Assessing Opportunities To Exploit Stranded Power - Andrew Chien

11/14/15
Assessing Opportunities to Exploit

Stranded Power
Andrew A. Chien
*University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory
w/ Fan Yang, Rich Wolski (UCSB), Victor Zavala, Kibaek Kim
(Argonne)
UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
October 29, 2015
October 29, 2015
Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)
Outline
What is Stranded Power?
Understanding Stranded Power
Exploiting Stranded power
Looking Forward (Grid, RPS)
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
Scopes of Energy Efficiency
Rack, Data center
Talk Focus
Power Distribution, Power Grid

Generators
October 29, 2015
Stranded Power
Grid economic management mechanisms can cause renewable power to
be stranded
Ramps, Transmission Congestion or Shortage, Correlated Production
MISO down dispatched 2.2TWH of wind in 2014

Equivalent to 251 MW average; ~2%, MISO: Success!
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
UNDERSTANDING
STRANDED POWER
October 29, 2015
Mid-continent Independent System

Operator (MISO)
15 states, serves 42M
people
130 GW peak load,
>500TWh/year
$37B Power (2014)
413 Market participants
>2,000 pricing nodes
>65,000 miles
transmission
$2.2B transmission
charges
~10% Wind generated
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
Transformation of the Power Industry and

Power Grid
Power Grid in 1975
Power Grid in 2015
Vertically integrated
Separation of generation
Few, Large fixed
and distribution
Explosion in large-scale
distributed renewables
Highly variable
Generators
Loads same
generation sites
Large loads,
geographically fixed, 2x
dynamic cyclic
Central Control
October 29, 2015
Economic Dispatch,
open market, Localized
Pricing
Renewable Variation and Economic

Dispatch in MISO
Capability
Price info
Feasible
Cheapest
Green
Fair
Fast (5-minute increments)
+ Reliable
+As much as you want
Technical: Generators bid Eco_max,min, and price
curves hourly
Economic: Global optimization, focused on Merit order,
Day-ahead Market, Real-time Market
Control: 5-minute dispatch (with 4-second adjustments)
Payments determined by actual deliveries
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
Locational Marginal Pricing and Local

Outcomes
Transmission
Constraints
Generation Offered
Schedule
& Prices
MISO Market
Market prices based on the incremental cost of each MWh

Variation+Transmission+Economics: Complex, coupled behavior
Produces wide variation at the edge (generators)
LMP => the market price for the generator
October 29, 2015
Wind Power Pricing
10
Minnesota
Hub
Feast and famine

Variable Generation
Prices from $100 to -$50 [Range is wider now]
Generators Goal: a good Average Price
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
11
Example Site - Timeline
<add python timeline plot>
Price vs. Time [2015: Jan-April]
October 29, 2015
Hours
12
$$/MWh
Example Site Timeline (zoom)
<add python timeline plot>
Hours
Price vs. Time, Unit 8238, January 2015
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
13
Example Site Stranded Power
EcoMax (potential) vs Delivered [2015: Jan-April]
October 29, 2015
14
Stranded Power
Precise model: Instantaneous
Power with no economic value, for a 5-minute interval
Define: LMP0 as LMP < $0 / MWh
Define LMP(x) as LMP < $x / MWh
LMP0, LMP1, LMP2, ... LMP5
$32/MWh is average for MISO
So, LMP5 is power 6x lower than the average price
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
15
Analysis of a Power Grid Market

MISO Market Records Properties
Period
Jan 1, 2013-Apr
14, 2015
28.5 Months
Generation Sites
1,259 Total
200 Wind
5-min Intervals
76.9M Total
36.6M Wind
Power
1,188 TWh Total
89 TWh Wind
$$ Revenue
$95 Billion
$4 Billion
October 29, 2015
16
Wind Sites, SP Duty Factor: LMP0
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
17
LMP Stranded Power vs Price Threshold

($/MWh)
October 29, 2015
18
Interval Sizes, LMP
Best Single Site
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
19
Stranded Power, V2
A 2nd stranded power model
NetPrice (average over a longer period)
Offer a good deal to the generator for the entire period
Idea: smooth out the fluctuations
NetPrice(C): NetPrice < C (C = $0,$1,...,$5)
October 29, 2015
20
Wind Sites, SP Duty Factor: NetPrice0
10
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
21
NetPrice Stranded Power vs Price

Threshold ($/MWh)
October 29, 2015
22
NetPrice Stranded Power: Intervals (by

Count), NetPrice5
Best Single Site
11
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
23
NetPrice Stranded Power: Intervals (by

time), NetPrice5
Best Single Site
October 29, 2015
24
Lots of Stranded Power
12
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
25
Dispatchable Loads: Approach

Idea: Create on-demand computational loads that can
exploit the stranded power

Reduce grid waste and increases stability
Provides greater financial return for renewable generators
A means to achieve higher RPS and lower grid costs
Two types
Spot Instances, Preemptible instances, Peer to Peer, Desktop Grid
High-Performance Computing
October 29, 2015
26
DISPATCHABLE COMPUTING
LOADS: CLOUD SERVICES
13
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
27
Zero-carbon Cloud (ZCCloud)
Build distributed computing servers that act as a
dispatchable load
Start on demand when there is stranded power
Consume the power, continuously while available
Shutdown gracefully when the power is no longer available
October 29, 2015
28
Amazons Spot Instance Model
(Courtesy Amazon)
Execute a virtual machine or container at a time when
the computing is below a bid price

Start time + End time: dictated by the system
Queue of persistent and new spot requests
14
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
29
DISPATCHABLE COMPUTING
LOADS: HIGHPERFORMANCE COMPUTING
October 29, 2015
30
Batch High-Performance Computing

Model
Large
Parallel
jobs
Batch
Scheduler
Results
Parallel
Computing
Resources
Execute a parallel job (array of machines or VMs), 1-16,384

Start time + End time: dictated by the system (jobs request runtime)
Queue of new parallel job requests
15
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
31
Traditional Data Center System Limits
October 29, 2015
32
Augmenting Mira with ZCCloud
10 Petaflops, 4MW, 786K Cores
2nd System of the Same Size

10 Petaflops, 4MW, 786K Cores
16
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
33
ALCF Workload Traces

Mira: #5 Supercomputer in the World
IBM Blue Gene/Q System, 768K Cores, 10 Petaflops
Period
Dec 31, 2013 Dec

30, 2014
# of Jobs
78,795
Runtime (Hours)
Range: 0.004 to 82
Average: 1.7, StDev:

3.0
# Nodes
Range: 1 48K
Average: 1,975,
StDev: 4,100
October 29, 2015
34
Basic Performance, by Workload Shape
Understanding Intermittent Resources

Adding resources translates into Improved Performance
Even better than basic capacity increase (1.5x)
Shape doesnt matter
17
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
35
Performance, by Job Size
Understanding Intermittent Resources

Performance improvement Overall, but varies with size
Benefit Weighted heavily to large, capability jobs
Insights for system mgmt?
October 29, 2015
36
Performance, by Ontime or Late
Ontime jobs can complete in the current volatile

resource available window
Late jobs cannot (arrived too late)
Ontime jobs benefit more! But Late jobs benefit as
well...
18
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
37
Performance, by Stranded Power Model
LMP models lower duty factor produces less benefit

Some loads are infeasible
Netprice high duty factors provide growing benefit
October 29, 2015
38
Performance, Equal Duty Factor
LMP models provide lower duty factor

LMP models perform worse than periodic model with
equal duty
NetPrice models can provide higher duty factors
Can provide better performance
19
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
39
Related Work
Integration of Renewables into the Power Grid
Wind Vision, CAISO, Grid expansion, Power Markets
Energy-efficiency in Data Centers
Power Distribution, Dynamic Management, Energy Proportional
Computing, Drowsy management
Solar Augment and LT-Purchase for Wind, Colocation
A good thing generally, support the finances of renewable power
Create covariation with renewables in the grid: counter-variation of
load (bad)
Follow the Sun
Closest, create co-varying load (good)
ZCCloud: New volatile computing resource model
October 29, 2015
40
Summary
Stranded power is a growing challenge for
renewables
Computational Dispatchable loads are promising
Benefits grids and renewable generators
Cloud Services Evaluation

Initial Economic Evaluation
High Performance Computing Evaluation

Intermittent resources can be gracefully integrated
Stranded Power models are important
20
11/14/15
October 29, 2015
41
Looking Forward
What other uses of stranded power are feasible?
Lightweight manufacturing
Opportunistic tasks: Carbon removal? Reduction?
What opportunities are there to create higher value
computing services from intermittent energy?

Combining sites
Intelligent migration
What benefits can dispatchable loads accrue to the grid?

Increased stability, reduced operating margin
Increased ability to exploit renewable power
Partial Load shifting
October 29, 2015
42
BENEFITS OF DISPATCHABLE
LOADS FOR GRID
21

Assessing Opportunities To Exploit Stranded Power - Andrew Chien

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Assessing Opportunities To Exploit Stranded Power - Andrew Chien

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

11/14/15

Assessing Opportunities to Exploit

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Scopes of Energy Efficiency

Rack, Data center

Power Distribution, Power Grid

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Grid economic management mechanisms can cause renewable power to

MISO down dispatched 2.2TWH of wind in 2014

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Mid-continent Independent System

~10% Wind generated

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Transformation of the Power Industry and

Power Grid in 2015

Few, Large fixed

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Renewable Variation and Economic

Technical: Generators bid Eco_max,min, and price

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Locational Marginal Pricing and Local

Market prices based on the incremental cost of each MWh

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Wind Power Pricing

Feast and famine

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Example Site - Timeline

<add python timeline plot>

Price vs. Time [2015: Jan-April]

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Example Site Timeline (zoom)

<add python timeline plot>

Price vs. Time, Unit 8238, January 2015

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Example Site Stranded Power

EcoMax (potential) vs Delivered [2015: Jan-April]

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Analysis of a Power Grid Market

1,188 TWh Total

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

Wind Sites, SP Duty Factor: LMP0

October 29, 2015

Opportunities Stranded Power (UCSB-IEE)

LMP Stranded Power vs Price Threshold

October 29, 2015