 27 in

Lb

= 2.5

Distributed Load

ft

Maximum Moment at the beam center

n moment ( d y )

Stress in tensile steel

Icr

w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
w = 0.0114 in

kip

A = 19.2 in

d c = 3 in

moment = 3375 kip in

fs = 32.2724 ksi
w = 0.000076

in

kip

fs d c A

<0.012 in. and it is fine!

Compared to 0.0127 in. by inaccurate method


KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

11

w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A

Example (Cont.):

Replace steel with 6 number 8 bars (f 'c=3000psi), As=4.71 in2


y = 9.0428 in (Nutral Axis Location from Top)
Icr = 13731.5088 in
=

hy
dy

h = 27 in

d = 24 in

dc = h d

A =

2( h d ) b
6

= 1.2006

= 2.5

kip

Distributed Load

ft

moment =
fs =

Lb

Maximum Moment at the beam center moment = 3375 kip in

n moment ( d y )

Stress in tensile steel

Icr

w = 0.076 f s d c A
3

w = 0.0113 in

A = 16 in

d c = 3 in

fs = 34.1457 ksi
w = 0.000076

in

kip

fs d c A

Compared to 0.0119 in.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

12

Example (Cont.):
Calculating flexural crack width using (Frosch Equation)
for the two cases:

fs
s
2
=
dc +
w 2000
Es
2

16-2 3
0.6 60
in.
5
For 3#11 bars, s=
= 5 in., w= 2000
1.2 32 + = 11.63
2
29000
1000
2
2

w=
0.0116 in. < 0.012 in. O.K.-but very close to the limit!

16-2 3
0.6 60
in.
2
= 2 in., w= 2000
For 6#8 bars, s=
1.2 32 + = 9.42
5
29000
1000
2
2

=
w 0.0094 in. 0.01< 0.012 in. O.K.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

13

Example (Cont.):
Calculating flexural crack width using (Frosch Equation) for the two cases,
with exact calculated values for fs, etc, for 3#11 bars:
Frosch Method:
A b = 1.56 in

nb = 3

Calculate Maximum Bar Spacing, s:

fs
s
2
2000
dc +
Es
2

fs = 34355.1992 psi

wf = 2000

fs
Es

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

2
dc +

= 1.2003

b 2cover
nb 1

s = 5 in

d c = 3 in

1
2 1000

s

s =

wf = 0.0111 in
14

Example (Cont.):
Calculating flexural crack width using (Frosch Equation) for the two cases,
with exact calculated values for fs, etc, for 6#8 bars:
Frosch Method:
A b = 0.79 in

nb = 6

Calculate Maximum Bar Spacing, s:

fs
s
2000
d c2 +
Es
2

fs = 33944.0276 psi

wf = 2000

fs
Es

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

2
dc +

= 1.2009

b 2cover
nb 1

s = 2 in

d c = 3 in

1
2 1000

s

s =

wf = 0.0089 in
15

SERVICEABILITY
Flexural Cracks, Beam Deflection

Deflection Control
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

16

Deflection Control
Reasons to Limit Deflection
(1) Visual Appearance > 1 l are generally visible
( 25 ft. span

1.2 in. )

250

(2) Damage to Non-Structural (NS) Elements


-cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors/windows
(3) Disruption of function
-sensitive machinery, equipment
-ponding of rain water on roofs
(4) Damage to Structural Elements
-large deflections than serviceability problem
-(contact w/ other members may lead to modified load
paths)
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

17

Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min. thickness unless s are
computed, Beams or One-Way Slabs
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection

ACI Table 9.5(c) = min. thickness of slabs without


interior beams (Two-Way Slabs)

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

18

Table 6.1 Nilson Textbook

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

19

ACI Table 9.5(b)

Table 6.2 Nilson Textbook

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

20

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

21

Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs (no damageable Non-Structural elements
supported)

LL(inst )

l
180

Floors (no damageable Non-Structural elements


supported )

LL(inst )

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

360
22

Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements

480

(supported Non-Structural elements


likely damaged by large s)
Roof or Floor elements

l
240

(supported Non-Structural NS elements not likely to be


damaged by large s )

: Deflection occurring after attachment of


Non-Structural elements

allow : Need to consider the specific structures


function and characteristics.
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

23

Deflection of Flexural Members, a Review

Load-deflection behavior of a flexural member.


KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

24

Relationship between Curvature and Deflection


So, while linear, the moment curvature response for a RC section
can be written as:
d2y M
Curvature=
=
dx 2 EI
M = EI
Where EI is called the flexural rigidity of the section.
Note that the I (Moment of Inertia) is calculated using
the full section, considering the steel (equivalent area of
concrete for steel will be: [n -1]A s ) when section is NOT
cracked, and after cracking and while in linear behavior
range, the transformed section is used. Then equivalent area
for steel will be: nA s
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

25

NA

As

(n-1)As

yA

y=
A
I = I + ( y y )
i

n=

Es
Ec

Ai

Un-cracked
I = I i + ( yi y ) Ai
2

N.A.

dy

nAs

by 3 y
2
=
+ by + ( d y ) nAs
12 2
by 3
2
=
+ ( d y ) nAs
3

Cracked and linear


KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

26

Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation


For

I cr I e I gt (intermediate values of EI)

M
M
Brandon=
I e cr I gt + 1 cr I cr
derived:
M a
Ma
a

Mcr = Cracking Moment =


Igt

f r I gt

yt
= Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section

= Modulus of rupture = 7.5 f c


yt = Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber

fr

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

27

Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation


a

M cr
M cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr
M a
Ma
a

Ma = Maximum moment in member at loading stage for


which Ie ( ) is being computed or at any previous
loading stage
Ig = Moment of inertia of concrete section neglect
reinforcement
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

28

ACI Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation


3

M cr
M cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr (ACI 9-8)
M a
Ma
3

M cr
or: I e = I cr + ( I g I cr )

Ma
where: M cr =

f rI g
yt

f r = 7.5 f c'

(ACI 9-9)
(ACI 9-10)

I cr = Transformed Moment of Inertia of the cracked section


KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

29

Moment Vs curvature plot

M
EI

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

slope =

= EI

30

Moment Vs Slope Plot


The cracked beam starts to lose strength as the amount
of cracking increases

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

31

Modulus of Elasticity
For wc = 90 to 155 lb/ft3

Ec = c1.5 33 f c

( psi )

For normal weight concrete

Ec = 57000 f c

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

( psi )

32

Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)

The maximum moments for distributed load acting


on an indeterminate beam are given.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

33

Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)


A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous deflection
under service load
C - long time deflection under
service load
D and E - yielding of
reinforcement @ ends &
midspan
Note: Stiffness (slope) decreases as cracking progresses
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

34

Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)


For Continuous beams ACI 9.5.2.4 permits an average
of the Ie at the center and also ends

ACI 9.5.2.4 I e( avg


=
) 0.50 I e( mid ) + 0.25 ( I e1 + I e2 )
ACI Com. 435 Weight Average
2 ends continous :

1 end continous :

I e (avg ) = 0.70 I e (mid ) + 0.15(I e1 + I e2 ) I e (avg ) = 0.85 I e (mid ) + 0.15(I e1 )

I e( mid )

I e@=
midspan, I e1 I=
I e@ end 2
e @ end 1, I e2
I e at the center, same for all the beam for simply supported
I e at the support, same for all the beam for catilever

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

35

ACI 318 Section 9.5.2.4


9.5.2.4 For continuous members, Ie shall be
permitted to be taken as the average of values
obtained from Eq. (9-8) for the critical positive and
negative moment sections. For prismatic members, Ie
shall be permitted to be taken as the value obtained
from Eq. (9-8) at midspan for simple and continuous
spans, and at support for cantilevers.
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

36

Cracked Transformed Section


(used in ACI equation)

Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced Rectangular


Section
y
y

2
by + nAs y= by + nAs d
by + nAs d

2
y
A

i i
2

=
y=

2
b
y
nA
A
+
0
i
s
y + nAs y nAs d =
2
2nAs
2nAs d
2
0
Solve for the quadratic for y y + b y b =

You can get directly to here


if you write the first mom
ent of area w.r.t assumed NA

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

37

Cracked Transformed Section


(used in ACI equation)

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

y +
2

2nAs

2nAs d

=0

b
b
1 3
2
I cr = by + nAs (d y )
3
Note:

n=

Es
Ec

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

38

Cracked Transformed Section


Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section

y +
2

2(n 1)As + 2nAs

2(n 1)As + 2nAs d

=0

I cr = by + (n 1)As ( y d ) + nAs (d y )
3
1

Note:

n=

Es
Ec

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

39

Cracked Transformed Section


Finding the neutral axis location of doubly
reinforced T-Section

y +
2

2t (be bw ) + 2(n 1)As + 2nAs

bw

(
be bw ) t 2 + 2(n 1)As + 2nAs d

=0

bw

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

40

Cracked Transformed Section


Finding the moment of inertia for a doubly reinforced TSection
2

1
t 1
3

3
I=
be y + bet y + bw ( y t )
cr
12
2
3

beam

flange

+ ( n 1) As ( y d ) + nAs ( d y )

steel

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

41

Calculate the Deflections


(1) Instantaneous (immediate) deflections
(2) Sustained load deflection
Instantaneous Deflections
due to dead loads( unfactored) , live, etc.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

42

Calculate the Deflections


Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating inst for common cases

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

43

Calculate the Deflections


Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating inst for common cases

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

44

Calculate the Deflections


Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating inst for common cases

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

45

Calculate the Deflections


Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating inst for common cases

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

46

Load Deflections
I e at the center, same for all the beam for simply supported
I e at the support, same for all the beam for catilever

3
M 3
M cr
cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr
M
M

a
a

For instantaneous dead load deflection use the Ma to find Ie and the proper
equation to get the deflection
D ( Inst )

For dead load and live load use the Ma (under both dead and live loads) to
find Ie and the proper equation to get the deflection for both

D+L (total) = D+L( inst ) =

D( inst ) + L(inst )

Calculated together due to non-linearity

For instantaneous live load deflection, deduct the instantaneous dead load
deflection from above

L(inst) = D+L( inst ) D(inst )


KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

47

Sustained Load Deflections


Creep causes an increase
in concrete strain
Compression steel
present
Helps limit this
effect.

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

Curvature
increases

Increase in compressive
strains cause increase in
stress in compression
reinforcement (reduces
creep strain in concrete)

48

Sustained Load Deflections


Sustain load deflection = i
Additional to the instantaneous deflectioncaused by creep and shrinkage.

1 + 50

Instantaneous deflection

(Eq. 9-11)

ACI 9.5.2.5

(Equation 6.11 in Nilson Textbook)

As
bd

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

at midspan for simple and continuous


beams
at support for cantilever beams
49

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

50

Sustained Load Deflections


Sustain load deflection = i

Instantaneous deflection

For concrete strengths 4000 psi and above (called HighStrength Concrete, HSC), test results have shown that the
following equation is more realistic:.

=
1 + 50

(Equation 6.12 in Nilson Textbook)

f c
Where: = 1.4 10, 000

0.4 1.0
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

(Equation 6.13 in Nilson Textbook)

51

Sustained Load Deflections


= time dependent factor for sustained load
5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months

2.0
1.4
1.2
1.0

Figure 9.5.2.5 from


ACI code
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

52

Sustained Load Deflections


For dead and live loads (Total Deflection, including instantaneous and longterm)

total
=

D( inst ) + L( inst )

+ D( L.T.) + L( L.T.)

Calculated together due to non-linearity

(L.T stands for Long Term, sometimes instead


of writing D or L you may see DL or LL
in some texts or references.)
DL (or D) and LL (or L) may have different factors for LT ( long term )
calculations

after attachment of
total

N/S
component
s

= total D(inst )

Note that this is the total deflection that can happen AFTER we attach
the N/S (Non Structural) parts (excluding the instantanious dead load
deflection happend at the very beginning!)
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

53

Sustained Load Deflections


For dead and live loads (TOTAL, which means instantaneous and long-term)

LT(

Total Long Term)

= D + L + D + t SL( sustained portion of LL )

D+ L

For deflection after the initial dead load deflection (because that is what
to be considered in 3rd and 4th parts of ACI Table 9.5 (b):

LT

=
L + D + t SL( sustained portion of LL )

Long Term without instantaneous dead load

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

54

A note on Sustained Load Deflections

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

55

Process to evaluate the deflection under sustained


and also short term load
(Nilson Textbook)

The general process when a beam is under a sustained load


"w" and subject to a short term heavy load "P" can be
summarized as:
1- Calculate instantaneous deflection due to "w": iw
2- Calculate additional long-term deflection by "w": tw = iw
3- Total deflection: =
iw + tw
w
4- P's instantaneous deflection=
: ip i(w+p) iw
5- Total deflection under sustained load and short term load P:
=
w + ip
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

56

Example 1:

=
E c 57000
=
3000 3122018 psi=3122 ksi
E s 29000
E s = 29000 ksi n =
=
9
Ec
3122

=
f r 7.5
=
f c 7.5 =
3000 410.79 psi
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

57

Example 1(Cont.):
3
M 3
M cr
cr
=
Ie
=
wD
I g + 1
I cr (ACI 9-8)
M
M
a
a

1=
klf, wL 0.7 klf

y
= 9 3 (17 y ) 6 y 2 = 459 27 y
2
(Note: area of each bar=1.0 in 2 ) y =
6.78 in.
1
3
2
Icr = 12 ( 6.78 ) + 27 (10.22 ) =4067 in.4
3
(12 y )

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

58

Example 1(Cont.):
ACI Equation 9-8

3
M 3
M cr
cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr (ACI 9-8)
M
M
a
a

wD + L = 1.7 klf

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

59

Example 1(Cont.):

D + SL

D + SL
D + SL
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

60

Example 1(Cont.):

(this is the total deflection that can happen after the


initial dead load deflection)

Note that the total deflection, including all deflections is:

Total = D + L + D + 3 years SL
Total
= 0.467 + 2 0.245 + 1.8 0.07
= 1.083 in.
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

61

Homework

Problems: 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 (Nilson Textbook)


Due: See class website

KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)

62

S-ar putea să vă placă și