Design and Correction of Optical

Systems
Lecture 13: Zoom and Confocal Systems
2013-07-10
Herbert Gross
Summer term 2013

www.iap.uni-jena.de

Preliminary Schedule
1

10.04. Basics

Law of refraction, Fresnel formulas, optical system model, raytrace, calculation

approaches

17.04. Materials and Components

Dispersion, anormal dispersion, glass map, liquids and plastics, lenses, mirrors,
aspheres, diffractive elements

24.04. Paraxial Optics

Paraxial approximation, basic notations, imaging equation, multi-component

systems, matrix calculation, Lagrange invariant, phase space visualization

08.05. Optical Systems

Pupil, ray sets and sampling, aperture and vignetting, telecentricity, symmetry,
photometry

15.05. Geometrical Aberrations

Longitudinal and transverse aberrations, spot diagram, polynomial expansion,

primary aberrations, chromatical aberrations, Seidels surface contributions

22.05. Wave Aberrations

Fermat principle and Eikonal, wave aberrations, expansion and higher orders,
Zernike polynomials, measurement of system quality

29.05. PSF and Transfer function

Diffraction, point spread function, PSF with aberrations, optical transfer function,
Fourier imaging model

05.06. Further Performance Criteria

Rayleigh and Marechal criteria, Strehl definition, 2-point resolution, MTF-based

criteria, further options

12.06. Optimization and Correction

Principles of optimization, initial setups, constraints, sensitivity, optimization of

optical systems, global approaches

10

19.06. Correction Principles I

Symmetry, lens bending, lens splitting, special options for spherical aberration,
astigmatism, coma and distortion, aspheres

11

26.06. Correction Principles II

Field flattening and Petzval theorem, chromatical correction, achromate,

apochromate, sensitivity analysis, diffractive elements

12

03.07. Optical System Classification

Overview, photographic lenses, microscopic objectives, lithographic systems,

eyepieces, scan systems, telescopes, endoscopes

13

10.07. Special System Examples

Zoom systems, confocal systems

Contents
1. Principle of zoom systems
2. Various setups for zoom systems
3. Simple calculation schemes
4. Example systems
5. Miscellaneous topics concerning zoom systems
6. Confocal principle

7. Confocal chromatical sensor

8. Confocal microscope

Zoom Lenses
Change of focal length
Magnification enlarged / scene reduced

a) focal length f = 30 mm

b) focal length f = 100 mm

c) focal length f = 250 mm

Ref: W. Osten

Basic Principle
Two thin lenses in a certain distance t:

f1 f 2
f
f1 f 2 t

Focal length
Refractive power

F F1 2 F2

F F1 F2 t F1 F2
a) Finite-finite (F-F)

h2
2
h1
Kinds of zoom systems
b) Infinite-finite (I-F)

c) Infinite-infinite (I-I)

Change of Focal Length

Distance t increased
First lens fixed

changed
distance
t

moved
lens
changed focal
length f

Change of Focal Length

Distance t increased
Image plane fixed

two lenses moved

t

image
plane

Two Solutions
x
A B
x' Ax Bu
As B
s'
u

u ' Cx Du C x D Cs D
u

Paraxial matrix formulation:

Two states of the system,
Invariant image position s
Quadratic equation for s:

s'

always two solutions with

As B A' s B'

const.
Cs D C ' s D'

m' = 1/m

zoom system
x

u
s
object
plane

x'

B
D

u'

s'
image
plane

Principle of Smallest Change of Total Track

Zoom factor : ratio of magnification change

m
M max
mmin

Equivalent : ratio of focal lengths

Zoom system :
- change of magnification

max
min

f max
f min

L/f
10

- constant length
5

L f 2 m
m

-5

-10
-4

-3

-2

-1

Principle of Smallest Change

Goal :

dm
1
( s / f ) 2 2s / f 2
f

dL
2 2 ( s / f ) 4 4( s / f ) 2 ( s / f 1)

smallest change of length

Preferred points of operation:
m = 1 , m = -1
Setup :
1. Change of magnification :

10
8
6

variator group
2. Correcting the image

location: compensator group

L/f
4
2
f dm/dL
0

s/f
m

-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

Mechanical Compensated Zoom Systems

Simple explanation of variator and compensator
Movement of variator arbitrary
Compensator movement
depends on variator
Perfect invariance of
image plane possible

compensator
nonlinear

variator
linear

relay
lens

objective
lens

image
plane

Two-Component F-F System

Setup :

f2

f1

object

t1

image

t3

t2
L

Given : L, m, f1, f2 :
Wllner equations:

L
t2
2

m 1
L2
L f1 f 2 f1 f 2
4
m

f1 f 2 m f1 f 2 t2
t1
m f1 f 2 t2
f

f1 f 2
f1 f 2 t 2

t3 L t1 t2

Two-Component F-F System

2 [1/L]

Solution space :
focal lengths:

15

1. f1 > L/4
2. f2 > L/4
3. 1/f1 + 1/f2 < 4/L

a)

b)
10
1

Calculation with Newton-

4
d)

imaging equation and

tj > 0
Ranges with 0 - 1- 2 - 3 - 4
solutions for focal lengths

2
1
[1/L]

-5
no solution

3
c)

-10

-15
-15

-10

-5

10

15

Two-Component F-F System

m

20

Examples:

a) f1 = L/12
f2 = L/12

t1 = 16.4 , t2 = 26.6 , m = +6.0

10

t1

t2

1. Number of solutions

t1 = 3.1 , t2 = 4.3 , m = -16

-10

2. Zoom curves

t2

t1
-20
0

3. m-ranges
b) f1 =-L/10
f2 = L/10

20

40

60

80

100

m
0

t1 = 5.9 , t2 = 7.6 , m = -4.8

-2

-4

t1 t2

-6

-8

20

40

60

80

100

m
0

c) f1 = L/10
f2 = -L/10

t1 = 16.5 , t2 = 16.7 , m = -11.8

-5
-10

t1

-15

t1

t2
t2

t1 = 11.3 , t2 = 80.7 , m = -13.5

-20
-25

d) f1= L/3
f2 = L/3

20

40

60

80

100

m
0

t1 = 25 , t2 = 29.3 , m = -1.35
-1

t2

t1

-2

-3

-4

L
0

20

40

60

80

100

Three-Component Zoom System

Setup:

first lens fixed

1. lens

f1

second lens

third lens

f2

f3

image
plane

fixed

s'2

s3
f1

Given :
M, L
Arbitrary but recommended :

Calculation : central position

s'

3 M 1
F M ( M 1)

s'

t2

t1

M 1
M L
1 M
F2
M L

F1

t1

F3 F F1

M 1
F1 ( M 1)

t2

M ( M 1)
3 M 1

M 1
F1 M ( M 1)

Three-Component Zoom System

Arbitrary zoom positions:
given is t1

f f t
s '2 2 1 1
f1 f 2 t1

b
b2
t2
c
2
4

F F1 F2 F3 t1 F1 F2 F3 t 2 F3 F1 F2 t1t 2 F1 F3 F3

b t1 s'2 L
c ( L t1 ) ( f 3 s'2 ) f 3 s'2

F
[1/mm]
180
fmax=163 mm

160

Example:

140
120
middle:
fm=100 mm

100

t2

t1

80
60
40
20
0
-20

fmin=16.3 mm
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

[mm]

Symmetrical Afocal Setup

Telescope angle magnification :

w' h first

w hlast

f2 f1

f1
asymmetric 1
> 1
tmax

Major positions
symmetric

Magnification

First
Second
distance distance
tmax
0
|| = |max| > 1
tm
tm
|| = 1
0
tmin
|| = 1/|max| < 1

= 1
tm

tm

asymmetric 2
<
tmin

Symmetrical layout

Matrix Solution: Optical Compensated Afocal Zoom

Shifting from middle position:
Matrix

Aa

Ca

Ba 1 0 1 t m z 1



Da F1 1 0
1 F2

0 1 tm z 1 0

1 0
1 F1 1

Ca 2 F1 F2 2 F1t m F1 F2 t m2 F12 F2 z 2 F12 F2

Aa 1 t m 2 F1 F 2 t m2 F1 F2 z F2 z 2 F1 F2

a) symmetrical zoom position : = 1

f2
f1

f1

Middle position:

Am 1 2t m F1 t m F2 t m2 F1 F2

Cm 2 F1 F2 t m 2 F12 2 F1 F2 t m2 F12 F2

u'
0
x u 0

tm

b) asymmetrical zoom position : < 1

f1
f2

Cm (0) 0

Conditions:

tm

u'
1
D
u
A

Aa (tm ) min 1

tm-z

tm+z

f1

Symmetrical Afocal Setup

Calculation:

L 2tm

2 max 1

1 max 1

1 max 1
tm

1 max 1

1 max
t1

1 max 1
1 max 1
t2

1 max 1

max
2
max
min
2 1 max 1

3 1

t max tmin

1 max 1

1 max

max = 4

1. lens
3.5
3
2.5

Example:

2
1.5

2. lens

= 1

1
0.5
0

min = 1/4
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Optical Compensated Zoom Systems

Combined movement of two rigid coupled lenses
Image plane location only approximately constant
Only one moving part
coupled
moved lenses

fixed group

relay lens fixed

image with
defocus

Optical Compensation
Rayleigh range changes with m:

4 2
Ru

NA2
Din2

object

zoom system

fixed
relay lens

image plane
with defocus
z

Optimized zeros

- Ru
m

+ Ru

General Three Component Optical Compensated System

Setup

coupled movement : z
lens 1

lens 2

F'3

F3
F2

F'1

f1

Focal length:
Deviation:

f3
e2

t1

Calculation:
Tube lengths:

F'2

f2
e1

e1 t10 f1 f 2

lens 3

image
plane

t1

e2 t20 f 2 f 3

f1 f 2 f 3
f 22 e1e2 e1 e2 z z 2

2
e1 f 32
f 32 f 22 e12
z z e2 e1 2
z f 2 e1e2

f 2 e1e2
f 22 e1e2

z
z 2 z e2 e1 z f 22 e1e2
3

Three Component Optical Compensated System

Approximated solution:
- auxiliary parameters B,C
- practical starting values for B, C

C M 1
C 2 M 1
zmax

B
2 M 1
4 M 1
2

e2 C e1
f1

f2

f3

Focal
length f

Image Parameter
location
B/C2
+

f2

01

0.51

00.5

01

0.51

0.51

no solution

no solution

C t2 t1

B f 22 e2 e1

f3

e1

CB
B C2

B B
B C2

1
2

B zmax

1 1
2
B

L f1 2 f 2 f 3 e1 e2 2zmax

Three Component Optical Compensated System

Typical deviation behaviour
z [a.u.]
0.05

M = 1.3
M = 1.5
M = 2.0
M = 2.5
M = 3.0

-0.05

-1

-0.5

0.5

z/zmax

Performance Variation over z

System layout of a simple but real example
f1

f2

f = 50 mm
t2

f = 67 mm

f = 100 mm

f = 133 mm

f = 200 mm

f3

f4

Performance Variation over z

Seidel
spherical aberration

surface
contrib.

coma

0.1

0.1

0.5

-0.1

-0.1

-0.5

lens 1

-0.2
1
0.2

-0.1

-0.1

-0.5

5 -0.2 1
0.2

-0.1

-0.1

-0.5

5 -0.2 1
0.2

-0.1

-0.1

0.5

sum

5 -0.2 1

0
-5

5
5
0

-5
2

5
0.5

0.1

-5

0.1

5
0.5

lens 3

-5

0.1

0.1

-5

5
0.5

lens 2

-5

0.1

0.1

lateral chromatical

axial chromatical

distortion

0.2

5
0

-5
-5
1

Zoom Lens
Real photographic zoom lens
Three moving groups:
1. variator: focal length
2. compensator: focussing
3. object distance

group 1

group 2

group 3
e)
f' = 203 mm
w = 5.64
F# = 16.6

d)
f' = 160 mm
w = 7.13
F# = 13.7

c)
f' = 120 mm
w = 9.46
F# = 10.9

b)
f' = 85 mm
w = 13.24
F# = 8.5

a)
f' = 72 mm
w = 15.52
F# = 7.7

Combined Zoom with Focussing

Photography:
Additional floating element for focussing
Problem : Breathing, change of field size during focussing
non-telecentric chief ray at focussing group

f = 100 mm

f = 134 mm

s = 2.5 m

infinity

focussing

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

f = 162 mm

Combined Zoom with Focussing

System without breathing
Special movement of focus group

focusing group

object vergence
distance in [dpt]
infinity

rear part separated movement

front part

0.2

2.5 m

0.4

zoom
group 2

common movement

5m

zoom
group 1

0.6
z
[mm] 300 200 100

Example
Professional factor 5 zoom lens with 5

f = 146 mm

moving groups
Very smooth and excellent correction
Ref: Tokumaru, USP 4846562 (1988)
spherical

1st
group

coma

astigma

curvature distortion ax chrom

f = 105 mm

la chrom

f = 70 mm

2nd
group

f = 50 mm
3rd
group

4th
group

f = 35 mm

5th
group

f = 29 mm
sum

Fixed Pupil Position

Usual:
1. two moving groups
2. Pupil locations changes
Three moving groups : Pupil position can be held constant
Scheme and parameters:

f1

object

ExP

f2

EnP

P'

t1
s

t2
p'
p

image

f3

s'

Fixed Pupil Position

Calculation straightforward
Large solution space
Example 1 for illustration :

ln|m|
1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-200

-150

-100

-50

50

100

z
[mm]

Fixed Pupil Position

object

Example for illustration :

m = -4

m = -3

ln|m|

m = -2

1.5

m = -1.5
0.5

m = -1

-0.5

m = -0.75
-1

-1.5
60

80

100

120

140

160

180

z
200 [mm]

m = -0.5

m = -0.38

m = -0.25

f1 = 40

exit
pupil

f2 = -19 f3 = 40

entrance
pupil

image

Stop Position
Example with the stop at three different locations
Comparison of Seidel contributions
Best correction for the stop at rear group

stop
stop at
1st
lens
stop at
2nd
lens
stop at
3rd
lens

a) f = 18 mm

b) f = 50 mm

c) f = 125 mm

Stop Position
Seidel

b) stop at 2nd lens

a) stop at 1st lens

sph coma

lens 1

lens 2

lens 3

sum

ast

dist

la chr

sph coma

ast

dist

c) stop at 3rd lens

la chr

sph

coma

ast

dist

la chr

Correction of Zoom Systems

Typical compensator group

Typical variator group

Principle:

- No compensation for all movement positions possible

- Correcting every group

Color Correction of the Moving Groups

a) Singlet solution

Axial and lateral

color:
Comparison of

b) Doublet solution

= 3.0

= 1.7

singlet/doublet
solution

= 1.0

= 0.57

= 0.3

lateral colour [a.u.]

10

axial colour [a.u.]

10

Singlets
10

-1

10

Singlets
10

-2

10

Doublets
10

10

-3

10

-4

10

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

10

-1

-2

Doublets

-3

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Example Optical Compensated Zoom

Five components, optical

f = 400 mm

compensated
Deviation curve
f = 234 mm

z [mm]

0.2
0.15
f = 162 mm

0.1

scaled
z/Ru

0.05

1
image
plane

0
-0.05

diffraction
limited range

-0.1

-1

f = 127 mm

-2

-0.15
-0.2

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

f [mm]

f = 100 mm

t1

Example Optical Compensated Zoom

Five components, optical
compensated
Wrms and single
Zernike coefficients

Wrms []

c40 []

a)

b)

10

20

0
15
-10
10
-20
5
-30

0
60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

c31 []

220

t1
[mm] -4060

t1
80

100

120

140

160

180

200

c22 []

c)

220 [mm]

d)

6
5

0.5
4

3
2

-0.5

-1
0
-1
60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

t1
[mm]

-1.5
60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

t1
[mm]

Solid State Zoom Systems

Lenses with variable

f2

f1

focal length

s
t

Calculation:

2
m

1
1 s 1

s' t (1 s 1 ) s

1 t 1
1

s'
t s (1 t 1 )

s'
s t 1 s 1

Critical value:

1 1
1c
t s

First lens focuses onto the second lens

s'

Solid State Zoom Systems

Solution

[1/mm]

solution a

0.1

solution b

solution a

solution b

25

> 0

areas

20
2

15
10

5
0
-5
-0.1

-10
-15
-20

< 0
-0.2
-0.05

0.05

Second solution:

0.1

0.15 -0.05
1 [1/mm]

0.05

0.1

f2

f1

Intermediate image

s
t

s'

0.15
1 [1/mm]

Zoom System with 2 Stages

2-stage cascaded zoom system
Intermediate image plane
Zoom factor M = 300

Ref: Caldwell, USP 7227682 (2007)

970 mm

1. Zoom 2. Zoom
Gruppe Gruppe
Hauptzoom

Zwischenbild

3. Zoom
Gruppe

4. Zoom
Gruppe

Relay-Zoom

Bild

Confocal Distance Sensor

Principle of the confocal distance sensor
Illumination

beam
splitter

detector

pinhole

pinhole
objective

objective
lens
in focus
out of focus

S [a.u.]

dS/dz [a.u.]

a)

b)

linearity

DPH = 0.3 Dairy

DPH = 1.0 Dairy
DPH = 1.8 Dairy

0.8

0.5
0.6
0
0.4
-0.5

0.2

-6

-4

-2

z
[Ru]

-1
-3

-2

-1

z [Ru]

Chromatical Confocal Sensor

white light
source

Spectral sensitive sensor

Objective lens with large axial
chromatical aberration

pinhole

measuring
range

grating

focussing
objective

confocale
pinhole

chromatical
objective

detector

E
1

480 nm
546 nm
656 nm

0.9
0.8

656 nm

0.7
0.6
0.5

546 nm

0.4
0.3
0.2

480 nm

0.1
0

-6

-4

-2

z
10 [mm]

-4.0

-2.0

2.0

4.0

z
[mm]

Confocal Imaging with Hyper Chromate

Wide field 20x0.5
Confocal with chromate at
low aperture 20x0.5
Confocal with chromate at
high aperture 50x0.9

Ref: R. Semmler

Principle
Goal:
1. large chromatical spreading (large CHL) z
2. large numerical aperture
3. corrected spherochromatism
In the case of a large ratio z / f, the numerical aperture shows a considerable change

in the measuring interval

Design approach:
1. Achromate with positive flint
and negative crown
2. Achromates cascaded
3. Improved spherochromatism
by asphere
4. monochromatic lens with
buried surface adapter

z
= 644 nm

= 546 nm

= 480 nm

47

Optical Design
Case 1-1
NAimage = 0.3, NAobject = 0.22
z = 3 mm, f = 13 mm
zfree = 16.3 mm

0.0000 (deg)

1st surface: aspherical

Config 2

Config 3

4.00

Config 1

Surface: IMA

Configuration Matrix Spot Diagram

Hyper chromate
07.03.2013 Units are m.
Scale bar : 4
1

STO

Airy Radius: 1.563 m

NA=0.3 z=3 no doublet.ZMX

Reference : Chief Ray

Configuration: All 3

SUM
Pupil Radius: 9.7107 Millimeters

Layout
Hyper chromate
07.03.2013
Total Axial Length:

60.45674 mm

NA=0.3 z=3 no doublet.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 3

-5

Spherical

Coma

Astigmatism Field Curvature

Distortion

Axial Color

-4

-3

Seidel Diagram

Hyper chromate
2013/3/7
Wavelength: 0.4500 m.
Maximum aberration scale is 0.50000 Millimeters.
Grid lines are spaced 0.05000 Millimeters.

-2

-1

Millimeters

Lateral Color

Longitudinal Aberration
Hyper chromate
07.03.2013
Wavelengths: 0.450

NA=0.3 z=3 no doublet.zmx

Configuration 1 of 3

0.546

0.675

NA=0.3 z=3 no doublet.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 3

Confocal Depth Measuring System

Fourier optical model:
- object/sample to be assumed as a plane mirror
- fiber source incoherent, diameter Dfib, uniformly radiating
- optical system with point spread function hpsf
- confocal detection by fiber (pinhole) size Dfib
Incoherent imaging model to get the
intensity of at the fiber

I ima (a, z ) I fib (a) hpsf (z )

Calculation of the confocal signal by

integration over the pinhole

S conf (a, z )

ima

(a, z ) dx dy

r a

hyperchromatic
system
sample
surface
fiber
D
recoupling into fiber
confocal selection

focal plane
for
selected

Confocal Signal for Different Pinhole Sizes

Numerical result for different sizes a of the fiber radius
The width increases with the fiber diameter
The diffraction fine structure disappears with growing a
S()
1
0.9

a=0
a = 5 mm

0.8
0.7

a = 10 mm
a = 20 mm

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.58

0.585

0.59

0.595

0.6

0.605

0.61

0.615

0.62

Confocal Laser Scan Microscope

Complete setup: objective / tube lens / scan lens / pinhole lens
Scanning of illumination / descanning of signal
Scan mirror conjugate to system pupil plane
Digital image processing necessary

object
plane

objective
lens

pupil
plane

tube
lens

intermediate
image

scan
lens

scan
mirror

pinhole
lens

field point

axis point
pupil imaging

beam
forming
laser
source

Confocal Laser Scan -Microscope

Fourier optical model:
- illumination with point spread function hill
- object function plane, tobj, scanned
- detection with point spread function hdet
- detector function by pinhole size Dph
General transform of amplitudes

U 2 U1 hill
U '2 U 2 tobj

U 3 U '2 hdet
U '3 U 3 Dph

U1

pinhole
detector
Dph

object tobj
scan

source

illumination
hill

U2 U2

detection
hdet

U3 U3

Image Formation Confocal LSM

Special cases:

Brightfield, perfectly small pinhole

D=d(x)d(y), imaging coherent

Fluorescence, coherence destroyed

perfectly small pinhole

I ima hill hdet tobj

I ima hill hdet tobj

ill det

Point like object tobj = d(x) d(y)

I ima hill

hdet

Point object and perfectly small

pinhole

I ima hill

hdet

Plane mirror object tobj = const.

perfectly small pinhole

I ima

D ph

hdet ( x, y,2 z ) dx dy

ill det
Ref: M.Wald

hill hdet

Confocal Microscopy: PSF and Lateral Resolution

Normalized transverse coordinate v
Usual PSF: Airy

x' sin

2 J (v )
I (v ) 1
v

Confocal imaging:
Identical PSF for illumination and observation
assumed

2 J 1 (v )
I (v )
v

I(v)
1
0,9
0,8

incoherent
coherent

0,7

Resolution improvement be factor 1.4 for

FWhM

0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
-8

-6

-4

-2

Confocal Microscopy: Axial Sectioning

Normalized axial coordinate

Conventional wide field imaging:

Intensity on axis

sin(u / 2)
I (u )
u / 2

Axial resolution

( approx )
z wide

Confocal imaging:
Intensity on axis

z sin 2 ( / 2)

0.45
n'1 cos

I(u)
1,
0,9

sin(u / 2)
I (u )

u/2

Axial resolution improved by factor 1.41

for FWhM

0.319
zconfo
n'1 cos

0,8
0,7

incoherent
coherent

0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Size of Pinhole and Cnfocality

S(u)

Large pinhole: geometrical optic

Small pinhole:
- Diffraction dominates
- Scaling by Airy diameter a = D/DAiry
- diffraction relevant for pinholes
D < Dairy
Confocal signal:
Integral over pinhole size
a

12

a=3
10

S (u ) U (u, v) 2 v dv
2

x / DAiry

a=2

a=1

0
2

a = 0.5
4.5

NA = 0.30
NA = 0.60
NA = 0.75
NA = 0.90

4
3.5

0
-25

3
2.5
2
1.5

geometrical
1
0.5
0

DPH / DAiry
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

-20

-15

-10

-5

10

15

20

25

Confocal Signal with Spherical Aberration

Spherical aberration:
- PSF broadened
- PSF no longer symmetrical around image plane during defocus
Confocal signal:
- loss in contrast
- decreased resolution

S(u)
10

spherical
aberration 2

9
8
7
6
5

relative
pinhole size:
a=3
a=2
a=1
a = 0.5

4
3
2
1
0

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

Confocal Images
Depth resolved
images

Ref.: M. Kempe