ECE 523:

Symmetrical Components

Session 5; Page 1/8

Fall 2015

ECE 523: Lecture 5

An unbalanced n-phase set of phasors can be represented by n-1 balanced
n-phase sets of phasors and a zero phase set of phasors all added together by
superposition.
Va = Va1 Va2 Va3 Van
Vb = Vb1 Vb2 Vb3 Vbn
etc.
Vn = Vn1 Vn2 Vn3 Vn n

Define a generalized phase angle shift term "a":

j

a=e

2
n

Note for a three phase

system:

a e

2
3

arg a 120 deg

Now make a into a function that depends on n. Leave n as a variable we can define.
For now set a value
n 6
a n 1e

2
n

We can also define an array index, and have terms that vary as this increments.
i 0 1 n 1

Polar plot, with

magnitude anangle
as "i" increments
Set line type to
"stem" in the
properties
Note that we can't
tell which way it
rotates as "i"
increments

90

a ( n)

180

0
0.999 1 1.001

270

arg a ( n)

ECE 523:
Symmetrical Components

Session 5; Page 2/8

Fall 2015

This time we will actually

show the powers of "a"

90

a ( n)
a ( n)
a ( n)
a ( n)

0
1
2

180

0.999

0
1.001

270

arg a ( n)

arg a ( n) 1 arg a ( n) 2 arg a ( n) 3

Now look at the balanced n-phase sets:

Define an initial magnitude and angle reference: V1ref 1.0e j 15deg

Phase relationship for phase sequence 1:

Vabc1 i a n
90

Vabc1 ( i)

180

0.999

270
arg Vabc1 ( i)

0
1.001

ni

V1ref

ECE 523:
Symmetrical Components

Session 5; Page 3/8

Fall 2015

Phase relationship for phase sequence 2:

V2ref 1.1e j 5deg

Vabc2 i a n

2( ni)

V2ref

Relationship for phase sequence "n"

Vnref 0.5e j 45deg

Vabcn i a n

n( ni)

Vnref

Try entering different

values of n

Sums of columns

First the zero column:

n

Col_0

Vabcn i

Col_0 3

arg Col_0 45 deg

i1

Col_0
0.5
n

Col_0 V
n
nref 0

Now the "1" column (multiply terms by ai):

i

a n V

i1
n

Col_1

abc1

Col_1 6
Col_1
1
n

Repeat same multiplier on column 2 and column 0

i
a n Vabc2 i
n

Col_21

i1

Col_21 0

arg Col_1 15 deg

ECE 523:
Symmetrical Components

Session 5; Page 4/8

Fall 2015

i
a n Vabcn i
n

Col_01

Col_01 0

i1

Now the "2" column (multiply terms by a2i):

2 i
a n Vabc2 i
n

Col_2

arg Col_2 5 deg

Col_2 6.6

i1

Col_2 V
n
2ref 0

Repeat same multiplier on column 1 and column 0

2 i
a n Vabc1 i

Col_12 0

2 i
a n Vabcn i

Col_02 0

Col_12

i1
n

Col_02

i1

Matrix relation (for n = 6)

1 1
C012345
6 1

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

12

a 6

a 6

a 6

12

a 6

16

a 6

a 6

10

a 6

15

a 6

20

5
a 6

10
a 6
15
a 6
20
a 6
25
a 6
1

ECE 523:
Symmetrical Components

6C012345

1
1

1
1
1

C012345 1

Note
that:

Session 5; Page 5/8

Fall 2015

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i 0.5 0.87i

1
1

1
1
1

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i 1 0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i 0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i 1 0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i 0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i
0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i
1

0.5 0.87i 1 0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i 0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i 1 0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i
0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

0.5 0.87i

a 6 0.5 0.87i

a 6 0.5 0.87i

a 6 0.5 0.87i

a 6 0.5 0.87i

a 6 1
3

a 6 1
6

and so on.....

Compare matrix inverse with 6 times the complex conjugate (element by element)

0
0

C012345 1 6 C012345
0
0
0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

Set tolerance value.....

ECE 523:
Symmetrical Components

Session 5; Page 6/8

Fall 2015

Replace the 1/n term with SQRT(n)/n = 1/SQRT(n) to give a power invariant transform:

1 1
Calt

6 1

0
0
Calt 1 Calt
0
0
0

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

a 6

12

a 6

a 6

a 6

12

a 6

16

a 6

a 6

10

a 6

15

a 6

20

5
a 6

10
a 6
15
a 6
20
a 6
25
a 6
1

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

Finally, we can derive the reverse transformation:

We know that:

Vb1 = a 1 Va1

This time we are trying to shift Va1 to Vb1

Note that:
an = 1

and

Therefore:

a n a 1 = a n1

Effectively added 360

degrees

a 1 = a n1

This repeats for integer multiples of n

Check with actual values:

a n

a n

n1

a n

a n

n2

ECE 523:
Symmetrical Components

Session 5; Page 7/8

Fall 2015

"2" term:

"1" term:

"n-1" term:

Vb1 = a n 1 Va1

Vb2 = a n 2 Va2

Vb_nm1 = a Va_nm1

Vc1 = a n 2 Va1

Vc2 = a n4 Va2

Vc_nm1 = a 2 Va_nm1

Vd1 = a n 3 Va1

Vd2 = a n6 Va2

Vd_nm1 = a 3 Va_nm1

etc.

etc.

etc.

n 6

1
1
1
1
1

1 a 1
a 2
a 3
a 4

a 4
a 6
a 8
1 a 2
A012345 =
3
a 6
a 9
a 12
1 a

4
a 8
a 12
a 16
1 a
1 a ( n1) a 2( n1) a 3( n1) a 4( n1)

( n1)
a

2( n1)
a

a 3( n1)

a 4( n1)
a 5( n1)
1

Lets rewrite this a bit, realizing that n = 6

1
A012345 =
1

1
1

n1

n2

n3

n4

a n2

a n4

a n3 a 2n6

a 2n6

a 2n8

a 2n9 a 2n12

a n4 a 2n8 a 2n12 a 3n16

a n5 a 2n10 a 3n15 a 4n20

1 1

a n5 1 a 5

2n10
a
1 a4
=
a 3n15 1 a 3

a 4n20 1 a 2
a 4n25 1 a
1

a2 a0 a4
a0 a3 a0
a4 a0 a2
a2 a3 a4

a2

a3

a4
a 5

ECE 523:
Symmetrical Components

1
A012345
1

C012345 1 A012345

Session 5; Page 8/8

Fall 2015

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

a n

0
0

0
0
0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

a n

2
a n
3
a n
4
a n
5
a n
1