Physical Education

1. History of Basketball
The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by
Canadian physical education instructor James Naismithas a less injury-prone sport than football.
The game became established fairly quickly, very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in
America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American
colleges, the professional game followed; the American National Basketball Association (NBA),
established in 1949, grew to a multi-billion dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and
basketball became an integral part of American culture.
Invention of the Game. The game of basketball, as we know it today was created by Dr. James
Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts to condition young athletes during the
cold. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new
game. He divided his class of 18 into two teams of nine players each and set about to teach them
the basics of his new game. The objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit
baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game
was halted so the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms
of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield,
Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.
The First Basketball Game. On December 21, 1891, James Naismith published rules for a new
game using five basic ideas and thirteen rules. That day, he asked his class to play a match in the
Armory Street court: 9 versus 9, using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. Frank Mahan, one of
his students, wasnt so happy. He just said: "Harrumph. Another new game". However,
Naismith was the inventor of the new game. Someone proposed to call it "Naismith Game", but
he suggested "We have a ball and a basket: why dont we call it basketball?" The eighteen
players were: John G. Thompson, Eugene S. Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T.
Duncan Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay G. MacDonald, William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald,
who defeated George Weller, Wilbert Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro
Ishikawa, Benjamin S. French, Franklin Barnes, George Day and Henry Gelan 10. The goal
was scored by Chase. There were other differences between Naismiths first idea and the game
played today. The peach baskets were closed, and balls had to be retrieved manually, until a small
hole was put in the bottom of the peach basket to poke the ball out using a stick. Only in 1906
were metal hoops, nets and backboards introduced. Moreover, earlier the soccer ball was replaced

by a Spalding ball, similar to the one used today.\

NBA Founded. The Basketball league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946 as
the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted the name National Basketball
Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging with the rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of
the early 21st century, the NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the US in
terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.
First International Game. After its arrival in Europe, basketball developed very quickly. In
1909, there was the first international match in Saint Petersburg: Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a
YMCA American team. The first great European event was held in 1919 in Joinville-le-Pont, near
Germany, during the Inter-Allied Games. United States, led by future Hall of Fame player Max
Friedman, won against Italy and France, and then Italy beat France. Basketball soon became
popular among French and Italians. The Italian team had a white shirt with the House of
Savoy shield and the players were: Arrigo and Marco Muggiani, Baccarini, Giuseppe Sessa,
Palestra, Pecollo and Bagnoli.
2. Terminologies in Basketball
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Assist -- You will often see in a players stats a certain number of assists. These are passes that
subsequently result in a goal being scored

Back Court -- The defensive zone for each team.

Defensive rebound -- A rebound caught by defenders.

Double Team -- When two defenders mark one attacker, usually their best player.

Drive -- An attacking move at full speed.

Dunk Shot -- A dunk is the spectacular scoring maneuver when a player jumps high, reaches
above the ring, and stuffs the ball down through the hoop.

Fake -- To fake is to feint a pass or move.

Free Throw -- An uncontested shot from the free throw line, taken by a player who has been
fouled. It is worth one point only.

Game Clock -- This is a clock that runs whenever the ball is in play, and stops whenever the
ball goes out of bounds or when a foul is committed.

Goal Tending -- An illegal move by a defender of striking the ball on its downward flight to
the basket. Two points are awarded.

Jump Ball -- A jump ball is the method by which the game is started. The ball is tossed up
between two players, who try and tap it down to their teammates.

Paint -- When a player takes a shot from within 'the paint' it means they are shooting from
inside the key, which these days is often painted a different color.

Personal Foul -- Personal fouls are fouls committed by a player, and after five of these (or six
in the NBA) the player has to sit out the game. A replacement is allowed to enter the game.

Pick / Screen -- An offensive maneuver using one player to block for another, without
making contact, by placing themselves between the defender and their own teammate who
has the ball.

Shot Clock -- A 30-second clock (or 24 in the NBA) which limits the time a team may have
possession of the ball without shooting. If a shot is not put up in this time then possession
passes to the other team.

Substitution / Sub -- When a player on court is substituted which one from the bench. This
can occur whenever there is a break in play, on direction of the referees.

Time Out -- A time out is when play is stopped on request of the coach, which gives each
team a chance to discuss tactics.

Traveling -- Taking more than 1 1/2 steps without dribbling, which results in a penalty free to
the opposing team.

3. Facilities and Equipment

The Ball - Professional leagues such as the NBA have very precise parameters for the official
basketball they use. This includes color, material, size, air pressure, and bounce. The main thing to
know about the basketball is the size. There are different sizes for different ages as well as for boys
and for girls.
Standard Mens Basketball (Size 7) - This is the size used by the NCAA men, boys high school, as
well as the NBA. It has a circumference between 29.5 and 30 inches and weighs between 20 and 22
ounces.
Standard Womens Basketball (Size 6) - This is the basketball used by NCAA women, girls high
school, and the WNBA. It is between 28.5 and 29 inches in circumference and weighs 18-20 ounces.
Junior Basketball (Size 5) - The junior size basketball is for boys and girls between the ages of 8-12.

It is between 27.25 to 27.75 inches in circumference and weighs 14-16 ounces.

Mini Basketball (Size 3) - For young children ages 5-8, the mini ball is 22 to 22.5 inches in
circumference and weighs 10.5 to 11.25 ounces.
The Basket - The basket is made up of the backboard, rim, and net. The rim is 18 inches in diameter.
A regulation backboard is 72 inches wide by 48 inches tall, although you will find backboards can
vary in size.
The rim should be 10 feet from the ground. Typically a 10 foot rim is used from ages 6th grade and
older. For younger kids you can lower the goal so that they can take a proper shot at the goal. For
kindergarten through second grade children you can try a 6-foot goal. Then move it up to 8 feet for 3rd
and 4th grade. Try nine feet for 5th grade. Of course, this depends on the size, strength, and skill of the
player.
The basketball net hooks onto eight rungs on the bottom of the rim. It hangs down around 15 to 18
inches. The net helps to slow the ball coming through the hoop and also to help see whether a basket
was made or not.
The Uniform - The basketball uniform generally consists of a tank top and shorts. You also need
socks and some good basketball type sneakers. Basketball sneakers are good for all the starting and
stopping required in the game. You can choose high tops, low tops, or three quarter height shoes. If
you play under the basket a lot you may want high tops to help protect you from getting a twisted
ankle.
You should not wear a watch or a shirt with buttons while playing basketball. These can scratch or get
caught on other players. Also, you may want to wear a mouthpiece to protect your teeth.

TERMINOLOGIES
Basketball Positions
1. Point Guard - The point guard takes command of the team and calls the play on the basketball
court. He needs good ball handling skills, passing skills, as well as strong leadership and decision
making skills. A point guards goal is to get the ball to the team.
2. Shooting Guard - Not necessarily a great ball handler, but the teams best perimeter shooter.
He needs to be an accurate shooter from three-point range.
3. Small Forward - A very well rounded player, can do everything any other position can do,
just not as well. They're very fast and strong, however they're not fast or strong enough for the other
positions.
The small forward must have enough height and ability to play inside, and on top of that, play like the
center and power forwards, but also be able to guard.
4. Power Forward - The power forwards are usually the next tallest players in the team, who are
closest to the centre in physical attributes and playing style, but with more speed. A forward may play
under the hoop or are expected to operate in the wings and corner areas.
They must be strong and comfortable with a lot of physical play and must be an effective rebounder
and effective inside shooter like the centre. The power forward is also expected to shoot from further
distances than the centre.
5. Center - Tallest player on the team who is positioned near the basket as he must be able to get
up as high as possible for rebounds.

Offensive -- The centre's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot. They are required to
block defenders, and to open other players up for driving to the basket for a goal. Centres
are expected to get some offensive rebounds and put-backs.
The centre should be good at making quick jump shots, hook shots, and using the
backboard on his shots.
Defensive -- On defense, the centre's main responsibility is to keep opponents from
shooting by blocking shots and passes in the key area. They also are expected to get more
rebounds because they're taller.
6. Bench - Although only 5 players play at a time on any basketball team, the bench
is still very important. Basketball is a fast paced game and players need to rest. A strong

bench is key to any basketball team's success. In most games at least 3 players from the
bench will play a significant amount of time.
7. Defensive Positions: There are two main types of defensive basketball strategies:
zone and man-to-man. In man-to-man defense each player is responsible to cover one
player on the other team. They follow this player wherever they go on the court. In zone
defense, players have certain positions or areas of the court they cover. The guards
usually play at the top of the key with the forwards playing closer to the basket and on
opposite sides. The center usually plays in the middle of the key. However, there are a
wide variety of zone defenses and combinations of zone and man-to-man that basketball
teams play. Teams will often switch defenses around during a basketball game to see
which works best against a particular opponent.
Zone Defense - a defense where each defender is responsible for an area of the court
and must guard any player who enters that area.

Violations
An infringement of the rules thats not a foul. The penalty for a violation is the awarding
of the ball to the opponent.
Ball handling violations;
1. Double Dribble - It is when a player dribbles the ball with two hands at the same time
or when the player stops dribbling, holds the ball, and starts dribbling again.
2. Over-and-back (Backcourt Violation) - when the offensive team returns the ball into
the backcourt once it has positioned itself in the front court.
3. Traveling - A violation where you take more than one and a half steps without
dribbling while you have the ball.
4. Carrying the ball or Palming - A violation in which a player moves his hand under
the ball and scoops it while dribbling.
5. Goaltending - is when a player interferes with a shot when it is above the rim, but still
on its downward path to the basket, interferes with the ball while on the rim of the basket,
or touches the net or rim while the ball is being shot. If goaltending is called on the
defense, the shot is called good. If goaltending is on the offense, then the shot does not
count and the defense gets the ball.
The player tries to intercept the ball while it is on the rim or on the way down to the
basket.
6. Kicking - Players are not allowed to intentionally kick the ball. If a defensive player
kicks the ball, the offensive team will get it out of bounds.
Time Violations;

1. Lane violation A lane violation takes place when you enter the lane too soon during
a free throw situation. This result in either a turnover or the other team gets another free
throw attempt.
If it was an offensive player, a made shot will not count. If it was a defensive player, a
missed shot will not count and the shooter will get another try.
2. Shot Clock - Offensive team must attempt a shot within 30 seconds (24 in NBA). A
clock that limits the time a team with the ball has to shoot it; 24 seconds in the NBA; in
college, 35 seconds for men, 30 seconds for women.
3. Three in the Key or Three-second Violation - when the offensive player stays inside
the free throw land and doesnt move for 3 seconds.
4. Five-second violation This violation occurs if there are more than 5 seconds delay in
the inbounder passing the ball to his teammate.
And; when a player is pressured by a defender (within a 3 feet radius) and does not go
anywhere, he has 5 seconds to get rid of the ball by either shooting or passing the ball. By
picking up his/her dribble, the 5 second count will reset, and he/she has another 5 seconds
to get rid of the ball.
5. Ten-second violation This occurs if there is more than 10 second delays by the
offensive team in crossing the ball to the mid-court. (8 seconds in NBA)

Fouls
1. Personal Fouls - Among all the types of basketball fouls, personal foul is the most
common type. It relates to the physical contacts, the illegal ones that are not acceptable in
the game of basketball. It can be divided into two more categories, defensive fouls and
offensive fouls.

Blocking - When a player uses their body position to prevent their opponent from advancing.

Charging - When an offensive player runs into a defender who has an established position.

Elbowing - When a player swings their elbows in an excessive manner and makes contact with
their opponent.

Holding - Using the hands to interfere with or limit an opponent's freedom of movement.

Illegal Screen - The player setting the screen is still moving when the defender makes contact
with them. This is a form of blocking which prevents the defender from moving around the
screen.
Let screener get set before running. If you run without screen being set, thats illegal. And also
if you move your hip to block the opponent.

Hand Check can be Holding - When a defender intermittently or continuously uses one or both
hands on an opposing player, usually the ball handler.
When hand is in contact with the offensive.

Using the hands to interfere with or limit an opponent's freedom of movement.

Over-the-Back - Jumping on and over the back of an opposing player who is attempting to
rebound the basketball.

Tripping - When a player uses their foot or leg to cause their opponent to fall or loose their
balance.

2. Defensive Fouls - Illegal physical contacts which are made by defensive players are
known as defensive fouls. These contacts are primarily aimed to impede the progress of
offensive player. Some of the typical defensive fouls are blocking, reaching in, holding,
tripping and pushing.
3. Offensive Fouls - Offensive players also commit personal fouls, mainly charging and
illegal screen. Charging is called when offensive player moves into a defensive player,
pretending as he is fouled by the defender and illegal screen when player setting the
screen constantly moves and blocks the way of the defender.
4. Flagrant Foul - When an illegal physical contact gets more violent, obvious,
unnecessary and excessive, then it is called a flagrant foul. Its intended to harm a player
and results in more harsher penalties than personal fouls. Hitting, punching, shoving etc
in such manner that could injure a player or actually ends up hurting him can lead to fines
and ejection from the game. There are two types of flagrant fouls: flagrant foul 1 and
flagrant foul 2. Upon measuring the severity of contact, referee decides whether to call it
type 1 or type 2. He can reclassify his decision after reviewing it.
5. Technical Fouls - Technical foul include those acts or behaviors that are against the
sportsmanship or spirit of the game. Its an unsportsmanlike conduct from an on court
player, bench player, coach or entire team against a player, coach, referee or spectator.
For example, releasing anger or frustration in reckless manner like throwing chair or any
object, spitting, punting a ball, using improper language or trash talking. Team fighting or
fight with crowd, pretending to be fouled
Any infraction from general rules of the game also leads to technical foul. Delaying a
game, asking time-out without having any, unnecessary argue or protests with refs, any
violation regarding the rules of substitutes. Its purely up to the referee, if he recognize a
specific behavior as misbehavior, then he can call technical foul against the offender.
6. Intentional Foul - A foul committed on purpose, usually by a defensive player, to stop
the clock or prevent a basket.

Basketball Fouls And Consequences

Every basketball foul that is committed has a specific
consequence or punishment for the player and team
committing the foul. The following list outlines the
specific consequence for each type of foul.

Flagrant Foul - Two free throws, possession of the basketball out of bounds, and the player
committing the foul is disqualified.

Intentional Foul - Two free throws and possession of the basketball out of bounds.

Personal Foul - Possession of the basketball out of bounds. One-and-one free throw situation
if the team is above their foul limit.

Shooting Foul - Two or three free throws depending on the type of shot taken.

Technical Foul - Two free throws and possession of the basketball out of bounds.

Terms
1. Assist - A pass that immediately precedes and sets up a scored basket.
2. Airball - A basketball shot that misses everything; net, backboard, and rim.
3. Backboard - The rectangular or fan-shaped board behind the basket.
4. Backcourt - The half of the court that is opposite a teams offensive basket; the court a
team is attempting to defend.
5. Bank shot - A shot where the ball is first bounced (or banked) off the backboard at
such an angle that it then drops into the basket.
6. Free throw - An unguarded shot taken from behind the free-throw line after a foul. If
successful, the shot counts one point.
7. Fake or feint - A deceptive move to throw a defender off balance and allow an
offensive player to shoot or receive a pass; players use their eyes, head or any other part
of the body to trick an opponent.
8. Fastbreak - An offensive strategy in which a team attempts to move the ball
downcourt and into scoring position as quickly as possible so that the defense is
outnumbered and does not have time to set up.
9. Jump ball or Tip-off - The procedure for starting play at the beginning of a game or
an overtime period. The official tosses the ball into the air between the two opponents
positioned at the center-court circle; the two players jump up and try to tap the ball to a
teammate.
10. Substitution / Sub -- When a player on court is substituted which one from the
bench. This can occur whenever there is a break in play, on direction of the referees.
11. Time Out -- A time out is when play is stopped on request of the coach, which gives
each team a chance to discuss tactics.Dunk Shot -- A dunk is the spectacular scoring
maneuver when a player jumps high, reaches above the ring, and stuffs the ball down
through the hoop.
12. Rebound:
The act of gaining possession of the ball after a missed shot.
13. Defensive rebound -- A rebound caught by defenders.

14. Offensive rebound:

A rebound of a teams own missed shot.
15. Key:
Also called the free-throw lane or lane; the area measuring 12 feet in width and
extending from the free-throw line to the end line.
16. Overtime:
An extra period played to break a tie score at the end of a regulation game.
17. Out of bounds:
The area outside of and including the end lines and sidelines.
18. Pass:
An intentional throw to a teammate.
19. Passer:
The player who passes the ball to a teammate.
20. Screen or screener:
The offensive player who stands between a teammate and a defender to gives his
teammate the chance to take an open shot.
21. Turnover - when the offense loses possession through its own fault by passing the
basketball out of bounds or committing a floor violation.
22. Offense - the team with possession of the basketball.
23. Defense - the team on defend.
24. Dribbling - the act of bouncing the basketball continuously.