PereiraC PDF

RICE UNIVERSITY
FREE VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR ARCHES

by
Carlos Antonio Lopes Pereira
A THESIS SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Thesis Director's Signature
September, 1968
ABSTRACT
FREE VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR ARCHES
by
Carlos Antonio Lopes Pereira
The lower natural frequencies and the associated modes of vibration of

uniform circular arches which are either fixed or simply supported at the ends
are computed and studied in this thesis.
A general theory which considers the effects of rotatory inertia and
shearing deformations as well as extensional and flexural deformations was
used. When both rotatory inertia and shearing deformations are neglected the
general theory reverts to a well-known classical theory which is based upon the
same assumptions as Flugge's theory for the bending of cylindrical shells. The
governing differential equations were solved numerically by a Holzer -type
iterative procedure combined with an initial value integration method.
A Runge-
Kutta integration technique was used. The method was programmed for an IBM
7040 computer, and all results were obtained on this computer.
A detailed study has been made of the lowest ten vibration frequencies and
modes for fixed arches for a wide range of slenderness ratios and for angles of
opening of 45, 90 and 180, using the classical theory. The effects of rotatory
inertia and shearing deformations have been investigated only for arches with an
angle of opening of 90.
Simple approximate expressions for estimating the natural frequencies of
fixed -ended arches (classical theory) are developed and their accuracy evaluated
ii
by comparing them with the results obtained by exact analysis.

In addition, exact solutions of classical theory were made for hinged
circular arches with angles of opening of 45 and 180 and the accuracy of
approximate expressions for estimating the natural frequencies of hinged arches
proposed by Austin, Veletsos and Wung were evaluated for these angles of opening.
iii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
I.
INTRODUCTION
. 1. 1 Object and Scope
1. 2 Review of Literature
1. 3 Acknowledgement
1. 4 Nomenclature
II.
GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION

2. 1 Fundamental Equations
2. 2 Numerical Procedure
III.
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR FIXED ARCH

3. 1 Vibrational Behavior of Arch by Classical Theory
3. 2 Approximate Formulas
3. 3 Effects of Rotatory Inertia and Shearing Deformation
IV.
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR HINGED ARCH

4. 1 Additional Solutions and Comparison with Approximate Formulas
REFERENCES
TABLES 1 -15
FIGURES 1 -40
iv
TABLES
1.
Convergence of the Numerical Method
2.
Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Fixed-ended Uniform

Circular Arches eo:: 90
3.
Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Fixed -ended Uniform

Circular Arches 90 = 45
4.
Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Fixed -ended Uniform

Circular Arches eo= 180
5.
Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Hinged-ended Uniform

Circular Arches
G0 =45
6.
Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Hinged -ended Uniform

Circular Arches
a,= 180
7.
Summary of Solutions for Theory Including Rotatory Inertia but

Neglecting Shearing Deformation, Fixed -ended Uniform Circular
Arches
eo= 90
8.
Summary of Solutions for Theory Including Rotatory Inertia and Shear

Deformation, Fixed -ended Uniform Circular Arches
60 = 90, r = o. i
9.
Summary of Percent Energy, Fixed-ended Uniform Circular Arches

eo :. 90
10.
Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Fixed-ended Uniform

Circular Arches
8o: 45
11.
Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Fixed -ended Uniform

Circular Arches
eo"' 180
12.
Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Hinged -ended Uniform

Circular Arches
eo= 45
13.
Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Hinged-ended Uniform

Circular Arches
$ 0 :180
14.
Summary of Solutions for Theory Including Rotatory Inertia and Shear

Deformation, Fixed -ended Uniform Circular Arches eo== 90, = o. 3
15.
Summary of Percent Energy, Theory Including Rotatory Inertia and Shear

Deformation, Fixed -ended Uniform Circular Arches 90 :90", r == 0. ~ ,
FIGURES
1.
Coordinate and Displacement Notations
2.
Typical Plots of Determinant vs. Frequency - Fixed Ended Arches
3.
Natural Frequencies for Fixed Ended Arches - Classical Theory
4.
Predominantly Flexural Modes of Vibration - Fixed Ended Arches
5.
Frequencies Associated with Predominantly Extensional Modes of

Vibration - Fixed Ended Arches
6. a, b Predominantly Extensional Anti symmetrical Modes of Vibration Fixed Ended Arches

7. a, b Predominantly Extensional Symmetrical Modes of Vibration - Fixed
Ended Arches
8.
Modes Corresponding to Frequencies of Nearly Equal Values - Fixed

Ended Arches
9. a, b Antisymmetrical Modes Corresponding to Frequencies of Nearly

Equal Values -Fixed Ended Arches
10. a,b Symmetrical Modes Corresponding to Frequencies of Nearly Equal
Values -Fixed Ended Arches
11.
Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions - Fixed Ended Arches

with
60 =45
12.

with
eo-=-90
13.

with
eo= 180
14.
Effects of Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia for Antisymmetric

Modes -Fixed Ended Arches
15.
Effects of Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia for Symmetric Modes Fixed Ended Arches
vi
16. a, bEffects of Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia for Antisymmetric

Modes -Fixed Ended Arches
17. a, bEffects of Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia for Symmetric Modes Fixed Ended Arches
18.
Frequencies Associated with Predominantly Extensional Modes Hinged Ended Arches
19. a, bPredominantly Extensional Antisymmetrical Modes of Vibration - Hinged

Ended Arches
20.a, bPredominantly Extensional Symmetrical Modes of Vibration -Hinged
Ended Arches
21.
Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions -Hinged Ended with

45
22.
Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions -Hinged Ended with

eo= 180
eo=
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION
1. 1.
Object and Scope

This study is concerned with the computation of the natural frequencies
and the associated modes of vibration of uniform circular arches which are
either fixed or simply supported at the ends.
Although the theory of vibrating arches is well established, only a limited
number of numerical solutions are available in the literature. The most com prehensive numerical study of the natural frequencies of circular arches appears to
have been the one conducted recently by Wung (1) at Rice University. This study
was concerned with hinged arches and irwolved the evaluation of the first eight
natural frequencies of vibration using both the classical theory and a more
general theory which considers the effects of shearing deformations and rotatory
inertia.
On the basis of these data and by application of Rayleigh's method,
simple approximate expressions were proposed in Ref. (2) for estimating the
frequency values obtained from the classical theory. Wung' s numerical study
was limited to an arch with an angle of opening of 90, and the accuracy of the
approximate expressions proposed in Ref. (2) could be evaluated only for this
particular arch.
The object of the present study is to extend the previous investigation
along the following lines;
1.
To investigate the response of fixed ended arches using both the
classical and the more general theory,

2.
To develop simple approximate expressions for estimating these

frequencies, and
3.
To obtain additional data for simply-supported arches and to check

the accuracy of the approximate expressions proposed over a wider
range of parameters than considered before.
The nth circular frequency of an arch, p , may conveniently be expressed

n
in the form.
b
rn
=_s_~IEI
5 ~ )' --;:;-
(1)
In this expression S denotes the curved length of the arch axis, EI the
flexural rigidity of its cross section, m the mass per unit of length, and en a
dimensionless coefficient.
When the effects of shearing deformations are neglected, en is a function
of the angle of opening of the arch, e0
and its slenderness ratio, S/r, where r
denotes the radius of gyration of the arch cross section.

In Wung's study the first eight natural frequencies of hinged-ended arches
with
e0
= 90 were evaluated for a range of S/r from 0 to 360.
In the present
study the corresponding frequencies were also evaluated for hinged arches with
eo
45 and eo
180 using the classical theory.
A detailed study has been made of the lowest ten vibration frequencies and
modes for a fixed arch with S/r varying from 0 to 500, and for angles of opening
of 45, 90 and 180, using the classical theory. The effects of rotatory inertia and shearing deformation have been investigated only for arches with e0 = 90~
3
These solutions were obtained by applications of the numerical procedure and the
computer program used in Wung's study. This computer program was extended
to make possible the computation of the proportions of extensional and flexural
energies associated with the various modes of vibration. This additional information proved very helpful in the interpretation of the numerical data.
A major part of this investigation has been concerned with the development of simple approximate expressions for estimating the natural frequencies
of fixed -ended arches.
In this effort the ordinary theory was used. These
equations are presented in the text and their accuracy is evaluated by comparing
them with the results obtained by exact analysis.
In addition, the accuracy of
the approximate expressions proposed in Ref. (2) for hinged -ended arches is reevaluated in the light of the additional data that have been obtained, and certain
modifications are proposed.
1. 2.
Review of Literature
A brief resume of two papers which are concerned With the vibrations of
fixed -ended circular arches is presented below.
A more complete review is
presented by Wung (1).

Den Hartog (3) derived approximate formulas for the lowest extensional
and inextensional modes for hinged and fixed -ended circular arches, by using
the Rayleigh -Ritz method and by neglecting the rotatory inertia and shearing
deformation effects.
For the first antisymmetrical inextensional mode for
fixed -ended arches, the following series were used,
(2. 1)
where "w" is the radial displacement "v" is the is the tangential displacement,
" () " is the angular coordinate with the origin at the middle of the arch, " () 0
"
is the angle of opening, and "B 1" and "B 2 " are coefficients which are determined by the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure.
The coordinate and displacement
notation are shown in Fig. 1.

Den Hartog expressed the frequency as
(3)
where "1" is the chord between the ends of the arch and C4 is a frequency
parameter, a function of the properties of the arch. Values of
c4
are tabulated
for a wide range of parameters and are shown graphically.

For the first symmetrical extensional vibration mode, Den Hartog assumed the following trial functions,
w = B ( f + cos 2 TT B)
(4. 1)
Bo
Ar=
b1.
2Tr8
St-n.. - -
(4. 2)
Go
where "B", "b 1 " and "b 2 " are arbitrary constants. With the series above, the
result for the frequency coefficient is
4. sin 2 Bo.
(5)
Den Hartog shows that the lowest extensional mode of vibration can
have a lower period than the lowest inextensional mode.
Robert R. Archer (4) in 1959 presented a paper concerned with the in-
5
plane inextensional vibrations of an incomplete circular ring of small cross
section.
In this work rotatory inertia and shearing deformation are neglected,
but the effects of damping are included.

The governing differential equation assumed was
(6)
where "K" ,_is the viscous damping coefficient.

This equation was solved by an analytic method and the four lowest :Erequencies for 80 = 180, 234, 324 and 360 were tabulated.
1. 3
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to Professor W. J. Austin for his help and guidance of this
work.
I wish to thank Professor A. S. Veletsos for his help, ideas and guidance
without which this work could not have been accomplished on time.
My sincere thanks to Rice University, Institute Militar de Engenharia,
Pontif:lcia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro and Panamerica Union for
their support during the time of this work.
1. 4
Nomenclature
Latin Symbols
A
cross sectional area of arch,
radius of centroidal axis of arch,
B, b 1, b 2 constants,
~
/nl1:
dimensionless coefficient, equal to to ....
determinant,
Young's modulus,
6
F
non-dimensional frequency parameter equal to
shearing modulus,
moment of inertia of cross section of arch,
viscous damping coefficient,
non- d 1menswna
.
.
1 parameter, equa1 to
length of chord between ends of arch,
mass per unit length,
pn
nth circular natural frequency of an arch,
shear,
rotatory inertia index; equals to unity if rotatory inertia is included;
(:
:.._ ) 2
equals to zero if not,

r
radius of gyration of cross section of arch,
curved length of the centroidal axis of the arch,
shear index; equals to unity if shear deformation is included; equals

to zero if not,
time variable,
shear variable, equal to
tangential displacement,
radial displacement,
a. j3
Greek Symbols
a"-
a parameter occurring in the expressions for the characteristic

functions,
See Ref. (5),
{3
shear deformation,
non-dimensional shear parameter, equal to
constant of proportionality, equal to

An
/GAp
square root of the natural circular frequency of the nth mode of vibration of a beam,
>h.
characteristic function representing modes of vibration of a beam,
()
angular coordinate,
00
angle of opening of the arch,

dimensionless coordinate, equal to
~
E;lc>
CHAPTER II.
GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION
2. 1
Fundamental Equations
The governing differential equations for in-plane free vibrations of uni-
form circular arches, as given by Wung (1), are as follows:

w "" = ( ~ . ~ . ~ _ 2 _ !!: . F _ . .
r .. ~t
rr
J:w "+ ( g_ . .. F(rr+-k

k + f- F)
+(R..t2_._F__ .1_ _
-
~k
nr II = ( B:.. ..
1+--F
)w"'+(B~
-
and
s.L -r R. F).nr'
r -
(7. 1)
Fk(f;fr+F) _I +-g.Fk)-w'+
1+--F
k
+ ( .@_. S.
where
f'+k
_ k + 1 - F). v.; +
k
F h (!;- F)
1 +T- F
F _ R F k).
tv
(7. 2)
are coefficients equal to unity when rotatory inertia or shearing
deformations are included and equal to zero when rotatory inertia or shearing
deformations are not included, and in which
(8)
't- ..2:...
E
(9)
k = (;
and
m.a.2
= P-A
(10)
In these equations A denotes the cross-sectional area, each prime denotes one
derivative with respect to fJ , and 'Y is a shear stiffness constant (See Nomenclature).
The boundary conditions for hinged ends are as follows:
(11.1)
tV
(11. 2)
w"-
s ...!......N- =
- r
1
9
(11. 3)
0.
For fixed ends the boundary conditions are:

:: 0
(12. 1)
rv- = 0
(12. 2)
(12.3)
At midspan the conditions for symmetrical vibration about midspan are:
'WI
WIll :
Ar
(13)
and for anti-symmetrical modes,

w
= w"
2. 2
!IT" 1
(14)
Numerical Procedure
These equations were solved numerically by a Holzer-type iterative
procedure combined with an initial value integration method.

First, an arbitrary value is assumed for the natural frequency coefficient F and all of the coefficients of the differential equations are evaluated
numerically.
Then three sets of independent initial conditions are assumed at
the left support. Then for each set of boundary conditions the differential equations are integrated numerically using the Runge-Kutta's procedure. In the
table below are shown the three sets of initial conditions used for hinged ends
and the three sets for fixed ends.
Initial Conditions
Set N
.Hinged
w'
w"
w"'
v'
S.1/f
10
Initial Conditions
Set N
Fixed
w'
w"
w"'
v'
0 _ zrlt +ra+Fk 0
rk
This procedure generates three sets of functions: w 1, v 1; w 2 , v 2 ; and

w 3 , v 3 The solution of the given problem is a linear combination of these three
functions if the assumed frequency coefficient F is a natural frequency. Thus,
(15. 1)
and
(15. 2)
where B1 and B2 are constants to be determined by three boundary conditions at
midspan. Thus, for an anti -symmetrical vibration mode the equations which must
be satisfied at midspan are as follows:
(16. 1)
w/'(~o) +
rv-: ( ~o)
B1
B1
w;'(~) + 13 2 w~'(~o) ==
(16. 2)
IV"; ( ~)
(16.3)
+ 62
1\r~ ( ~)
For a non -trivial solution of this set of three linear homogeneous equations to exist, it is necessary that the determinant of the coefficients equal zero.
w1( ~)
= w/( ~o)
1\r: ( ~)
w2 ( ~o)
w3 { ~o)
w2' ( ~}
~I(- fJo)
2T
w~ (~)
~; (~D)
(17)
11
For symmetrical vibration modes the required boundary conditions at

midspan are:
(18. 1)
(18. 2)
(18. 3)
and the determinant is as follows,
w;t~o)
W~ ( ~o)
w; ( ~o)
w';'( ~o)
wt(~)
w~' ( ~o)
~f ( ~0 )
N"z (
~o)
nr3 (
(19)
~o)
If the assumed frequency coefficient F is not a characteristic value, the
determinant will not equal zero, and, then, other trial values of frequency coefficient are assumed, until the value of the determinant changes sign.
natural frequency always exist between two assumed frequencies with values of
D of opposite sign.
A linear interpolation based upon the value of the determi-
nant is used to close in on the natural frequency.

The criteria used for convergence to a solution are as follows: either
the absolute value of D must be less than 0. 0001 or two frequencies, F 1 and F 2,
for which the determinants are of opposite sign must be sufficiently close that:
<
0.00001
(20)
Typical variations of the determinant D with assumed frequency are

shown in Fig. 2.
After the natural frequency is found the corresponding values of B1 and
12
s2
can be found and the mode shape evaluated by superposition of the three
functions, as indicated.
The energy was computed using Simpson 1/3 Rule and the following expressions:
Energy of Flexure
EAJ~(
w" -r w- ..u ')
2Q.
FE =
de
(21. 1)
Energy of Extension = EE
Energy of Shear
SE
~ ~(,.' + .,)' J
.!.A. . rf~ 2de
(21. 2)
(21. 3)
2a.
where "u" is a shear variable, equal to (see Eq. {20. i), Ref. 1),
1
r w"' -r ( 4 -r F +....) w' + (L - F) N""J
(t+rlll-F)
rr
r
and its first derivative is as follows (see Eq. {42. e), Ref. 1),
JJ..
= _
J!.' =
+ __
k_ . W
k-rr
11
+ (4 + J.t
F) . W
~+,...
(22)
(23)
The values of "w" and "v" and their derivatives needed in the energy expression were computed by superposition of the basic three component solutions.
The data presented in this thesis were computed on an IDM 7040 computer.
Sixty divisions were used in the whole arch. The accuracy of the frequencies
computed with sixty divisions can be judged from the data shown in Table 1.
This table gives the frequencies computed in a particular case with 24, 32, 40
and 60 divisions in the complete arch.
It can be seen that the lower four modes
are converged to about four significant figure accuracy and the higher modes to
about three significant figures when 60 divisions are used in the complete arch,
as in the solutions reported herein.
CHAPTER III.
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR FIXED ARCH
3. 1.
Vibrational Behavior of Arch by Classical Theory

Solutions of the classical theory were obtained for fixed ended uniform
circular arches with angles of opening of 45, 90 and 180.
These solutions
are shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4 and Fig. 3, 11, 12 and 13. The percentages of
total energy in flexure and extension are given in Tables 9, 10 and 11.
The shape of the frequency-slenderness ratio curves is the same as
described in Ref. 2, i. e. :
a)
With increasing S/r each frequency curve ultimately approaches
a horizontal asymptote which will be shown to be a natural frequency of

an inextensible arch,
b)
In the lower ranges of Sjr, the frequency-slenderness ratio curves
are stepped. Between each inextensible frequency level, the frequency

curves lie approximately on certain diagonal lines. In the region of each
inextensible frequency level the frequency curves progress more -orless horizontally from one diagonal line to the adjacent diagonal line on
the right as S/r and the frequency increase. If there is no diagonal line
to the right, then the frequency curve approaches asymptotically the inextensible frequency level.
The following observations may be made comparing arches with the same
boundary conditions, but with different angles of openings. Refer to Figs. 11,
12, and 13.
a)
14
The frequency coefficients, considering inextensional deformations,
do not depend on the slenderness ratio. They have a small decrease,

however, when the angle of opening is increased,
b)
The diagonal corresponding to the first extensional mode varies
with the angle of opening; for symmetrical vibrations there is a large

variation; for anti -symmetrical vibrations the variation is not so large.
The higher extensional modes, for practical purposes, do not depend on
the angle of opening. The region between the first and second extensional
modes decreases when the angle of opening increases, although the frequency-slenderness ratio curve maintains the same shape, especially in the
symmetrical case.
By a study of Fig. 4 it is easily seen that for high values of S/r, where
the tangents to the frequency curves are almost horizontal, the shapes of the
radial displacement modes "w" are roughly the same as the lateral vibration
mode shapes of straight beams with the same boundary conditions, and the tangential displacements "v" are very small. The strain energy in the arches is
completely or almost completely flexural for the vibration modes shown in
Fig. 4, as the following table illustrates.
All Solutions For 80 = 90, 5/r = 500
Mode
cl'\
Percent Energy
in Flexure in Extension
Anti -Symmetric Modes

1
55.8
100
193.0
100
409.7
100
705.5
100
15
Percent Energy
Mode
en.
in Flexure
in Extension
Symmetric Modes
1
106.5
100
283.2
99
532.6
94
Subsequently it is shown that the frequency curves approach asymptotically

horizontal lines computed on the assumption of in extensionality of the arch axis.
Figure 5 shows the vibrational behavior for points close to the diagonal
lines corresponding to the first extensional mode.
One can see that the number
of ripples in the wave shape corresponding to the radial displacement "w" increase with S/r. But as these points come to a horizontal line corresponding to
the flexural behavior, the number of ripples is the same as for the corresponding flexural mode.
Note that the strain energy is primarily extensional at points
on the frequency curves near the center of the diagonal segments. The mode
shapes for these points are shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
As shown on Fig. 8, at the same level, all mode shapes for any slenderness ratio S/r, have the same number of "w" waves.
the energy is primarily flexural.
Note that at these points
On Figs. 9 and 10 are presented the details of
the mode shapes for the points marked on Fig. 8. From these one may conclude
that the only difference in the vibrational behavior at the same level is in the
tangential displacement "v" which decreases when S/r increases.
For the sym-
metrical shape in "w" it is seen that the magnitudes of "v" are small for any
value of S/r.
3. 2.
Approximate Formulas
In the preceding section of this thesis it has been shown that the
16
frequency-slenderness ratio curves follow certain horizontal lines which are
related to pure inextensional vibrations of the arch and to certain diagonal lines
which are related to primarily extensional vibrations.
In this section approxi-
mate formulas for these horizontal and diagonal lines are derived. With these
formulas one can quickly sketch the frequency-slenderness ratio curves for a
given arch of interest, and, hence, quickly approximate the lower natural frequencies.
3. 2. 1. Flexural Modes
The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to find the frequency.
In a flexural
mode there is no extensional energy; this state corresponds to the following

constraint:
w + fl1" 1 =
(24. 1)
The Lagrangian Function of the dynamical system is

L
~: { [ '(,..' + w') - ~ (w +w")'
Jds
(25. 1)
-:"'0"2")t].J~.,
(25. 2)
or
e[ ( 2
I
L = 2EA
a. . .
0
N"
+w
2)
ft( w
in which, see Eqs. (8) and (10)
= (:)
and
= t='~
l'h
2
Q,
EA
In these equations each dot denotes one derivative with respect to
e
eo
~ =- .
The assumed functions for "w" and "v" must satisfy the following
boundary conditions,
w(o)
w(f)::. o
(26. 1)
17
w'(o) =
(26. 2)
tv(o)
N"(l) = 0
(26.3)
(1)
and the inextensible condition
w+
N" 1
+ ~
'W
eo
=0
(24. 2)
3. 2. I. 1. Anti -Symmetrical Modes

The radial displacement configuration for the nth mode is assumed to be
as follows,
m=.Z,4,G ...
(27. I)
where B is a constant and cA11 is the characteristic function for the nth lateral
n
vibrational mode of a fixed -ended beam. The properties of the <P"" functions
have been tabulated by Young and Felgar (5, 6).
The corresponding tangential displacement configuration is assumed as
follows
N"m = -
6.,
(~)
;~ <f~
+ 2
<><m]
These displacement configurations satisfy the inextensibility condition.

above expression
a.A1
(27.2)
In the
is a parameter and Xm is a frequency coefficient corre-
sponding to the nth mode of vibration of a fixed -ended beam, given by,
4
( ~M) :
Values of am
Setting
(28)
and X,... are tabulated by Young and Felgar (5).
dL
::. 0
gives the following expression for the nth frequency.
d6M
(29)
18
The first five frequencies are as follows.
eo
en
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Tr/4
60. 10
198.02
415.05
711.09
1086. 10
11"/2
55.83
192.71
409.34
705. 18
1080.07
Tf
43.28
173.91
387.93
682.45
1056.59
3. 2. 1. 2. Symmetrical Modes
Assume the following expressions for the displacement configuration.
w : B [
IV"
- B
for n
It
S.. [
- o<n. .
o<j
X~ fn
~
. ~1 ]
'An
(30. 1)
o<'n f An ) 3--L
- cx1 1._~ ''11
(30. 2)
3, 5, 7 ...
These equations satisfy the boundary conditions and the inextensibility

condition. The Lagrangian gives for a stationary value the following frequencies,
where
[1 + (:;){~ t]
B1
B2
= -2o<~[f- _2_
A.,.
B3
C>(',.,
[1
+ (o<"/(b_
<><1
'>.n
(31. 2)
f '-
+ --(
...:,. :A,. f6.
<><'I
<><,.
1 - (
f]teo f
.3.!.
>.,.
~:t
.<><,A,-):: GJ]E~J'
(31. 3)
(31. 4)
An
The first five frequencies are as follows.
eo
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
/4
110.03
286.38
542.56
877.93
1292.34
1T /2
106.86
282.58
538.43
873.61
1287.91
TT
95.38
268. 15
522.42
856. 69
1270.42
lf
en
19
A very accurate approximation is obtained by neglecting some terms.
Thus
1 - f.82{
I +
(..h..) 2 + < [ t.l>3
""
~:/
- ___
,.,
(31. 5)
This formula yields the following numerical results.
eo
Cn
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
1T/4
109.99
286. 68
542.93
878.33
1292.76
Tr/2
106.84
282.89
538.85
874.08
1288.42
Tf
95.07
268.32
522.91
857.39
1271. 26
3. 2. 2 Extensional Modes
The frequencies associated with the symmetric and anti-symmetric extensional modes of vibration can be approximated by the frequencies of the extensional modes of a complete circular ring, Ref. (7).
(32)
For the first symmetrical mode, n = 0, it is necessary to use an empirical coefficient as follows
(33)
The higher symmetric modes correspond to n = 2, 4, 6 .... The first,

second and third anti-symmetric modes correspond ton= 1, 3, 5 ....
Figures 11, 12 and 13 show the curves obtained by the approximate
formulas and by the exact solution.
3. 3
Effects of Rotatory Inertia and Shear Deformation

In Tables 7 and 8 and Figs. 14 to 17 are presented the solutions for
cases where the effects of rotatory inertia are included and shear deformations
are neglected, and the cases where both are included.
20
It is apparent that both
effects, rotatory inertia and shear deformations, tend to decrease the values of
the natural frequencies. The energy distributions are given in Tables 9 and 15.
The data and the figures show that the effect of rotatory inertia is generally negligible when compared with the effect of shearing deformations. Both
tend to smooth the curves by smoothing the steps in the transition regions. The
diagonal lines corresponding to the first extensional mode for both symmetric
and anti -symmetric vibrations are particularly insensitive to rotatory inertia
and shearing deformation, as can be seen on Figs. 14 and 15.
These effects become more important for small values of the slenderness ratio S/r.
The curves still are asymptotic to the natural frequency of an
inextensible mode.
In the table below are presented, for a value of S/r = 100, which lies in
the transition zone, the frequency coefficients and the energy percentages in
extension, flexure and shear for the symmetrical and anti -symmetrical modes
when the solutions include rotatory inertia and shearing deformation (r = 0. 1).
Cn
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
In Shear
Percent Energy
In Extension
Anti-Symmetrical Modes
52. 758
10
168.132
22
313. 757
23
360.358
12
515. 749
43
Symmetrical Modes
90.483
13
152.454
4
251.061
26
419.599
39
606.271
42
In Flexure
0
1
32
64
2
90
77
45
24
55
20
72
6
1
13
67
24
68
60
45
21
For some values of S/r the frequency coefficient was computed considering the rotatory inertia and shearing deformation but using
points appear in the Figs. 14 to 15 as triangles.
= 0. 3.
These
CHAPTER IV.
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR HINGED ARCHES
4. 1.
Additional Solutions and Comparison with Approximate Formulas

Wung (1) proposed approximate formulas similar to those described in
Chapter III of this thesis for two -hinged circular arches. These formulas
agreed fairly well with the solutions which he had available.
However, only one
angle of opening, 90 , was studied in Wung's thesis. To supplement Wung's

work some solutions of two -hinged circular arches with angles of opening of
45 and 180 are presented herein. These solutions are for the classical theory.
The frequencies of two hinged arches with an angle of opening of 45 and
a wide range of slenderness ratios are given in Table 5 and the energy distributions are presented in Table 12. The frequency-slenderness ratio curves are
shown in Fig. 21. The frequencies for angles of opening of 180 are presented
in Table 6, the energy distributions in Table 13, and the frequency-slenderness
ratio curves in Fig. 22.
The shapes of the frequency-slenderness ratio curves for the two -hinged
arches with angles of opening of 45 and 180 are very similar to the curves reported by Wung for 90, and are essentially similar to the corresponding curves
for fixed arches contained herein. The same physical behavior also has been
observed.
For example the mode shapes at various points along the lowest
diagonal line corresponding to extensional vibrations, shown in Figs. 18 through

20, are very similar to the mode shapes reported by Wung and are the counterpart of the mode shapes for fixed arches, as illustrated herein in Figs. 5
23
through 7.
Wung' s approximate formulas have been superceded by more accurate
formulas based upon Wung's data and the data reported herein. The formulas
for inextensional vibration frequencies, which are derived in the paper by
Austin, Veletsos and Wung (2), are plotted as dashed lines in Figs. 21 and 22.
It can be seen that the correspondence with the true curves is excellent; the
agreement with Wung' s data is also excellent.
For completeness, these
formulas are given below.

For anti -symmetrical inextensional vibrations,
m2.TT4.
/YI2
tn =
t}
Ill?
tm
[m2 -(-*)2]2
+ 3( ~J2
(34)
2' 4, 6 '
s4
EI
(35)
Equation (36) is a very accurate approximation to Eq. (35)
(36)
Equations (32) and (33) which previously have been applied to predict the
extensional vibrational frequencies of fixed arches apply as well for hinged arches,
as would be expected. The dashed diagonal lines of Figs. 21 and 22 are the
graphs of these equations.
It can be seen that the agreement of these lines with
the exact frequency curves is excellent for the hinged arches with angles of opening of 45 and 180 .
The agreement is also excellent for hinged arches with an
24
angle of opening of 90, although this is not shown herein. These equations fit
the exact solutions better than any formulas heretofore proposed.
25
REFERENCES
1.
'Vibration of Hinged Circular Arches" by Shyr-Jen Wung, M.S. Thesis,

Rice University, 1967
2.
"Natural Frequencies of Hinged Circular Arches" by W. J. Austin, A. S.

Veletsos and S. J. Wung, unpublished manuscript, Department of Civil
Engineering, Rice University, 1968
3.
"The Lowest Natural Frequency of Circular Arcs" by Den Hartog, Phil.

Mag. Series7, Vol. 5,1928, pp. 400
4.
"Small Vibrations of Thin Incomplete Circular Rings"

Int. J. Mech. Sci. Vol. 1, 1960, pp. 45
5.
"Tables of Characteristic Functions Representing Normal Modes of

VibrationofaBeam"byD. YoungandR. P. Felgar, Eng. Research
Series, N 44, The University of Texas, 1949
6.
"Formulas for lntegrats Containing Characteristic Functions of a

Vibrating Beam" by R. P. Felgar, Circular N 2 14, Bureau of Eng.
search, The University of Texas, 1950
7.
by R. R. Archer,
Re-
"A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity" by A. E. H. Love,

Dover, New York
TABLE 1
CONVERGENCE OF THE NUMERICAL METHOD

FmD-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES - CLASSICAL THEORY
eo= 900
Nuaber of
Divisions in
Co11p1ete
Arches
S/r
=102.101
a/r
FREQUENCY COEFFICIENT ,
First
SlMMETRIC MODES
See:ond
Third
Fourth
Fifth
= 65.
p~s4/EI
First
ANTI-SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
24
9'7.790
158.451
298.339
554.824
660.194
55.739
191.808
344.344
423.438
720.993
32
9'7.762
158.411
29'7.621
551.204
659.964
55.732
191.591
344.175
421.769
714.201
40
97.754
158.399
29'7.406
549.986
659.885
55.730
191.527
344.123
421.244
711.709
60
9'7.750
158.392
29'7 .. 278
549.239
55.729
191.491
344.092
420.927
710.056
N
0\
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS OF CLASSICAL THEORY

FIXED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES -
RATIO
S/r
a/r
First
12.5
7.96
25.
15.92
37.5
23.87
50.
31.83
64.983
75.
47.75
86.458
90.
57.30
100.
63.66
125o
79.58
150.
95.49 103.401
175.
9o = 900
111.41
26 .350
SYMMETRIC MODES
Fourth
Second
Third
Fifth
First
p~ms4/EI
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
78.773
118.894
158.494
234.760
37.458
62.154
118.588
116.927
161.715
292.724
319.038
53.192
87.393
195.463
2.39.463
416o744
239.383
297.105
122.193
290.438
.326.367
551.197
55.366
161.928
204.200
412.385
478.010
133.748
295.200
480.508
554.908
55.631
188.801
260.521
415.131
699.815
55.7.3.3
191.384
.337.922
420.057
7CJ9.900
392.855
448.960
404.449
520.719
587.428
97.225
156.149
212.924
297.095
304.592
548.878
646.772
551.086
802.454
552.102
882.812
55.783
192.448
713.003
4CJ7.017
--------
N
-.._]
TABLE 2 ( Continued )
RATIO
SYMMETRIC MODES
Fourth
Third
p~s4/EI
Fifth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
554.333
886.612
55.812
192.730
408o044
665.642
734.9Z7 '
380.862
558.099
888.385
55.812
192.848
408.908
699.715
867.839
278.624
439.660
566.134
889.377
55.820
192.910
409.268
703.299 1015.440
106.216
280.853
489.224
586.058
891.271
55.834
192.045
409.467
704.467 1077.610
254.65
106.339
282.032
516.701
628.293
894.264
55.831
192.967
409.591
705.101 1077.620
450.
286.48
106.424
282.738
527.752
685.546
898.025
55.841
192.985
409.664
705.379 1078.110
500o
318.31
106.483
283.202
532.631
745.161
907.038
55.844
192.997
409.692
705.520 1078.690
S/r
a/r
200.
First.
Second
1Z7.32
105.021
256.760
329.385
250.
159.16
105.682
Z/3.373
300.
190.99
106.019
350.
222.82
400.
Fifth
1'.:)
00
TABLE 3

FIXED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES~IO
S/r
a/r
9o = 45
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
p~as4/EI
Fifth
First
Second
Third!
Fourth
198.692
25.
31.a3
Z7.329
119.757
158.355
296.832
315.665
58.577
50.
63.66
.39o034
120o846
295.795
317.978
554.287
59.936
75.
95.49
100.
1Z7.32
66.l44
124.657
298.022
553.520
633.195
150.
190.99
88.484
135.308
298.9Z7
554.456
200.
254.95
100.011
157.052
300.-394
554.831
250.
318.31
104.531
185.177
.300.
381.97
106.524
214.051
.3(17.268
350.
445.63
107.567
2.39.964
315.569
400.
509 .30
259.243
330.777
450.
572.96
500.
636.62
158.545
200.623
196.251
242.871
197.458
320.958
417.492
712.610
887.881
412.573
485.582
713.268
890..899
414.481
640.9Z7
716.536
708.2.30
808.965
710.558
965.767
60.084
415.825
473.0]4
704.196
556.745
1084.560
353.767
108.85.3 . Z76.685 . .381.649
Fifth
561.349
892.158
60.Z74
198.0.36
559.292
415.100 . 711.250 ' 1087.49

I'-'
\0
TABLE 4

RATIO
S/r
= 180
a/r
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
First
79.899
113.966
162.041
231.967
32.574
112.348
171.549
281.988
12.5
3.98
25.
7.96
:.J7 o5
11.94
50.
15.92
60o
19.10
75.
23.Vl
92.040
208.045
100.
31.83
93.557
246.486
125o
39.79
150o
47.75
175.
55.70
200.
63.66
60.414
152.817
Second
Third
Fourth
120.885
180.462
210.503
327.316
100.051
187.703
247.885
417.291
296.057
480.086
137.573
199.833
361.936
349.691
540.630
160.225
225.666
401.765
412.098
545.158
293.985
498.571
560.835
324.383
536.870
692.323
279.290
94.861
265.280
268.667
434.846
503.973
555.054
624o762
43.130
171.976
305.500
414.316
688.721
174o491
364o519
453.535
701.149
381o906
532.039
708.733
610.746
727.754
657.370
780.125
673.336
861.150
868.954
879.404
-
495.077
588.725
834.039
94.537
Fifth
63.410
128.383
86.828
p~ms4/EI
43.238
176.361
390ol09
--=-'=----~~~~~-~--~~
RATIO
S/r
a/r
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
p~as4/EI
Fifth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
250.
79.58
95.0C!7
269.892
518.491
740.4'51
895.041
43.250
176.557
391.228
682.093 1004.960
300.
95.49
95.085
270.483
522.585
822.C!73
953.678
43.256
176.661
391.754
684.825 1050.810
350.
111.49
95.133
2'70.823
524.445
846.800 1066.880
43.266
176.721
392.058
686.149 1054.310
5oo.
159.16
859.349
1065.360
CN
,.....
TABLE 5

HINGED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES -
RATIO
S/r
a/r
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
7.5
5.9
7.9
10.
11.8
15.
19.6
25.
31.4
40.
39.3
49.318
88.157
98.963
EJo = 45
p~ms4/EI
First
ANTI-SYM!VJEI'RIC 'MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
18.390
39.046
55.600
24.31.3
39.386
74.CY75
123.288
34.121
42.126
ll0.943
157.390
37.510
63.801
153.332
186.377
37.843
100.999
157.214
296.908
37o900
125.900
157.853
355.363
147 .4P17
161.179
354.221
P17 .489
124.628
241.095
88.001
198.504
246.030
50.
88.253
242.267
251.960
47.1
60.
88.553
245.324
62.8
so.
44.459
89.416
11.5.TIO
397.398
155.604
203.498
354.504
70.7
90.
49.442
90.046
245.770
446.462
155.912
228.370
354.638
94.3
120.
63.041
93.405
482.417
156.202
302.944
355.685
109.9
140.
70.046
97.757
482.611
345.145
364.000
- - - - - - - - - - - L _ __ ------
23.946
--------------------
395.540
482.652
Fifth
354.471
w
N
RATIO
S/r
a/r
SYMMETRIC MODES
Third
Fourth
p~ms4jEI
ANTI-sYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fotmth
First
Second
125.7 160.
70.761
104.410
352.289
4C17.353
157.1 200.
79.194
122.664
353.362
5C17.001
Fifth
First
176.7 225.
568.899
196.4 250.
620.004
215.9 Z15.
628.344
235.6 300.
81.886
175.162
629.376
Z74.9 350.
199.694
254.421
314.2 400.
218.916
264.137
229.616
282.360
353.4 450.
82.678
Fifth
37.981
156.388
629.938
w
w
TABLE

RATIO
S/r
a/r
6o
FREQUENCY COEFFICIENT t
MODES
Fifth
First
Fourth
fhird
p~ms4/EI
::iYIVIMtt: 'HTC
First
Second
= 1800
ANTI-S~~RIC
Second
Third
MODES
Fourth
7.9
2o5
21.443
48.714
80.544
101.o60
18.258
39.166
74.712
15.7
5.
41.481
72.753
112o842
193.633
21.3'73
66.523
132.980
167.170
23.6
7.5
56.425
82o966
162.466
230.140
95.1.42
145.170
234.404
31.4
10.
63.o61
99.599
2rJ7.849
241.384
47.1
15.
66.491
141.166
229.982
328o929
62.8
20.
67.3'79
181.536
23'7.085
78.5
25.
67.744
208.864
94.3
30.
67.931
125.7
40.
68.111
157.1
188.5
Z71.562
155.679
22.267
Fifth
305.289
133.356
205.632
339.622
4Z1.782
135.894
264.857
345.867
256.494
462.662
136.754
310.647
366.006
218.163
293.454
466.877
137.161
326.163
416.034
617.955
222.536
377.865
474.156
137.530
331.912
534.232
628.853
50.
223.740
439.379
506.080
333.298
596.8ll
6o.
224.267
454.344
583.691
333.881
605.794
786.469
I
I
RATIO
S/r
a/r
First
FREQUENCY COEFFICIENT , p"ms4/EI

SYMMETRIC MODES
ANTI..SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
458.732
7(]7.218
235.6
75.
282.7
90.
4h0.082
314.2 100.
460.554
770.479
376.9 120.
461.C!76
774.604
224.649
334.299
Fifth
608.793
609.794
959.978
610.174
963.463
965.815
w
(Jl
TABLE 7
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS FOR THEORY INCLUDING ROTATORY INERTIA BUT NEGLECTING SHEARING DEFORMATION
RATIO
S/r
a/r
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Fourth
Second
Third
Fifth
eo = 900
p~.s4/EI
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Firth
25.
15.92
37.813
1(1:).772
160.009
248.748
314.634
52.066
86.120
175.165
50.
31.83
64 7'71
120.149
278.325
323.757
503.840
54.978
160.755
198.765
385.749
476.273
75.
47.75
86.196
132.928
288.822
479.0C/l
532.853
186.455
259.658
402.342
669.348
100.
63.66
96.947
155.764
293.438
536.167
645.710
55.635
189.925
337.(1:)7
413.078
688.001
150.
95.49
103.231
212.676
303.023
546.129
868.035
55.739
191.775
401.461
520.026
703.179
200.
127.32
104.918
256.342
328.744
550.919
878.001,
55.789
192.345
406.235
663.364
731.087
250.
159.16
105.614
272.930
380.576
555.949
882.542
55.796
192.603
407.735
696.295
867.126
300.
190.99
105o971
278.275
439.403
564.7(1:)
884.830
55.808
192.739
408.459
700.744
1014.350
350o
222.82
106.180
280.586
488.8(1:)
585.250
888.575
55.826
192.819
408.874
702.618
1066.710
400.
254.65
106.312
281.820
516.107
627.890
891.686
55.823
192.871
409.114
703.561
1070.690
450.
286.48
106.403
282.570
527.187
685.285
896.465
55.837
192.907
4(1:).297
704.181
1079.570
500.
318.31
106.466
283.063
532.158
744.893
905"605
----~837_
122.9_35
4_02~4~
704.A87
1079_!1570
328.168
0\
TABLE 8
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS FOR THEORY INCLUDING ROTATORY INERTIA AND SHEAR DEFORMATION
FIJCED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES RATIO
S/r
eo = 900
= 0.1
a/r
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Third
Fourth
Second
Fifth
Plmi+/EI
First
Third
Fourth
Second
Fifth
25o
15.92
35.194
61.293
109.735
157.800
164.622
32.595
77.442
92.096
136.035
186.274
53.
31.83
63.854
100.801
188.509
294.006
342.891
46.715
131.832
184.176
243.426
351.(]72
75.
47o75
79.877
124.383
225.069
365.132
522.210
154.155
252.768
300.256
442.269
100.
63.66
90.483
152.454
251.061
419.599
606.271
52.758
168.132
313.757
360.358
515.749
150.
95.49
99.279
209.229
283.663
480.062
723.425
54.405
180.709
362.755
513.631
605.812
200o
127.32 102.505
248.972
322.226
510.315
783.315
55.028
185.815
381.742
622.592
706.124
250.
159.16 104.017
265,.520
377.975
529.469
817.286
55.302
188.319
391.310
654.232
861.113
300.
190.99 104.843
272o490
436.134
547.616
838.272
55.466
189.723
396.755
669.705
981.210
350.
222.82 105.343
Z76.141
482.498
576.240
853.233
55.558
190.587
400.144
679.009
1018.900
400.
254.65 105.667
2781)341
5CJ7.654
624.089
865.053
55.629
191.156
402.371
685.144
1032.610
450.
286.48 105.890
279.784
519.152
682.774
876.068
55.663
191.548
403.928
689.494
1043.990
500 ..
318.31 106 .. 050
280.7F!f7
525.208
741.752
889.733
55.696
191.832
405.037
692.513
1052.160
CJ.:)
-.._]
TABLE 9
S~~y
OF PERCENT ENERGY
FIXED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES RATIO
s/r
a/r
MODE
12.5
7.96 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
25.
15.92 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
37.5 23.87 First

Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
50o 31.83 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
60
= 900
PERCENT ENERGY
ROTATORY INERTIA INCLUDED
ROTATORY INERTIA AND SHEAR
CLASSICAL THEORY
SHEAR DEFORMATION NEGLECTEr
DEFORMATION ( r = 0.1 ) INCLUDED
iflNT I-SYMMETRIC
SYMMETRIC ANT I-8YMMETRIC SYMMETRIC
ANT I-SYMMETRIC
SYMMETRIC
~en- F1eEx:ten- F1e- Ex:ten- F1e- ~en- F1e- Shear Exten- F1e- Shear Exten- F1esion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
86
63
37
14
86
97
3
14
6
1
99
94
97
3
2
98
15
84
5
96
13
2
78
20
3
97
85
16
95
4
87
98
22
80
97
3
13
6
95
12
88
94
5
88
86
2
12
96
4
4
96
79
11
14
85
2
89
86
15
98
2
74
24
2
98
21
87
14
98
68
1
32
96
3
99
99
99
98
26
76
98
2
79
12
7
93
88
93
7
99
4
97
62
44
28
83
81
3
40
61
2
10
35
16
11
15
9
13
62
80
46
50
68
13
2
44
41
19
25
18
10
9
21
00
RATIO
S/~
53.
75.
a/:rr
PERCENT ENERGY
ROI'ATORY INERTIA,AND SHEAR
SHEAR
DEFORMATION
NEGLECT~
DEFORMATION
( r ~..ll INCLUDED
MODE
~ I..SYAIIB.rRIC
S:'fMMI:rRIC IA;NT I..SYMME:l'RIC SYMMETRIC
ANTI-SYMMETRIC
SYMMETRIC
iEJcte:rr Fle- ~en- Fle- Exten- Fle- ~en- Fle- ~ear Exten- Fle- Shear Exten- F1esion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sioa Xl.lr'e
31.83 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
47.75 First
Second
Thil!d
Fourth
Fifth
100.
125.
63.66 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
79.58 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
28
44
7
59
70
1
9
88
2
41
0
2
88
9
1
34
64
99
91
12
98
59
100
98
12
9ll.
99
66
36
56
38
2
95
5
Z1
68
44
62
98
5
95
73
32
3
:44
96
,97
99
94
996
4
8
89
2
6
92
11
0
2
98
94
100
98
87
13
10
1
90
99
55
39
2
92
8
45
61
98
8
92
26
74
68
3
3
97
32
97
97
32
8
39
56
10
22
23
12
43
1
9
85
5
1
3
79
16
1
0
1
32
64
2
71
47
8
36
29
65
13
45
43
90
77
45
24
55
13
25
54
64
4
15
10
39
51
56
13
4
26
39
42
59
32
2
4
94
38
55
3
2
9
20
72
6
1
13
28
43
44
32
2
47
35
58
47
35
67
24
68
60
45
'>0
CLASSICAL THEORY
RATIO
S/r
150.
a/r
~NT I-SYMMETRIC SlMMETRIC

ExteiP- Fla.- l!lx!teiP- Fla.sion xure
sion xure
95.49 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
93
10
98
100
100
Third.
Fourth
Fifth
60
38
0
0
1
5
91
0
0
0
2
59
99
200. 1Z7.32 First

Second
250. 159.16 First

Second
Thll.rd
Fourth
Fifth
300. 190.99 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
"
100
0
1
7
90
2
0
0
99
40
62
100
100
99
95
9
100
100
100
98
41
78
13
:t
6
92
22.
frl
99
6
90
2
0
0
1
57
40
0
0
1
5
9
0
0
0
1
94
4
45
49
2
1
96
2
15
98
85
23
95
77
5
1
1
7
78
l3
PERCENT ENERGY
RC1l'ATORY INERTIA INCLUDED
SHEAR DEFORMATION NEGLECTEr DEFORMATION ( r = 0.1 ) INCLUDED
ANT I-SYMMETRIC SYMME.l'RIC
SYMMEI'RIC
ANT I-SYMMETRIC
Shear ExteiP- Fle- Shear ExteiP- FleEx:teiP- Fle~aD- Flesion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
55
51
98
99
99
99
93
22
frl
99
66
100
99
94
10
98
100
100
77
13
1
5
4
44
60
49
2
11
100
100
2
15
99
77
5
99
43
95
91
:100
100
100
99
34
92
23
11
frl
99
19
3
95
96
56
51
98
24
99
98
85
23
95
1
1
7
77
99
l3
frl
99
99
93
23
3
7
12
15
4
2
4
8
12
2
1
3
6
9
8
0
1
3
86
10
0
0
95
88
78
11
frl
66
97
93
78
67
18
0
0
1
3
98
96
91
85
11
18
frl
0
0
0
1
34
99
97
94
90
58
20
1
86
26
69
76
68
5
5
4
l4
20
3
,36
57
3
1
92
59
39
83
79
3
5
1
9
l4
2
4
2
6
10
2
13
95
82
22
85
85
7
4
11
23
31
7
70
77
6
1
1
6
73
17
1
97
90
25
77
89
I
!
TABLE 9
RATIO
S/r
a/r
PERCENT ENERGY
CLASSICAL THEORY
SHEAR
DEFORMATION
NEGLECTED
DEFORMATION
( r = Ojll ) INCLUDED
MODE
ANT I..SYMMEJrRIC SYMJ\IIETRIC ANT I-SYMMETRIC SYMMEI'RIC
ANT I-SYMMETRIC
SYMME:rRIC
Ex:ten- Fle- IExten- F1e- Ex:ten- Fle- Ex:ten- Fle'J
Shear Ex:ten- F1eShear Ex:ten- Flesion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
sion xure
222 0 82 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
0
0
0
1
18
100
100
100
99
82
1
4
57
36
2
99
96
43
64
98
254.65 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
0
0
0
1
4
100
100
100
99
96
1
3
26
81
3
99
286.48 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
500. 318.31 First

Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
0
0
0
0
1
100
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
350o
400.
450.
( Continued )
99
97
74
19
97
99
98
88
0
0
1
12
100
100
100
99
88
0
0
0
0
4
100
100
100
100
96
1
3
26
69
3
99
100
100
100
100
100
1
2
12
79
6
100
100
100
100
0
1
6
77
13
99
98
88
21
94
100
99
94
23
87
79
6
21
0
0
0
94
1
1
6
78
13
99
99
94
22
87
0
0
0
0
1
12
99
99
4
56
96
44
63
98
37
97
74
31
97
1
2
4
7
9
1
2
3
5
7
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
3
4
6
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
2
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
3
3
8
1
4
49
43
2
93
48
54
90
1
3
3
1
6
1
2
22
70
4
98
95
75
29
90
1
2
98
96
86
21
88
100
99
98
96
1
2
3
1
5
1
2
3
1
95
99
98
96
93
87
99
98
97
94
92
99
99
o/7
96
92
11
78
7
0
1
6
75
16
o/7
99
97
91
24
81
"'"
I-'
'
i
I
TABLE 10
SUMMARY OF PERCENT ENERGY
FIXED-ENDED UNIFORM CmCULAR ARCHES- 9o
RATIO
S/r
a/n
25.
31.83
50.
63.66
75.
95.49
100.
l'Zl.32
150.
190.99
200.
254.95
250.
318.31
300.
381.97
350.
445.63
400.
509.30
450.
572.96
500.
636.62
First
Ex:tension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flesxure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
8
92
1
99
0
100
CLASSICAL THEORY
PERCENT ENERGY
ANTI-sYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third Fourth
Fifth
First
94
6
6
94
1
99
2
98
5
95
94
6
97
3
4
96
1
99
99
2
98
95
5
94
6
4
96
1
99
99
1
64
36
0
100
0
100
5
95
95
5
97
2
98
0
100
= 45
0
100
0
100
0
100
0
100
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
35
65
67
33
2
98
2
98
98
2
9
91
6
94
91
9
94
6
1
79
21
58
42
10
90
36
64
67
33
79
0
100
1
99
2
98
0
100
0
100
0
100
99
1
97
3
0
100
28
72
l4
86
8
92
5
95
2
98
99
I
I
21
78
22
68
32
47
53
16
84
12
88
25
75
47
53
66
34
76
2.4
'
i
I
1
99
3
97
4
96
,j::.
1:-.J
TABLE 11
FIXED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES RATIO
S/r
12.5
a/n
3.98
25.
7.96
37.5
11.94
50.
15.92
75.
23.87
100.
31.83
125.
39.79
150.
47.75
200.
63.66
250.
79.58
300.
95.49
350.
111.49
----
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
-~-
First
58
42
1
99
-~
0
100
0
100
0
100
0
100
eo = 1800
CLASSICAL THEORY
PERGil! ENERGY
Second Third
Fifth
Fourth
First
96
43
59
44
56
57
4
41
81
92
76
13
46
8
19
87
54
24
70
25
84
16
75
30
61
8
34
94
24
66
6
76
92
39
8
78
20
13
8
22
80
92
87
92
57
3
'5I
3
4
63
97
96
43
97
ll
79
7
21
89
93
66
26
2
98
34
74
l
2
ll
1
79
98
21
99
89
99
0
1
1
1
40
100
60
99
99
99
0
l
2
11
0
100
100
98
99
89
0
0
1
0
2
100
100
100
99
98
SYMMEI'RIC MODES
Second
Third Fourth
88
20
93
12
80
7
23
91
17
77
83
9
48
23
52
77
16
71
86
2$
84
14
18
68
74
26
82
32
39
55
7
61
45
93
7
93
3
97
1
99
l
99
1
99
74
26
23
77
6
94
3
97
2
98
17
83
69
31
75
25
34
66
10
90
Fifth
92
8
86
14
92
8
5
95
31
69
91
9
7
93
4
96
16
84
59
41
79
21
~
TABLE 12
SUMMARY OF PERCEN'l' ENERGY
9o
= 45
CLASSICAL THEORY
RATIO
S/r
5.89
7.85
7.5
10.
15.
19.64
25.
40.
39.Zl
50.
47.12
60.
62.83
70.69
ANT I-SYMMETRIC MODES

First Second
Third
Fourth
a/n
ll.78
31.42
PERCENT ENERGY
so.
90.
94.25 120.
109.96 140.
125o66 160
E:rlension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
E:rlension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Exrliension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
98
95
5
98
5
95
57
43
44
4
96
1
99
0
100
56
96
4
98
2
96
4
68
32
2
98
1
99
0
100
100
0
100
0
99
1
3
97
1
99
3
97
32
68
97
3
98
2
97
3
48
52
3
97
Fifth
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
100
0
2
98
99
1
97
97
2
98
1
99
2
98
2
98
5
95
7
93
98
2
99
1
36
64
1
99
0
100
0
100
3
99
1
5
95
0
100
0
]00,
0
100
3
97
52
48
96
4
1
99
84
16
91
9
89
ll
76
24
59
41
39
61
21
79
39
61
59
41
3;,
Fifth
98
2
45
55
1
99
64
36
100
0
0
100
99
1
97
3
0
100
0
100
~
~
PERCENT ENERGY
RATIO
S/r
a/r
157..08 200o
176.72 225.
196.35 250.
235.62 300.
'Zl4.89 350o
314.16 400.
353.43 450o
400.55 5llO.
447.68 570o
494.80 630.
549.78 700.
596.90 760.
651.88 830.
First
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Ex:tenaion
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Ex:liension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Exitension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
-----------
- - L ____
ANTL-SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
1
99
0
100
0
100
99
1
96
4
43
57
1
99
0
100
Fifth
Firat
]6
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second Third
Fourth
84
82
18
4
96
11
1
99
Fifth
89
79
21
55
45
'Z7
73
12
88
6
94
17
83
42
58
70
30
85
15
89
89
ll
82
18
65
35
35
65
.t::.
CJ1
TABLE 13
HINGED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES RATIO
S/~Jt
7.85
15.71
23.56
31.42
47.12
62.83
78.54
94.25
125.25
157o08
188o50
a/r
2.65 Extension
Flexure
Extension
5.
Flexure
Extension
7.5
Flexure
Extension
10.
Flexure
Extension
15.
Flexure
Extension
20.
Flexure
Extension
25.
Flexure
Extension
30.
Flexure
Extension
40o
Flexure
Extension
50.
Flexure
60
Extension
Flexure
= 1800
Go
PERCENT ENERGY
First
42
58
10
90
14
l4
40
60
1
99
Second Third
Fourth
58
42
88
12
15
85
11
89
4
96
2
98
1
99
1
99
97
3
43
57
93
7
82
18
86
l4
86
l4
48
52
13
87
3
97
1
:99
1
99
60
40
Fifth
First
].()()
98
89
11
56
44
24
5
95
11
89
50
50
84
16
81
19
17
83
4
96
76
7
93
3
97
3
97
15
85
2
98
1
99
1
99
1.---------
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second Third
Fourth
88
22
91
12
78
9
84
83
Z7
16
17
73
92
47
13
8
53
87
68
77
33
23
67
32
8
90
94
10
6
92
81
18
78
82
22
19
8
39
59
61
92
41
13
84
37
16
96
87
86
10
3
90
97
l4
2
60
37
98
63
40
8
1
88
12
92
99
Fifth
3
97
---------------------
'"""
0\
TABLE 13
( Continued )
PERCENT ENERGY
RATIO
S/r
235o62
282.74
a/r
'75.
90.
314.16 100.
376.99 120.
First
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Extension
Flexure
Ex:tension
Flexure
ANT I-SYMMETRIC MODES

Second
Third
Fourth
0
100
Fifth
First
SYMMETRIC MODES
Second
Third Fourth
99
99
99
0
100
3
97
2
98
1
99
2
98
1
99
1
99
0
100
Fifth
75
25
5
95
2
98
'--...]
"""
TABLE 14
SUMMARY OF SOLUTIONS FOR THEORY INCLUDING ROTATORY INERTIA AND SHEAR DEFORlAATION
FIXED-ENDED UNIFORM CffiCULAR ARCHES - 6o
RATIO
S/r
a/r
= 90
First
Second
SYMMETRIC MODES
Third:
Fourth
Fifth
= 0.3
P~~/EI
First
ANTI-sYMMEI'RIC MODES
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
I
25.
15.92:
36.Sl3
S2.49S
l55o061
167.651
249.562
42.442
S4.'Z17
122.541
5o.
31.S3
63.650
110.054
231.S07
321.267
3S7.349
51.3S3
150.473
1S3.473
307.611
463.006
75.
47.75
S4.040
129.445
261.S62
448.022
4SS.529
53.719
173.645
257.745
355.979
560.97S
100.
63.66
94.659
154.559
Z76oS71
487.470
643o5S5
54o62S
1S1.?56
332.351
3?!7.lS3
613.046
150.
95.49
101.861
211.592
295.892
521.162
Sll.011
55.284
1?!7.S66
3?!7.29S
200.
1Z7.32
326.356
536.2S?
S42.762
55.531
190.093
397.555
651.60S
719.098
300.
190.99
438.354
558.?15
869.439
55.694
-~9_1~7gl_
.. 404._449
689.932
1005.700
105o591
Z76.305
00
TABLE 15
SUMMAR! OF PERCENT ENERGY
FIXED-ENDED UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARCHES- 9o
RATIO
S/r
25.
50.
75.
100.
150.
200.
300o
a/r
= 900
THEORY INCLUDING ROTATORY INERTIA AND SHEAR DEFORMATION- r = 0.3

PERCENT ENERGY
SYMMETRIC MODES
First Second
Third
Fourth Fifth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
15.92 Shear
Extension
Flexure
31.83 Shear
Extension
Flexure
47.75 Shear
Extension
Flexure
63.66 Shear
Extension
F1ezure
95o49 Shear
Extension
Flexure
l27.32 Shear
Extension
Flexure
190.99 Shear
Extension
Flexure
94
7
59
l3
1
86
6
1
93
4
0
96
2
0
98
1
0
99
0
0
100
87
9
16
38
46
l3
6
81
9
2
89
4
1
95
2
1
t:yrr
1
0
99
50
7
43
10
59
31
1
89
9
4
74
22
7
39
70
25
4
73
23
22
30
4
74
1
69
11
21
22
67
1
78
37
1
62
33
28
~5
2
0
98
4
40
56
3
1
96
68
5
49
46
5
24
71
45
50
1
70
1
75
24
7
90
88
4
1
43
6
51
15
17
29
57
40
2
57
41
1
1
98
1
7
92
24
58
18
31
3
66
18
2
80
11
4
85
4
15
81
1
52
47
1
76
23
35
41
24
2
95
3
23
14
63
17
2
81
9
1
90
5
2
93
2
14
84
Fifth
67
1
32
41
3
56
4
85
11
1
96
3
l3
2
85
8
1
91
4
1
95
~
"'
I
I
I
50
Fig; 1: COORDINATE AND DISPLACEMENT NOTATIONS
60
90
S/r : 100.
0
.......
<tl
)y
\:1
I 11
ll
l'f Cn
01
~'
'
fl
E
....
<lJ
.......
<lJ
Continuous
1.5
(a) A ntisymmetric
150
(b)
Modes
Symmetric
Modes
Fig. 2: TYPICAL PLOTS OF DETERJ\1INANT VS. FREQUENCY FIXED ENDED ARCHES
C,/1
1-'
,..,.
1000 r-
f-
800
c:
.....
c:
(.)
600
'+'+-
a>
>.
400
a>
:::J
0"
....a>
1..1..
200
~//
800
400I
.,../
,--:
I I
})
----
,I(
~:..---
'-~)___- v
200
--v
600I
~~
I
))
u
(.)
1000
.
a>
80: 900
_!~
I
200
100
Slenderness
(a)
300
Ratio,
Antisymmetric
yr
Modes
400
500
100
Slenderness
300
200
400
500
Ratio , S/r
(b) Symmetric
Modes
Fig. 3: NATIJRAL FREQUENCIES FOR FIXED ENDED ARCHES- CLASSICAL THEORY
CJ1
N
...
eo: 90
Sjr : 50
~I
Third
Third
Moue ,
Mode,
c3 :
c3 = 409.7
zd
'C7.
"
Second
Second
Mode,
532.6
Mode,
c 2 : 283.2
c2 =193.0
t1r
First Mode,
First
Mode ,
c1 :
106.5
c1 =55. 8
(a) Antisymmetric
Modes
(b) Symmetric
Modes
C/l
Fig. 4: PREDOMINANTLY FLEXURAL MODES OF VIDRATION- FIXED ENDED ARCHES
1000
~~~----=-~
eo= 900
EE::.. 59
FE::.. 41
EE:. .38
FE=.62
EE: . 91
FE= .09
,___~
Cl)
(.)
~
EE =. 78
FE=.22
EE = .60
FE: .40
Cl)
EE =.90
FE=.10
>(.)
Cl)
:::J
0"
~
EE =.78 \
EF =. 34
FE=. 66
Cl)
,_
EE=.49
FE=.51
FE=.22
u..
VI
EE=.26
~FE=.74
EE:.-.57
FE = .43
~
-~
\~
=-r
EE =. 45
FE=.55
=.
;:;:;: ~
EE 78
FE=.22
'
FE=.16
100
200
Slenderness
400
300
Ratio , S/r
500
400
Slenderness
(a) Anti symmetric Modes
(b)
Ratio ,
500
S/r
Symmetric Modes
Fig. 5: FREQUENCIES ASSOCIATED WITH PREDOMINANTLY EXTENSIONAL MODES OF VIBRATIONFIXED ENDED ARCHES
C/1
'""'"
"1
55
Second Mode for S/r
25~
Second Mode for S/r
50.
Third Mode for S/r
= 100~
-......_.s
Third Mode for S/r
Fourth Mode for S/r
Fig~
6a: PREDOMINANTLY
/~I
-
= 125~
= 125.
EXTh~SIONAL
ANTISY}mETRICAL MODES OF VIBRATION
- FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
56
Fourth Mode for S/r
= 150.
<::-----.....
v
-...........
~~_z
____S:....::::==--~:Z:::-...Ji
Fourth Mode for S/r
= 200.
~---:?
Fifth Mode for S/r
~~----::::::::,
= 200~
:s;::v
Fifth Mode for
S/r = 250.
~.
/ ~.
::/'..
~~"'C/~s
Fifth Mode for S/r
= )oo;
<;;:;r
Fig. 6b: PREDOMINANTLY EXTENSIONAL ANTISYMMETRICAL MODES OF VIBRATION

57
First Mode for S/r
'W
= 12.5
~-----v
First Mode for S/r
Second Mode for S/r
75~
~._.__2?
Second Mode for S/r
:::;=>J
___
150~
I
I
~---
~2v ?::s~
'W
Second Mode for S/r
Fig~
7i
~
= 200~
7a: PREDOMINANTLY EXTENSIONAL SYMMETRICAL MODES OF VIBRATION
58
>
2v
Third Mode for S/r = 200~
Third Mode for S/r
300~
____
:s;~--~
4v
~----~-
Third Mode for S/r
= 350~
Third Mode for S/r
= 400~
Fourth Mode for S/r
Fig~
7b:
PREDOMINP~LY
= 400.
EXTENSIONAL SYMMETRICAL MODES OF VIBRATION

1000~
~
100+
eo= 900
Co'
EE = .0
.....
c
Q)
Q)
>u
Q)
--:7'--~
.20
:::::s
0'
Q)
.....
u.
FE:.1.0 ~
EE:. .0
'~
EE:.
~---
~~
EE = .0 '\\_\
-------
100
200
Slenderness
(a)
300
Ratio , S/r
Antisymmetric
Modes
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Slenderness Ratio , S/r

(b) Symmetric Modes
Fig. 8: MODES CORRESPONDING TO FREQUENCIES OF NEARLY EQUAL VALUES FIXED ENDED ARCHES
C/1
\0
60
Third Mode for S/r = 50.
Second Mode for S/r
500;
~~~
-><:...___
i
5v
Fourth Mode for S/r
Fig~
= 75~
9a: ANTISYMMETRICAL MODES CORRESPONDING TO FREQUENCIES OF NEARLY

EQUAL VALUES - FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
61
5v
Third Mode for S/r
s <::::::::::--~-~
=
500;
~~I
~'<::7
2v
Fifth Mode for S/r
Fourth Modo for S/r
~I
1
= 150;
= 500~
Fig; 9b: ANTISYMMETRICAL MODES CORRESPONDING TO FREQUENCIES OF NEARLY

62
Second Mode for S/r
50~
First Mode for S/r = 500.
2v
Third Mode for S/r
= 100~
2v
Second Mode for S/r
Fig~
500~
lOa: SYMMETRICAL MODES CORRESPONDING TO FREQUENCIES OF NEARLY

63
-><---Fifth Mode for S/r
50~
lOv
Fourth Mode for S/r
200~
c--.........
I
~<::::7
~z::::J
~
~
Third Mode for S/r
Fig~
500~
lOb: SYMMETRICAL MODES CORRESPONDING TO FREQUENCIES OF NEARLY

EQUAL VALUES- FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
[
e-0 = 450
I
c
I
I
-c
(!)
..,_
..,_
<ll
>u
--t
I
I
I
I
I
(!)
::I
0"
(!)
'-
u...
200
100
200
Slenderness
300
Ratio
400
S/r
200
500
Slenderness
(a) Antisymmetric Modes
(b)
300
Ratio
eo= 4 5
500
S/r
Symmetric Modes
Fig. 11: COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE AND EXACT SOLUTIONS FIXED ENDED ARCHES WITH
400
..,..
0\
----------------- ,--:..::=-
lOOOl
I.
""
9o = 90o
c:
c:
Q)
.....
..,_
I
Q)
----------
,.,II'.
>.
---
,
,,
, ,-,.L-------
,,
c:
,,
Q)
::l
------7L--- --,,
cr
Q)
,_
u.
~~~~~~~~_L~~~_L~~~~
100
200
Slenderness
300
Ratio , S/r
400
500
100
200
Slenderness
(b)
300
Ratio
400
500
S/r
Symmetric Modes
Fig. 12: COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE AND EXACT SOLUTIONSFIXED ENDED ARCHES WITI-I eo = 9 0
II'.
0\
CJl
r-
---,---
10001
- - - - - - - --
1I
8.0 = 180
,'
----
I1I
-+.--lI
-- -
II
- - I-,L - - - - - - - - -
c:
I.
c:
Q)
u
"+"+-
Q)
>.
c:
Q)
::::l
cr
Q)
'LJ..
-~~~I 100I
.
-'--L---'--'-
1.
100
_____1_1 __j_
LL
200
Slenderness
_l___l_
l__l_l -
300
Ratio , S/r
400
I
I
Slenderness
200
300
Ratio
400
S;t
(b) Symmetric Modes
Fig. 13: COMPARISON AND APPROXIMATE AND EXACT SOLUTIONS FIXED ENDED ARCHES WITH 9o = 18 0
Q\
Q\
900
800
Classical Theory
----- Solution Included Rotatory Inertia
700
s::l
. 600
.A
~
(J)
"8500
rl
t:
Q)
0
0
400
fis::l
~
ar 3oo
t:
200
100
100
200
300

Q\
Figo
14: EFFECTS OF SHEAR DEFORMATION AND ROI'ATORY INERTIA FOR ANTISYMMETRIC MODES - FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
'-J
900
1.:.
800
700
. 600
---
OS::
~C) 500
-------8------A-----------
"1"1
t:
400
g 300
--------------
l::
200
100
100
200
300
0\
00
Fig. 15: EFFECTS OF SHEAR DEFORMATION AND ROTATORY INERTIA FOR SYMMETRIC MODES - FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
----- Classical Theory
69
--With Rotatory Inertia, No Shear Deformation

--With Rotatory Inertia And Shear Deformation { r
= 0.1)
500
400
300
r-
c:f
..
ori
0
ori
lH
lH
Q)
100
r'
..,
.. 200
~
Q)
v . ~ ..--- ----~
....
/.
..
L/
.~
Third Mode
./
200
--. ---
Secon
Mode
100
First Mode
0
100
200
Fig. 16a: EFFECTS OF SHEAR DEFORMATION AND ROTATORY INERTIA

FOR ANT !SYMMETRIC MODES - FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
1000
~------~---------.---------.--------~--------,70
900
--
800
Fo
h Mode
./
../
700
..-1
0
..-1
..---- .
600
~Q)
0
0
>. 500
Fifth Mode
t:
300
. /
100
200

Fig. 16b: EFF~TS OF SHEAR DEFORMATION AND ROI'ATORY INERTIA
FOR ANT ISYMrmRIC MODES - FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
--
----- Classical Theory
71
--With Rotatory Inertia , No Shear Deformation

--With Rotatory Inertia And Shear Deformation ( f
= 0.1)
600 ~------~--------~--------.---------.--------.
500
~-------+--------~------~,--------r------__,
400
t----------t--
Third Mo
~
<I)
r-i
C)
8 200
<I)
0
0
~
C)
100
L-.-----'
&
<I)
rt
0
100
200
Fig. 17a: EFFECTS OF SHEAR DEFORPAATION AND ROTATORY INERTIA

FOR SYMMEI'RIC MODES - FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
72
. 500 ~-----+-#--~----~--------~------~---------~
..
100
----
~~~~~~-L~~~~._~~~~~~~~~~~
100
200

Fig. 17b: EFFECTS OF SHEAR DEFORMATION AND ROTATORY INERTIA
FOR SYMMETRIC MODES - FIXED ENDED ARCHES -
____/
c
FE=.49
E~
=
(l)
......
......
FE
600
eo= 900
401
:4
(l)
'-
>u
~
EE =.4 4
(l)
::::1
FE=.56
o(l)
.....
u...
~
EE =.52
FE= .48
~
FE =,.34
0
200
Sir
100
200
Slenderness
(b)
Ratio
s/r
300
Symmetric Modes
Fig. 18: FREQUENCIES ASSOCIATED WITH PREDO:MINANTLY EXTENSIONAL MODES HINGED ENDED ARCHES
-.....)
74
Second Mod0 for S/r = 31~42
::::;:~::=.....cc::::...:::::::===:.;;>'~l
Second Mode for S/r
Fig~
= 43~98
Third Mode for S/r
= 43~98
Third Mode for S/r
= 70.69
19a: PREDOMINANTLY EXTENSIONAL ANTISYMMETRICAL MODES

OF VIBRATION - HINGED ENDED ARCHES -

~
I
Third Mode for S/r
= 102~1
~---:_...;7'
Fourth Mode for S/r
= 102.1
Fourth Mode for S/r
141~4
I
v
~
.....- 7
Fourth Mode for S/r
Fig~
= 188~5
s <=:?.
~
""""
19b: PREDOMINANTLY EXTENSIONAL ANTIS'YMMETRICAL MODES

OF VIBRATION - HINGED ENDED ARCHES -
7s
76
v
First Mode for S/r
= 50;27
5v
Second Mode for S/r
50~27
w~
Second Mode for S/r
= 102~1
Second Mode for S/r
= 157~1
---....a
Fig; 20a: PREDOMINANTLY EXTENSIONAL S'IMMETRICAL MODES OF VIBRATION
- HINGED ENDED ARCHES -
~
I
77
Third Mode for S/r
Third Mode for S/r
157.1
= 219.9
~cz::s<J
Third :Mode for S/r
314~2
~~~~
10v
Fourth Mode for S/r
Fig~
314~2
20b: PREDOMJ:NANTLY EXTENSIONAL SYMMETRICAL MODES OF VIBRATION

-
IflNGED ENDED ARCHES -
------------------~~
c
eo= 450
I
I
I
I
I
I
c
Q)
......
Q)
u
>.
Q)
:::1
o.....
Q)
1..1...
100
Slenderness
(a)
300
200
Ratio , S/r
Slenderness
Anti symmetric Modes
(b)
Ratio
S/r
Symmetric Modes
Fig. 21: COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE AND EXACT SOLUTIONS HINGED ENDED ARCHES WITH
9o = 45
--.)
cc
-------,'
eo= 1800 ----7---;;...:::oo--
I
I
--_j
I.
IJ
...c
IJ
I
I
C'l)
-Q)
20
oQ)
....
u..
100
200
Slenderness Ratio , ~r
(a)
100
200
Slenderness
Antisymmetric Modes
(b)
Ratio
300
,
S/r
Symmetric Modes
Fig. 22: COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE AND EXACT SOLUTIONSHINGED ENDED ARCHES WITH
eo =
t 8 Oo
-...]
""

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RICE UNIVERSITY

FREE VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR ARCHES

Carlos Antonio Lopes Pereira

Thesis Director's Signature

The lower natural frequencies and the associated modes of vibration of

by comparing them with the results obtained by exact analysis.

GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR FIXED ARCH

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR HINGED ARCH

Convergence of the Numerical Method

Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Fixed-ended Uniform

Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Fixed -ended Uniform

Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Fixed -ended Uniform

Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Hinged-ended Uniform

Summary of Solutions of Classical Theory, Hinged -ended Uniform

Summary of Solutions for Theory Including Rotatory Inertia but

Summary of Solutions for Theory Including Rotatory Inertia and Shear

Summary of Percent Energy, Fixed-ended Uniform Circular Arches

Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Fixed-ended Uniform

Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Fixed -ended Uniform

Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Hinged -ended Uniform

Summary of Percent Energy, Classical Theory, Hinged-ended Uniform

Summary of Solutions for Theory Including Rotatory Inertia and Shear

Summary of Percent Energy, Theory Including Rotatory Inertia and Shear

Coordinate and Displacement Notations

Typical Plots of Determinant vs. Frequency - Fixed Ended Arches

Natural Frequencies for Fixed Ended Arches - Classical Theory

Predominantly Flexural Modes of Vibration - Fixed Ended Arches

Frequencies Associated with Predominantly Extensional Modes of

6. a, b Predominantly Extensional Anti symmetrical Modes of Vibration Fixed Ended Arches

Modes Corresponding to Frequencies of Nearly Equal Values - Fixed

9. a, b Antisymmetrical Modes Corresponding to Frequencies of Nearly

Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions - Fixed Ended Arches

Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions - Fixed Ended Arches

Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions - Fixed Ended Arches

Effects of Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia for Antisymmetric

16. a, bEffects of Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia for Antisymmetric

Frequencies Associated with Predominantly Extensional Modes Hinged Ended Arches

19. a, bPredominantly Extensional Antisymmetrical Modes of Vibration - Hinged

Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions -Hinged Ended with

Comparison of Approximate and Exact Solutions -Hinged Ended with

Object and Scope

On the basis of these data and by application of Rayleigh's method,

To investigate the response of fixed ended arches using both the

classical and the more general theory,

To develop simple approximate expressions for estimating these

To obtain additional data for simply-supported arches and to check

The nth circular frequency of an arch, p , may conveniently be expressed

and its slenderness ratio, S/r, where r

denotes the radius of gyration of the arch cross section.

= 90 were evaluated for a range of S/r from 0 to 360.

180 using the classical theory.

In this effort the ordinary theory was used. These

In addition, the accuracy of

fixed -ended circular arches is presented below.

A more complete review is

presented by Wung (1).

For the first antisymmetrical inextensional mode for

fixed -ended arches, the following series were used,

The coordinate and displacement

notation are shown in Fig. 1.

for a wide range of parameters and are shown graphically.