i.

When their communication starts, it will continue

running for relatively longer period of time and at
a steady rate. Would a packet switched network
or a circuit switched network more appropriate
for this kind of network? Why?

Ans:
A circuit-switched network would be more appropriate to the
application, as the application involves long sessions. Since the
transmission rate is known and not unpredictable, bandwidth
can be utilized for each session. We had not to use packet
switched network for such flexible requirements.
If a link connecting two end nodes can support a
transmission rate of 100 and it can support up to 20
simultaneous connections. If circuit switching is used,
what will be the available transmission rate to nodes
and .
Ans: As in circuit switching we have to reserve the resources,
for each node so in this case transmission rate would be
equally divided on each node, 50 Mbps approx. for each node
i.e. 50Mbps for node A and 50Mbps for node B.
Suppose that a packet switched network is used and the
only traffic in this network comes from these nodes as
described above. What will be the available
transmission rate to the link connecting nodes and ?
Is some form of congestion control needed? Why?
Ans: In case when packet switching is used transmission rate
will vary depending upon availability of the nodes, if one node
is transmitting at a time it may transmit data at 100Mbps, I
think that congestion control would be needed as packet data is
being used and packet delay or loss may occur so for
controlling that we must require congestion control for reliable
data transfer

Suddenly other hosts also start communicating over the

link being used by and . How would your answers to
(b) and (c) will change? For both circuit switched and
packet switched cases, would the network delays
experience by and be constant or time varying?
Ans: For other hosts in scenario of circuit switching 100Mbps
would be equally distributed and reserved for all the hosts,
whether they are active or not but in the case of packet
switching the availability of the hosts would matter for
allocating the transmission rate. No delay would be
experienced by circuit switched network as its behaviour is
guaranteed, and in case of packet data delays would be
experienced and they would be varying , depending upon size
of packet and transmission rate allocated to that node.

Suppose that a copper cable connects two nodes

(devices) located 600km apart. Assume that
propagation speed in the given cable is 2x10^8ms-1.
(a)
What is the propagation delay at this link?
Ans: As we know Propagation delay = d/s,
Where d = length of physical link
s = propagation speed in medium
d=600km=600000 m =6X10^5
s=2x10^8
d/s= 6x10^5/2x10^8=0.003 secs
Suppose that nodes can transmit at a rate of 10Mbps.
What is the transmission delay for packet of length 1250
bytes?
Ans: as we know
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
time to send bits into link = L/R
R=10Mbps =10^7 bps

L=1250 bytes = 10000 bits

L/R = 10^7/10^4 =1000
Assuming that only these two nodes are using the link
at a given time and there is negligible processing delay,
what is the throughput that the destination node can
obtain via this link?
Ans: As we know throughput is rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver, so for our scenario
throughput is
Total rate total delay
Total delay
d nodal d proc d trans d prop
= neglecting+1000+0.03
=1000.03

Total rate
2x10^8 m/s
Throughput= 2X10^8-1000.03= 199998999.97 m/s rate ans