2 - en - ROUTE - v7 - Ch02 PDF

Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)
Chapter 2:
EIGRP Implementation
Elaborated by: Ing. Ariel Germn

For: ITLA
Based on: Foundation Learning Guide
CCNP ROUTE 300-101
Diane Teare, Bob Vachon, Rick Graziani
2015
ROUTE v6 Chapter 2
2007 2012, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Chapter 2 Topics
Establishing EIGRP Neighbor Relationships
Building the EIGRP Topology Table
Optimizing EIGRP Behavior

Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
Named EIGRP Configuration
Summary
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Establishing
EIGRP
Neighbor
Relationships
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Upon completion of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe EIGRP characteristics.
Describe how EIGRP ensures reliable transport.
Describe the steps that EIGRP follows to add routes to the routing table.
Change EIGRP timers.
Describe where EIGRP adjacencies are formed in a Frame Relay network.
Describe where EIGRP adjacencies are formed in a Layer 3 MPLS VPN network.
Describe where EIGRP adjacencies are formed in a Layer 2 MPLS VPN Ethernet
network.
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EIGRP Features
Fast convergence: Using Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL).
Partial updates: Partial triggered updates only to required routers.
Multiple network layer support: Using Protocol Dependent Modules
(PDM).
Use of multicast and unicast: EIGRP for IPv4 uses 224.0.0.10, and
EIGRP for IPv6 uses FF00::A.
VLSM support: Support discontinuous subnetworks.

Seamless connectivity across all data link layer protocols and
topologies: EIGRP does not require special configuration to work across
any Layer 2 protocols.
Sophisticated metric: EIGRP represents metric values in a 32-bit format
to provide enough granularity. EIGRP supports unequal metric load
balancing.
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EIGRP Features
One of the key technologies used in EIGRP is RTP
(Reliable Transport Protocol).
RTP is the component of the EIGRP responsible for
guaranteed, ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all
neighbors.
It supports intermixed transmission of multicast or unicast

packets.
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EIGRP Operation Overview

Operation of the EIGRP protocol is based on the information
stored in three tables: neighbor table, topology table, and the
routing table.
The main information stored in the neighbor table is a set of
neighbors with which EIGRP router has established adjacencies.
The topology table contains all destination routes advertised by
the neighbor routers. For each neighbor, an advertised metric is
recorded. Another important information is the metric that a
router uses to reach the same destination.
The route with the best metric to the destination is called the
successor and is placed in the routing table and advertised to the
other neighbors.
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EIGRP Operation Overview

The process to establish and discover neighbor routes
occurs simultaneously with EIGRP:
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Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4
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When the passive-interface default command is used
under the EIGRP process, the router immediately stops
sending and receiving hello packets and routing updates on
all interfaces.
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Manipulating EIGRP Timers

EIGRP determines default timer values based on link type.
If default values are not suitable for a specific network
topology, you can manipulate values of hello and hold
timers.
EIGRP hello and hold timers between neighbors do not
need to be identical to successfully establish EIGRP
neighbor relationship.
However, asymmetrical timers may lead to flapping EIGRP

neighbor relationships and network instability.
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Manipulating EIGRP Timers

To change the EIGRP timers, you can use the interface
configuration commands:
ip hello-interval eigrp as-number hello-time-interval
ip hold-time eigrp as-number hold-time-interval
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EIGRP Neighbor Relationship over Frame

Relay
Frame Relay supports two different interface types:
Multipoint logical interfaces emulating a multiaccess network
Point-to-point physical interfaces or logical point-to-point subinterfaces
When configuring EIGRP over point-to-multipoint subinterfaces, a

single IP subnet is used.
To enable EIGRP to send multicast packets over Frame, you must add
the broadcast keyword in the Frame Relay static mapping statement
using the frame-relay map ip ip-address dlci broadcast interface
configuration command.
Partial-mesh Frame Relay networks must deal with the possibility

of the split horizon.
When configuring EIGRP over point-to-point subinterfaces, a
different IP subnet is used for each subinterface.
Multicast traffic will be transmitted without need for any additional
configuration.
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Establishing EIGRP over Layer 3 MPLS VPN

When you connect branch offices over Layer 3 Multiprotocol Label
Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN), you can establish
EIGRP routing protocol directly with the service provider.
Provider-edge (PE) routers participate in customer routing, guaranteeing optimum
routing between customer sites.
PE routers carry a separate set of routes for each customer.
The backbone routers in SP network are hidden from the view of the
customer, and CE routers are unaware of the Layer 3 MPLS VPN.
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Establishing EIGRP over Layer 2 MPLS VPN

A point-to-point MPLS L2 VPN solution is where an MPLS backbone
provides a Layer 2 Ethernet point-to-point connection between the
customer routers.
This solution is not very scalable as the number of your branch offices rises.
In the case of the multipoint MPLS L2 VPN solution, all routers belong
to the same shared L2 broadcast domain.
When you establish EIGRP neighbor relationships on the shared

segment, every router on the segment will be neighbor with all other
routers.
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Building the EIGRP Topology

Table
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Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to do the following:

Describe how EIGRP neighbors exchange routing information.
Describe how EIGRP chooses the best path through the network.
Describe how EIGRP metric gets calculated.
Calculate EIGRP metric.

Describe how the feasibility condition prevents loops in EIGRP networks.
Understand EIGRP path selection process.
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Building and Examining the EIGRP Topology

Table
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Table
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Table
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Table
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Table
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Table
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Choosing the Best Path

EIGRP uses DUAL to calculate the best path to a
destination network.
DUAL calculates this composite metric by adding two
values:
The first value is the metric from neighboring router to the destination
network. This value is reported to the router and is called the reported
distance (RD), also known as Advertised Distance (AD).
The second value is the metric from the local router to the router that
reported the first value.
The router will choose the one with the smallest composite
metric and consider it the best path to the given destination.
The selected value is called feasible distance (FD).
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The route with the smallest metric is called the successor route
and the next-hop router is called the successor.
Multiple successors may exist if they have the same FD to the
destination network. In this case, EIGRP tries to insert all the
successor routes into the routing table (up to 4).
A feasible successor is a next-hop router with a loop-free path
that has a larger cost to the destination than the successor.
The router uses a simple rule that requires that the RD of an
alternative backup route is always smaller than the FD of the best
path. This is called the feasibility condition.
Routes that satisfy this condition are considered as backup
routes and aren called feasible successor routes.
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DUAL Example (taken from ROUTEv6)

10.1.1.0 /24
Router D
EIGRP FD
(1)
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
via B
via C
Successor
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
Router C
Router E
EIGRP FD
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
via B
via D
via E
EIGRP FD
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
Successor
via D
Feasible Successor
via C
Successor
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10.1.1.0 /24
Router D
EIGRP FD
(1)
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
via B
via C
Successor
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
Router C
Router E
EIGRP FD
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
via B
via D
via E
EIGRP FD
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
Successor
via D
Feasible Successor
via C
Successor
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10.1.1.0 /24
Router D
EIGRP FD
10.1.1.0 /24
AD Topology
-1
***** ACTIVE ******
via E
(1)
via C
(2)
Q
(2)
(Q) Query
5
(Q) Query
Q = Query
Q
(1)
(1)
Router C
Router E
EIGRP FD
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
via B
via D
via E
EIGRP FD
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
Successor
via D
Feasible Successor
via C
Successor
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10.1.1.0 /24
Router D
EIGRP FD
10.1.1.0 /24
AD Topology
-1
***** ACTIVE ******
via E
(1)
via C
(Q) Query
5
Q = Query
(2)
(2)
(1)
= Reply
(1)
Router C
EIGRP FD
10.1.1.0 /24
via B
AD Topology
***** Passive *****
1
via D
via E
Successor
Router E
EIGRP FD
10.1.1.0 /24
-1
***** ACTIVE ******
via D
via C
AD Topology
(Q) Query
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10.1.1.0 /24
Router D
EIGRP FD
(1)
AD Topology
10.1.1.0 /24
***** Passive *****
via C
Successor
via E
Successor
Q = Query
(2)
(2)
(1)
= Reply
R
(1)
Router C
Router E
EIGRP FD
10.1.1.0 /24
via B
via D
AD Topology
***** Passive *****
1
Successor
EIGRP FD
10.1.1.0 /24
via C
AD Topology
***** Passive *****
3
Successor
via D
via E
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Exchange of Routing Knowledge in EIGRP

Before routers exchange their routing information, they must
establish the EIGRP neighbor relationship.
Session establishment is followed by an immediate exchange of
update packets, which advertise the routing information from the
EIGRP topology table.
Keep in mind that only the best routes are advertised to the
neighbors (the successor routes).
In addition to the received routing information, the topology table

has two other local sources:
Subnets of directly connected interfaces on which EIGRP has been
enabled using the network command.
Subnets learned by redistribution of routes into EIGRP from other routing
protocols or routing information sources
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EIGRP Metric
EIGRP uses a composite metric to determine the best path to the
destination.
The metrics value derives from a formula that can use the following
parameters:
Bandwidth: Least value of the bandwidth for all links between the local router and the
destination.
Delay: Cumulative delay obtained as sum of values of all delays for all links between
the source and destination.
Reliability: This value represents the worst reliability between source and destination
(based on keepalives).
Load: This value represents the worst load on the link between the source and the
destination (based on the packet rate and the configured bandwidth of the interface).
MTU It is only used as a tie-breaker, when the router needs to ignore some
equal-cost paths to the same destination, because of too many equal-cost
paths.
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EIGRP Metric
By default, EIGRP uses only bandwidth and delay to
calculate the metric.
The components used for the metric calculation are
determined by the metric weights, or K values.
Default K values are: K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0.
Use the show ip protocols command to verify K values.
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EIGRP Metric Calculation

To calculate composite metric to the given destination,
EIGRP uses the following formula:
Metric = [(K1 * Bandwidth + [(K2 * Bandwidth) / (256
Load)] + K3 * Delay) * K5/(K4 + Reliability)] * 256
If you take into account default K1K3 values, K1=K3=1,
and K2=0, the formula reduces to:
Metric = (Bandwidth + Delay) * 256
Note that changing the K values is not recommended.
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EIGRP Wide Metrics

The EIGRP composite cost metric does not scale correctly for
high-bandwidth interfaces or Ethernet channels.
The lowest delay that can be configured for an interface is 10
microseconds. This may cause undesirable equal-cost load
balancing.
To resolve this issue, the EIGRP Wide Metrics feature supports
64-bit metric calculations and Routing Information Base (RIB).
The 64-bit metric calculations work only in EIGRP named mode
configurations.
EIGRP classic mode uses 32-bit metric calculations.

The EIGRP Wide Metric is beyond the scope of this course.
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EIGRP Metric Calculation Example
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EIGRP Metric Calculation Example
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EIGRP Path Calculation Example
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What is the error?
S, FS, Non?
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Optimizing EIGRP
Behavior
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Upon completion of this section, you will be able to do the

following:
Understand EIGRP queries
Describe how stub routing can be used to reduce the amount of
queries when EIGRP goes active.
Describe the EIGRP stuck-in-active issue
Explain how using summary routes lessen the impact of query scope
when EIGRP goes active.
Describe load-balancing options with EIGRP
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EIGRP Queries
When a router loses a route and does not have a feasible successor in its topology
table, it looks for an alternative path to the destination.
This is known as going active on a route. Marked as A in the EIGRP Topology
table.
The router sends query packets to all neighbors on interfaces other than the one that
is used to reach the previous successor (split-horizon behavior).
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EIGRP Stub Routers

The EIGRP stub routing feature enables you to limit query message scope in the
network.
Routers configured as stubs do not forward EIGRP learned routes to other
neighbors.
Nonstub routers do not send query messages to stub routers.
This saves CPU cycles and bandwidth and speeds up convergence.
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Configuring EIGRP Stub Routing
All routers are already preconfigured with EIGRP.

BR1B announces to HQ summary network 192.168.16.0/23, which summarizes
prefixes 192.168.16.0/24 and 192.168.17.0/24.
BR1B, in contrast, announces its loopback with prefix 192.168.18.0/24 as an
external EIGRP route.
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EIGRP Stubs Options

To configure a router as a stub using EIGRP, use the eigrp stub
command in router configuration mode or address family configuration
mode.
A router that is configured as a stub shares information about connected

and summary routes with all neighboring routers by default.
You can combine all stub options except for receive-only to achieve
desired combination of advertised routes.
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EIGRP Stubs Options
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EIGRP Stubs Options
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EIGRP Stubs Options
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EIGRP Stubs Options
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EIGRP Stubs Options
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EIGRP Stubs Options
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EIGRP Stubs Options
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EIGRP Stubs Options
HQ routing table?
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EIGRP Stubs Options
BR1A routing table?
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Stuck in Active
If the router does not receive a reply to all the outstanding

queries within 3 minutes (the default time), the route goes into the
stuck-in-active (SIA) state.
Once the active timer expires, the neighbor relationship is reset.
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Stuck in Active
Two new additional EIGRP packets were introduced to overcome the
described limitation.
When no reply to a query is received, EIGRP sends an SIA query
packet when the active timer is halfway through (after 90 seconds).
This enables the neighboring router to respond with a SIA reply and
confirm to the upstream router that it is still searching for a replacement
route.
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Reducing Query Scope by Using Summary

Routes
When a router receives an EIGRP query for a specific
network, which is included in a summary route present in
the routers routing table, it immediately sends a reply
message without further forwarding the query packet.
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Configuring EIGRP Summarization
Implementing EIGRP summarization provides several benefits:

Reduces the size of routing tables on the routers.
Limits the query scope.
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Null 0 is used to prevent loops.

In case of BR1 receives a packet for a network described in
a summary route, that is not present in BR1 routing table.
(And BR1 has a default route pointing back to HQ).
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Determining the Summary Route
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Obtaining Default Route

A router can obtain a default route in several different ways.
Before a router installs the default route, it examines default
route candidates:
The candidate can be a statically configured default route defined
locally with the command ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 next-hop | interface.
The candidate is also a default route announced by the dynamic

routing protocol. EIGRP can redistribute statically defined default
routes by using the redistribute static.
Any classful network residing in the local routing table can become a
default candidate when used with the ip default-network
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Load Balancing with EIGRP

EIGRP supports load balancing over equal-metric paths and also
over unequal-metric paths.
EIGRP enables load balancing between a maximum of four

equal-metric paths by default.
You can configure the maximum number of parallel routes using
the maximum-paths router configuration command.
Up to six equally good routes can be kept in the routing table.
Load balancing over unequal-metric links is disabled by default.
Only feasible successor paths can be included in the EIGRP

load-balancing
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Configuring EIGRP Load Balancing
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EIGRP Load Balancing Across Unequal-Metric

Paths
Additional entries through EIGRP must meet two criteria to
be installed in the local routing table:
The route must be loop free. This condition is satisfied when the
advertised distance is less than the total distance, or when the route is
a feasible successor.
The metric of the route must be lower than the metric of the best route
(the successor) multiplied by the variance that is configured on the
router.
The default value for the variance command is 1. It can be

a value from 1 to 128.
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Paths
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Paths
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Paths
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Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
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Upon completing this section, you will be able to do the

following:
Describe differences and similarities of EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6
Configure basic EIGRP for IPv6 settings
Configure and verify EIGRP for IPv6 summarization
Verify basic EIGRP for IPv6 settings
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Overview of EIGRP for IPv6

EIGRP for IPv6 uses IPv6 prefixes and lengths rather than IPv4 subnets and masks.
To establish EIGRP for IPv6 neighbor relationship, it uses IPv6 link-local addresses.
EIGRP uses built-in authentication features of the IPv6 protocol rather than protocol
specific authentication implemented with IPv4.
IPv6 has no concept of the classful network; there is no automatic summarization at
the class boundaries.
If IPv4 address is not configured on the router, EIGRP for IPv6 requires an EIGRP
router ID before it can start running.
In IPv4, if you do not configure the EIGRP router ID, the router will automatically assign it using the
highest loopback or the highest active interface IPv4 address.
You configure EIGRP for IPv6 under a specific interface intended to send and
receive routing protocol messages.
EIGRP for IPv6 uses assigned dedicated multicast address FF02::A, whereas
EIGRP for IPv4 uses dedicated multicast address 224.0.0.10.
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Configuring and Verifying EIGRP for IPv6
HQ and BR1 have already been configured for EIGRP for IPv6, but BR2 has not been.
HQ - Ethernet 0/0: FE80:100::1

HQ - Ethernet 0/1: FE80:200::1
BR1 - Ethernet 0/0: FE80:100::2
BR1 - Ethernet 0/0: FE80:200::2
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*Remember that link-local IPv6 address are needed.

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Link-local?
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Determining the IPv6 Summary Route
????
???
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Determining the IPv6 Summary Route
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Named EIGRP
Configuration
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Upon completion of this section, you will be able to do the

following:
Describe how EIGRP named configuration is different from the classic
EIGRP configuration.
Explain what is configured under different address family configuration
modes.
Compare examples of classic and named EIGRP configuration.
Configuring and verifying EIGRP for IPv6.
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Introduction to Named EIGRP Configuration

Configuring EIGRP for both IPv4 and IPv6 on the same
router can become a complex task because configuration
takes place using different router configuration modes:
router eigrp and ipv6 router eigrp.
A newer configuration option is available that enables the
configuration of EIGRP for both IPv4 and IPv6 under a
single configuration mode.
EIGRP named configuration is available in Cisco IOS
Release 15.0(1)M and later releases.
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Configuring Named EIGRP
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Address Families
Classic or basic EIGRP uses the global configuration
command router eigrp as-number for IPv4 and ipv6 router
eigrp as-number for IPv6.
EIGRP named configuration mode uses the global
configuration command router eigrp virtual-instance-name.
Both EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 can be configured within this
same mode.
Named EIGRP configuration is organized in a hierarchical
manner, where configuration for specific route type is
grouped under the same address family.
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EIGRP for IPv4 Address Family
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All IPv6-enabled interfaces are automatically included in the

EIGRP for IPv6 process.
You can configure or remove individual interfaces from the
EIGRP for IPv6 process by using the af-interface interface-type
interface number command in address family configuration mode.
af-interface {default | interface-type interface number}
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Chapter 2
Within the topology base is where general EIGRP settings are configured
that relate to the topology table. For example, you can define variance and maximumpaths
parameters
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Within the EIGRP IPv4 address family, the address family
interface configuration mode is entered, and BR2s
loopback prefixes are summarized.
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Named EIGRP Configuration Modes

It uses three different configuration modes to structure different
configuration options:
Address family configuration mode:
router ID
Network statements, which are required for IPv4 EIGRP configuration.
Configure router as an EIGRP stub.
(t gives access to the other two modes)
Address family interface configuration mode:

Summarization with the summary-address command
Marking interfaces as passive using passive-interface command.
Modify hello and dead timer in it.
Address family topology configuration mode:

Load-balancing parameters such as variance and maximum paths.
Redistribute static routes using the redistribute command.
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Classic Versus Named EIGRP Configuration
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Classic Versus Named EIGRP Configuration
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Summary
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Summary
EIGRP is an advanced distance vector protocol.
EIGRP uses RTP for reliable, guaranteed delivery of packets.
Hello and hold timers can be adapted to influence network
convergence.
EIGRP adapts well to various technologies such as Frame Relay, Layer
3 MPLS VPN, and Layer 2 MPLS VPN.
EIGRP uses hello, update, query, reply, and acknowledgment packets.

EIGRP uses a composite metric that is by default based on bandwidth
and delay.
Reported distance is the metric value reported by the neighboring
router.
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Summary
Feasible distance is the lowest distance to a destination from the perspective of the
local router.
Alternative path must satisfy the feasibility condition to become a feasible successor.
The reported distance of an alternate path must be less than the feasible distance.
When a route is lost and no feasible successor is available, queries are sent to all
neighboring routers on all interfaces.
EIGRP stub configuration improves network stability and reduces resource
utilization.
Summarization decreases the size of the IP routing table and optimizes exchange of
routing information.
EIGRP performs equal-cost load balancing.

To support unequal-cost load balancing, a variance parameter must be configured.
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Summary
EIGRP for IPv6 uses IPv6 link-local addresses to form neighbor relationships.
EIGRP for IPv6 supports only manual prefix summarization.

To configure EIGRP for IPv6, you must define the routing process and configure interfaces
participating in EIGRP routing.
EIGRP for IPv6 verification commands have similar syntax to EIGRP for IPv4 commands.
Classic EIGRP configuration is divided over different configuration modes.
Named EIGRP configuration gathers EIGRP configuration in one place.
Named EIGRP configuration unifies configuration commands for different address families.
Named EIGRP configuration is hierarchically organized using three address family configuration
modes.
The same verification commands for classic EIGRP are used to verify named EIGRP
configuration.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)

Elaborated by: Ing. Ariel Germn

Optimizing EIGRP Behavior

Upon completion of this section, you will be able to do the following:

VLSM support: Support discontinuous subnetworks.

It supports intermixed transmission of multicast or unicast

EIGRP Operation Overview

EIGRP Operation Overview

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

Manipulating EIGRP Timers

However, asymmetrical timers may lead to flapping EIGRP

Manipulating EIGRP Timers

EIGRP Neighbor Relationship over Frame

When configuring EIGRP over point-to-multipoint subinterfaces, a

Partial-mesh Frame Relay networks must deal with the possibility

Establishing EIGRP over Layer 3 MPLS VPN

PE routers carry a separate set of routes for each customer.

Establishing EIGRP over Layer 2 MPLS VPN

When you establish EIGRP neighbor relationships on the shared

Building the EIGRP Topology

Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to do the following:

Calculate EIGRP metric.

Building and Examining the EIGRP Topology

Building and Examining the EIGRP Topology

Building and Examining the EIGRP Topology

Building and Examining the EIGRP Topology

Building and Examining the EIGRP Topology

Building and Examining the EIGRP Topology

Choosing the Best Path

Choosing the Best Path

DUAL Example (taken from ROUTEv6)

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DUAL Example (taken from ROUTEv6)

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DUAL Example (taken from ROUTEv6)

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DUAL Example (taken from ROUTEv6)

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DUAL Example (taken from ROUTEv6)

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