TEXTBOOK:

y R.C.Hibbeler,2006,StructuralAnalysis,SixthEdition,

PrenticeHall.
ll

REFERENCES:
y K.Leet,C.M.Uang,2002,FundamentalsofStructural
K L t C M U
F d
t l fSt t l

Analysis,McGrawHill.
y West,H.H.,1993,"FundamentalsofStructuralAnalysis",
2nded,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
y Timoshenko,S.P.,andYoung,D.H.,19xx,"Theoryof
Structures ,McGrawHill,
Structures",McGrawHill,

COURSEEVALUATION:
COURSE EVALUATION:
y Thelectureswillbegivenattimesannouncedby

thedepartment.Therewillbeadditionalproblem
solvingtutorialstaughtbytheteachingassistants
solvingtutorialstaughtbytheteachingassistants.
Therewillbe one midterm testsandafinal
examination.Thesewillbesupplementedby
i i Th illb
l
db
severalhomeworkassignments.Tentatively,the
gradingwillbebasedon25%formidterm,60%for
thefinalexamand15%forthehomework
5
assignments.

COURSEEVALUATION:
COURSE EVALUATION:
y Therewillbe6homeworks duringthesemester.

HomeworkgradeswillbegivenonanACCEPTABLE
andUNACCEPTABLE basis.Bestfivegradesoutofsix
basis Bestfivegradesoutofsix
willbeincludedinthefinalgrade;thereforetherewill
benolatesubmission
benolatesubmission.
y Donotcollaborateinsolvingassignments.
Oth
Otherwiseyoumayseeyoursubmissionreturnedwith
i

b i i t
d ith
UNACCEPTABLE gradeassignedtoit.

INTRODUCTION
y Thiscourseisintendedtodeveloptheabilityto

calculatedeformationandanalyzesupport
l l d f
d
l
reactionsandinternalforcesforindeterminate
structures(limitedtostructureswithbar
elements)usingclassicalmethods.
y Onemayaskwhy,inthisageofhighpowered
computerprograms,acourse
t

onclassicalmethods
l i l th d
isneeded.Thesoftwaredoesallofthe workforus,
soisn'titsufficienttoreadtheusersguidetothe
softwareorto haveacursoryunderstandingof
y
g
structuralanalysis?

INTRODUCTION
y Whilethereisnoquestionthatcomputer

programsareinvaluabletoolsthat
l bl
l h helpussolve
h l
l
complicated
p
problemsmoreefficiently,itisalso
p
y
truethatthesoftware isonlyasgoodastheusers
levelofexperienceandhis/herknowledgeof the
software.Asmallerrorintheinputora
misunderstandingofthelimitations ofthe
softwarecanresultincompletelymeaningless
output,whichcan
t t hi h
l dt
leadtoanunsafedesignwith
f d i ith
potentiallyunacceptableconsequences.

INTRODUCTION
y Havingasolidfoundationinthefundamentalsof

analysisenablesengineers tounderstandthebehavior
ofstructuresandtorecognizewhen outputfroma
g
computerprogramdoesnotmakesense.
y Whicheveranalysismethodisadoptedduringdesign,
itmustalwaysbecontrolledby thedesigner,i.e.nota
computer!Thiscanonlybethecaseifadesignerhasa
highly developedknowledgeandunderstandingofthe
conceptsandprinciplesinvolvedin structural
behavior.
behavior

Deflection of Beams and Frames

When a structure is loaded its elements deform
When
These deformations change the shape of the structure
Although deformations are generally small,
small the designer
has to be able to estimate their magnitude to make sure
th do
they
d nott exceedd the
th limits
li it given
i
by
b the
th design
d i code
d
There are several methods to compute deflections in
beams and frames:
Double integration method
Moment area method
Conjugate beam method
Work/Energy methods
Others
Oh

Importance of Beam
Deflections
A designer should be able to determine deflections, i.e
In
I bbuilding
ildi codes
d ymax Lbeam/300.
/300
Analyzing statically indeterminate beams involve the use of

various deformation relationships

Derivation
of
Beams Elastic Curve Differential Equation

Beam Bending Strain

To understand the bending stress in an arbitrary
loaded beam, consider a small element cut from the
beam
b
as shown
h
in
i the
h diagram
di
at the
h left.
l f The
h beam
b
type or actual loads does not effect the derivation of
bending strain equation. Recall, the basic definition
normal strain is
= L/L

Using the line segment, AB, the length before and

after bending can be used to give
A' B ' AB
=
AB

The line length AB is the same for all locations before bending. However, the
length A'B' becomes shorter above the neutral axis (for positive moment) and
longer below
below. The line AB and A
A'B'
B can be described using the radius of curvature,
curvature
, and the differential angle, d.

BENDING DEFORMATION
OF A STRAIGHT MEMBER

Fig.620

Assumptions:
A) Plane section remains plane
B) Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
C) Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
D) In-plane distortion of section is negligible

Fig.621

Poissoneffectsthatcausey &z canbeneglected.

Recallassumption:anydeformationofcrosssection
withinitsownplanecanbeneglected.

POISSONSRATIOEFFECTS

Ki
Kinematics
ti

Kinematics

AB = .d

A' B ' = ( y ).
) d
( yy)).d .d
=
.d

This relationship gives the bending strain at any location as a

function of the beam curvature and the distance from the neutral axis.
However, this equation is of little use, and needs to be converted to
stress. Also, radius of curvature is difficult to determine at a given
b
beam
location.
l
i

BeamBendingStress
The strain equation above can be converted to stress by using Hooke's law, = E,
giving,
= -Ey/
(1)
Ey/
There is still the issue of not knowingg the radius of curvature,, .
If one thinks about
it, the radius of curvature and the bending moment should be related.
This relationship can be determined by
summing the moment due to the normal stresses
on an arbitrary beam cross section and equating
it to the applied internal moment.
moment This is the
same as applying the moment equilibrium
equation about the neutral axis (NA).

NA

=0

M = y.( dF )
M = y. .dA

BeamSectionCut

For a positive moment, the top stresses will be in compression (negative stress) and the
bottom stresses will be in tension (positive stress) and thus the negative sign in the
equation. This equation can be changed by using equation (1),

M=

2
y
.dA

It is interesting to note that the integral is the area moment of inertia, I, or the second moment
of the area. Many handbooks list the moment of inertia of common shapes .
A review of moment of inertia is given below in the next sub-section. Using the area
g
moment of inertia gives

M=EI/
But the radius of curvature, , is still there. But equation (1),
= -Ey/ , can be used again to eliminate , giving,

E I /(-Ey/ ) = M
Simplifying and rearranging gives,

bending

My
=
I

This equation gives the bending normal stress, and is

also commonly called the flexure formula. The y term
is the distance from the neutral
ne tral axis
a is (up
( p is positive).
positi e)
The I term is the moment of inertia about the neutral
axis.

Sk t hi Deflected
Sketching
D fl t d Shapes
Sh
off Beams
B
p
Thedeflectedshapeofabeammustbeconsistentwith
y Therestraintsimposedbythesupport
y Thecurvatureproducedbythemoment

Positivemomentbendsthebeam
P
iti
tb d th b

concaveupwardandnegative
momentbendsthebeamconcave
d
downward.
d
+

LocatingtheNeutralAxis
If the cross section is symmetrical about the horizontal axis, then the neutral axis is
halfway between the top and bottom. However, for non-symmetrical beam, such as
a "T"
T cross section,
section the neutral axis is not halfway between the top and bottom,
bottom and
needs to be determined before the bending stress equation can be used.
The neutral axis is located at the centroid (geometric center) of the cross section.
section
Recall from Statics, the centroid can be found using two methods. The first is by
integration,

y.dA

y=
dA

The second, and more common method, is the method of

parts The beam cross section is split into geometric shapes
parts.
that are common (rectangle, triangle, circle, etc.). The
centroid of basic shapes can be found in handbooks,
eliminating the need for integration.
integration The centroid is

y .dA

y=
dA
i

Centroid for Arbitrary Shape

Centroid Based on Sub-shapes

If there is a hole, then that area is considered to be negative, and the same equation
used As an example,
example the diagram at the right would be
can still be used.

A1 y1 + A2 y2 A3 y3
y=
A1 + A2 A3
Area Moment of Inertia
Similar to the centroid, the area moment of inertia can be found by either integration or
by parts. The moment of inertia is also called the "second moment of the area" since that
g
equation,
q
,
describes the integration

I = y .dA
2

When using this with the bending stress

equation, I is about the neutral axis and not
the x-axis

Moment of Inertia around Neutral Axis

using Integration

A more common method to find the moment of inertia is by parts. Like finding the centroid
( d to bbe ddone fi
(needs
first),
) the
h object
bj is
i split
li into
i
smaller
ll basic
b i shapes.
h
The
Th moment off inertia
i
i
about the centroid of each part can be found in a handbook. Then the individual moment of
inertia's are moved to the neutral axis using the parallel axis theorem. For a particular subshape, this gives

I NAi = I i + A y

2
i i

where Ii is the moment of inertia about its own shape and

INA-i is the moment of inertia about the object's neutral axis.
All the moment of inertia terms can then be added together
g
to give,

INA = INA-I
For the diagram at the rightt, the parts method gives,

I = (I1 + A1 y12) + (I2 + A2 y22) - (I3 + A3 y32)

Notice,, for a hole,, the moment of inertia is subtracted for
that shape.

Moment of Inertia around

the Neutral Axis using Parts

BeamDeflection,y,andSlope,dy/dx
BeamDeflection y andSlope dy/dx

Previously, beam stresses and strains were investigated and

various equations were developed to predict bending and
shear stresses. In addition to stresses, deflection and slope
are important and need to be calculated. This section (and
this chapter) will deal with various methods to calculate
beam deflections.

B
Beam
Deflection
D fl ti Differential
Diff
ti l E
Equation
ti

When a moment acts on a beam, the beam rotates and

deflects. The relationship between the radius of curvature, ,
and the moment, M, at any given point on a beam was
developed in the Bending Stress and Strain section as

M
EI

This relationship was used to develop the bending stress equation but it can also be used to
derive the deflection equation.
Recall from calculus,
calculus the radius of curvature for any point of a function,
function y = f(x),
f(x) is

1 +

( )
dy
dx

d 2y
dx 2

3
2

Kinematics of the cross section

Plane section remains plane
No shear deformation
Pl
Plane
section
i always
l
normall
to NA

Sign Convention
y
M>0
y ' ' ( x) > 0
The deflection is measured from the
original neutral axis to the neutral axis
of the deformed beam.
beam
The displacement y is defined as the
deflection of the beam

y
M<0
y" ( x) < 0

ds = d
1 d
= =
: Curvature (1)
ds
dy
dy
tan = , = arctan (2)
dx
dx
dyy
= tan
t : Slope
Sl
(3)
dx
3 2 5
tan = + +
+
3 15
if << 1, tan

dy
= tan : Slope
dx

(2)rpt.

d 2 y dx d (tan ) d
d
2
sec

=
=
dx 2 ds
d
ds
ds
d d 2 y dx

= 2
cos 2
(a)
ds dx ds
d 1
where,
= = : Curvature
ds

ds
dy
1
=
+


d
dx
d

dx

dx
1
= cos =
ds
1 + (dy / dx) 2

d d 2 y dx
cos 2
= 2
ds dx ds

(a)

curvature

d
d 2 y / dx 2
= =
=
ds
d
1 + (dy
d / dx
d )2
1

(b)

1/ 2

3/ 2

d
ds

curvature: thechangeinslopeperunitlength
ofdistancealongthecurve

(4)

(dy/dx)2 0

dy/dx<<1

d
d 2 y / dx 2
=
=
ds
1 + (dy / dx) 2
1

3/ 2

d2y
2
dx
1

(4) rpt.

d2y M
: Moment-Curvature Eq. (6)
=
2
EI
dx
dy
d2y
dM
, etc
y' , y' ' 2 , M
dx
dx
dx

M=

(7)

EIy ' ' = M : Moment-Cur

Moment Curvature Equation (8)

EI

(5)

(..)rpt.

Solving the Deflection Differential Equation (Moment-Curvature Equation)

Th differential
diff
ti l equation
ti EIy
EI = M is
i nott useful
f l by
b itself
it lf but
b t needs
d to
t be
b applied
li d to
t a beam
b
The
with specific boundary conditions. Generally, EI is constant and M is a function of the beam
length. Integrating the equation once gives,

EIy ' = M (x ).dx + C1

Integration again gives,

EIy = M ( x ).dx + C1.x + C2

The integration constants, C1 and C2, are determined from

the boundary conditions. For example, a pinned joint
requires the deflection, y, equals 0. A fixed joint requires
both the deflection, y, and slope, y, equal 0. Each beam
section must have at least two boundary conditions.
Each beam span must be integrated separately, just like
when constructing a moment diagram. If the moment curve
is discontinuous,
discontinuous then a single equation cannot model the
deflection. Thus, each new support or load will start a new
beam section that must be integrated (ie. Each Beam Section
R i its
Requires
it Own
O D
Deflection
fl ti Equation).
E ti )
Examples of beam sections are shown at the right.

EachBeamSectionRequires
its
OwnDeflectionEquation

Boundary conditions
C

yA = 0

yB = 0

yD = 0

D = 0
Continuity condition
Smooth condition

yC = yC +

C = C

P
A

yc

Boundary Conditions
Determining
D
t
i i the
th boundary
b
d
conditions
diti
is
i usually
ll
the most difficult part of solving the deflection
q
y
differential equation.
In pparticular,, boundary
conditions for multiple beam sections can be
confusing.
For multiple beam sections, many times the
boundary
y between the sections creates a
boundary. These type of conditions are also called
"Continuity Conditions". For example, a point
f
force
on a bbeam causes the
th deflections
d fl ti
to
t be
b split
lit
into two equations. However, the beam's
deflection and slope
p will be continuous at the load
location requiring y1 = y2 and y1 = y2. These
conditions are needed to solve for the additional
i t
integration
ti constants.
t t
The table at the right
g summarizes most common
boundary (and continuity) conditions for beam
deflection and slope.

BoundaryConditionsforBeamSections

The Integration Procedure

Integrating once yields to slope dy/dx at any point in the beam.
Integrating twice yields to deflection y for any value of x.
x
The bending moment M must be expressed as a function of the coordinate x
before the integration

Differential equation is 2nd order,

order the solution must contain two constants
of integration. They must be evaluated at known deflection and slope
points (i.e. at a simple support deflection is zero, at a built in support both
slope and deflection are zero)

y
x

Examples
p
x
P

PL

M = PL + Px

d2y
EI 2 = M
dx

d2y
EI 2 = PL + Px
@x=x
d
dx
dy
x2
Integrating once
EI
= PLx + P + c1
dx
2
2
(
dy
0)
= 0 EI (0 ) = PL(0 ) + P
+ c1 c1 = 0
@x=0
dx
2
2
3
PLx
x
Integrating twice
EIy =
+ P + c2
2
6 3
PL 2
(0) + P (0) + c2 c2 = 0
@ x = 0 y = 0 EI (0 ) =
2
6
PLx 2
x3
EIy =
+P
2
6

@ x = L : y = ymax

EIymax

max

PL3
=
3EI

PL L2
L3
PL3
PL3
=
+P =
ymax =
2
6
6
3EI

W kN per unit length

WL2
2

WL

L
@x=x

d2y
W
2
EI 2 = (L x )
d
dx
2

W
2
M = (L x )
2
d2y
EI 2 = M
dx

ddy W (L x )
EI
=
+ c1
dx 2
3
3

Integrating once

dy
W (L 0 )
WL3
= 0 EI (0 ) =
+ c1 c1 =
dx
2
3
6
3

@x=0

dy W
WL3
3
EI
= (L x )
6
dx 6

W (L x ) WL3
x + c2
EIy =

6
4
6
4

Integrating twice
@x=0

W
y = 0 EI (0) =
6

(L 0)4 WL3 (0) + c

4

WL4
c2 =
24

3
4
W
WL
WL
4
EIyy = (L x )
x+
24
6
24

Max. occurs @ x = L

EIymax

W L4 WL4
WL4
WL4
=
+
=
ymax =
6
24
8
8 EI
max

WL4
=
8 EI

x
L

WL
2

WL
2

W
WL
x
M=
x Wx
W
2
2
d 2 y WL
x2
EI 2 =
x W
dx
2
2
dy WL x 2 W x 3
EI
=

+ c1
Integrating
dx
2 2 2 3
L
dy
@
=
=0
x
Since the beam is symmetric
y
2
d
dx
2
3
L
L




WL3
L
WL 2 W 2
@ x=
EI (0 ) =

+ c1 c1 =
24
2
2
2
2 3

dy WL 2 W 3 WL3
d
EI
=
x x
dx
4
6
24

Integrating

WL x 3 W x 4 WL3
x + c2
EIy =

4 3 6 4
24

WL (0 ) W (0 ) WL3
(0) + c2

@ x = 0 y = 0 EI (0 ) =
4 3
6 4
24
3

WL 3 W 4 WL3
EIy =
x
x
x
12
24
24
Max. occurs @ x = L /2

EIymax

5WL4
=
384

max

5WL4
=
384 EI

c2 = 0

P
x

P
2

L/2

L/2

P
2

L
P
f 0< x<
for
M= x
2
2
2
d y P
L
EI 2 = x
for 0 < x <
dx
2
2
dy P x 2
Integrating
EI
=
+ c1
dx 2 2
L
dy
x
@
=
=0
Since the beam is symmetric
y
2
d
dx
2
L


PL2
L
P 2
c1 =
@ x=
EI (0) =
+ c1
16
2
2 2

dy P 2 PL2
d
EI
= x
dx 4
16

P x 3 PL2
x + c2
EIy =

4 3 16

Integrating

P (0 ) PL2
(0) + c2
EI (0 ) =

4 3
16
3

@x=0 y=0

P 3 PL2
EIy = x
x
12
16
Max. occurs @ x = L /2

EIymax

PL 3
=
48

max

PL3
=
48EI

c2 = 0

BeamsElasticCurveDifferentialEquation
B
El ti C
Diff
ti lE
ti
2

d y M
=
2
dx
EI
But,

V=

dM
dx

q=

dV
dx

Example
A mechanical assembly system moves sensitive electronic
parts from one location to another using a small cantilever
beam. The beam has two sections as shown in the diagram.
The
Th electronic
l
i parts will
ill only
l be
b located
l
d on the
h extended
d d
section of the beam. The deflection of the beam tip is
critical in the assembly process.

What is known:
A solid steel beam supports electronic parts over half of the
beam.
beam
The parts have an average weight per area of 0.04 N/mm2.
The steel stiffness, E, is 200 GPa.
The two beam parts are rigidly connected
connected.
The beam is attached to the delivery mechanism and the
connection can be assumed to be fixed.

CantileverBeamUsedto
move ElectronicParts

Question :
What is the deflection of the beam tip?

Approach :
Modify the area load to a linear load.
Determine the moment of inertia and the moment equations for both beam sections.
Identify the boundary conditions.
Integrate the moment equations to find the deflection equations.

The deflection at the beam tip can be determined by first

q
and then integrating
g
g those
findingg the moment equations
equations. There are actually two moment equations,
one for each half, since the load and beam structure is
not continuous.
continuous Four boundary conditions will be
needed, two for each beam section.

Moment Equation and Diagram

Beam Loading

To determine beam deflections is to integrate the moment equation. This requires that the
momentt equation
ti is
i known
k
b f
before
starting
t ti the
th integration.
i t
ti
Thi can be
This
b done
d
b cutting
by
tti eachh
beam section and developing a moment equation as a function of the beam location, x.
For the cantilever beam, there are two sections, the first one is from point A to B and the
second is from point B to C. Making a cut in the first sections and solving for the moment and
shear at the cut surface gives,
V1 = -0.48x N
M1 = -0.24x2 N-mm
The second cut in section 2 gives
V2 = -24.0
24 0 N
M2 = -24 (x - 25) N-mm
= -24x + 600 N-mm

Moment Equation and Diagram

To determine beam deflections is to integrate the moment
equation. This requires that the moment equation is known
before starting the integration. This can be done by cutting
each beam section and developing a moment equation as a
function of the beam location, x.
For the cantilever beam, there are two sections, the first one
is from point A to B and the second is from point B to C.
M ki a cutt in
Making
i the
th first
fi t sections
ti
andd solving
l i for
f the
th
moment and shear at the cut surface gives,
V1 = -0.48x N
M1 = -0.24x2 N-mm
The second cut in section 2 gives
V2 = -24
24.00 N
M2 = -24 (x - 25) N-mm
= -24x + 600 N-mm
The equations are plotted at the right.

Moment and Shear Diagrams

BeamProperties
B
P
i
Themomentofinertiaforarectangularcross
sectiongives,

3mm
12mm

I1 =12(3)3/12=27.0mm4
I2 =16(5)3/12=166.7mm4
Thematerialstiffness,E,isgivenas
9 N/m
E=200GPa

G =20010

/ 2 (1m/1000
( /
mm))2
=200,000N/mm2

5mm
16mm

IntegratingMomentEquations
Thedeflectionofanybeamcanbefoundbyintegratingthebasicmomentdifferential
equation,

EIy =M
However,eachsectionmustbeintegratedseparately.IntegratingsectionABtwice
However
eachsectionmustbeintegratedseparately IntegratingsectionABtwice
gives,
'

(200,000)(27) y = (0.24 x + 600)dx

5.4 106 y ' = 0.08 x 3 + C1
5.4 106 y ' = 0.02 x 4 + C1 x + C2

Recall,y isthedeflectionandy istheslopeofthebeam.Theconstantsofintegration,

y
(
)
C1 andC2,,mustbedeterminedfromtheboundaryconditions(seebelow).
IntegratingthesecondbeamsectionBC,gives
(200,000)(166.7) y ' = (24 x + 600)dx

33.33 106 y ' = 12 x 2 + 600 x + C3

33.33 106 y = 4 x3 + 300 x 2 + C3 x + C4

BoundaryConditions
Therearefourconstantsofintegratingthat
needtobedefined.Thisrequiresfour
boundaryconditions.
Thefirsttwoconditionsareduetothefixed
jointattherightend.Thisrequiresboththe
deflections,v,andtheslope,v,tobezero.
Thesearelistedinthetableattherightas
conditions1)and2).
Anothertwoconditionscanbeidentifiedat
A
th t
diti
b id tifi d t
thejointbetweenbeamsections1and2.
Sincethebeamiscontinuous,thebeam
deflectionandslopeoneithersideofthe
jointmustbeequal.Thisgivesthethirdand
,
fourthcondition,aslistedinthetable.

FourBoundaryConditions

DeterminingConstants
Withthefourboundaryconditionsdefined,fourequationscan
nowbeconstructedwhichwillallowallfourconstantstobe
determined.
determined
Generally,boundaryconditionscanbeappliedsothatonlyone
constantispresentinagivenequation.However,sometimes
i
i i
i H

twoorthreeequationswillneedtobesolvedsimultaneously.
BoundaryCondition2) v2 =0atx=100mm
33.33106 y =12x2 +600x+C3
33.33106 (0)
(0)=12(100)
12(100)2 +600(100)+C3
C3 =60,000Nmm2
BoundaryCondition1) v2 =0atx=100mm
33.33106 y =4x3 +300x2 +C3x+C4
33.33106 (0)=4(100)3 +300(100)2
+60,000(100)+C
6
( ) C4
C4 =5.0106 Nmm3
FourBoundaryConditions

y1 =y
y2 atx=50mm
atx 50mm
BoundaryCondition4) y
0.08 x 3 + C1 12 x 2 + 600 x + C3
=
5.4 106
33.33 106

0.08(50)3 + C1 12(50) 2 + 600(5) + 60,000

=
5.4 106
33.33 106

C1 = 19,720 N mm 2

BoundaryCondition3) y1 =y2 atx=50

mm
4
3
2

0.02 x + C1x + C2 4 x + 300x + C3 x + C4

=
5.4 106
33.33 106

FourBoundaryConditions

0.02(5) 4 + 19,720(50) + C2 4(50)3 + 300(50) 2 + 60,000(50) 5 106

=
5.4 106
33.33 106

C2 = 1,145,000 N mm3

FinalDeflectionEquations
q
Thefinaldeflectionequationsforbothbeamsections
are
y1 =3.70410
=3 7041099x4 +0.003652x
+0 003652x 0.2120mm
0 2120mm
appliesfor0x50
77x3 +9.010
6
6x2 +0.0018x
y2 =1.210

8 0.15mm

appliesfor50x100

Themaximumdeflectionatthetip(x=0)is
yxx=00 =0.2120mm

FinalDeflectionCurve

Example
Beamscommonlyhavedistributedloadsover
onlysectionsofthetotalbeam,similartothe
beamshowninthediagram.Inthiscase,whatis
thedeflectionofthefarrightend(pointC)?
Assumethemodulusofelasticity,E,isequalto10
Assumethemodulusofelasticity
E isequalto10
GPa.

Solution

PartiallyLoadedBeam

There are two basic ways to solve this problem using integration. First, the moment in
both beam sections, AB and BC, can be determined, and then integrated using two
boundary conditions for each span.
span
Asecond,andeasiermethod,wouldbetofindtherotationangleatB,andthenjust
extrapolatethedeflectionfromBtoC Thisispossiblesincetherearenoloadsonthe
extrapolatethedeflectionfromBtoC.Thisispossiblesincetherearenoloadsonthe
beamsectionBCandthustherewillbenobending.ThesectionBCwillrotate,butit
remainastraightline.Ofcourse,therotationatBstillneedstobedeterminedby
i
integratingthemomentequation,butitisonlyoneequationinsteadoftwoequations
i h

i b i i l

i i
d f

neededinmethod1.

Duetosymmetry,eachofthetwosupportswillcarryhalf
theload,giving,
Ay =By =3(2)/2=3kN
Themomentequationforthefirstspan,AB,isfoundby
cuttingthespanatdistancexfromtheleft,and
summingmoments.Thisgives,
i
Thi i

M1 +3x(x/2) 3x=0
M1 =3x 1.5x2 kNm
q
p ,
Nowthatthemomentequationisknownforthespan,it
canbeintegratedoncetofindthebeamrotation,anda
secondtimeforbeamdeflection,
BeamSupportReactions
''

EIy1 = M 1

EIy1' = (3 x 1.5 x 2 )dx

= 1.5 x 2 0.5 x 3 + C1

EIy1 = (1.5 x 2 0.5 x3 + C1 )dx

= 0.5 x3 0.125 x 4 + C1 x + C2

Thedeflection,y1,forthespanABisknowatx=0andx=2m.Using
thesetwoboundaryconditions,gives
y1(x=0) =0 =0.5(0)3 0.125(0)4 +C1 (0)+C2

==>C2 =0

y1(x=2) =0 =0.5(2)3 0.125(2)4 +C1 (2)+0

==>C1 =1

Thi i th b
Thisgivethebeamrotationas
t ti
EIy'=(1.5x2 0.5x31)kNm2
Thebeammomentofinertia,I,is
I=83(4)/12=170.7cm4 =170.7e8m4
and
EI=(10e9N/m2)(170.7e8m4 )=17.07kN/m2
ThebeamrotationatB (x
(x=2)
2) is
y'(x=2)=(6 41)/EI
=(1kNm
(1kN m2)/(17.07knm
)/(17 07kn m2)
=0.05858radians

ThefinaldeflectionatCcanbedeterminedby notingthatthatbeamrotationatBis
alsotheslopeatB.Thefinaldeflectionisjusttheangle(orslope)timesthedistance,

C =d
=0.05858(2m)
=0.1172m

BeamDeflectionatPointC

-0,000366

Deformed shape, Comb: CASE1, Units: kN-m

Li P 2.7
LinPro
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Silj k | eness@bosnia.ba
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i b | www.line.co.ba
li
b

IntegrationofLoad
g
Equation

In the previous sections, Integration of the Moment Equation, was shown how to
known This section will
determine the deflection if the moment equation is known.
extend the integration method so that with additional boundary conditions, the
deflection can be found without first finding the moment equation.

MomentShearLoadRelationships
Whenconstructingmoment sheardiagrams,itwas
Whenconstructingmomentsheardiagrams
itwas
noticedthatthereisarelationshipbetweenthemoment
andshear(andbetweentheshearandtheloading).That
relationshipcanbederivedbyapplyingthebasicequations
toatypicaldifferentialelementfromaloadedbeam
(shownattheright).First,summingtheforcesinthe
verticaldirectiongives
i ldi
i i

Fy =0
V ((V+dV)
) w(x)dx
( )
+0.5(dw)dx
5( )
=0
Bothdw anddx aresmall,andwhenmultipliedtogether
givesanextremelysmalltermwhichcanbeignored
givesanextremelysmalltermwhichcanbeignored.
Assuming(dw)(dx)=0,andsimplifyinggives,

dV
= w(x)
( )
dx

DifferentialElementfromBeam

Next,summingmomentsabouttherightside(canbeanywhere,butanedgeis
g
g
3
g
easier)andignoringthe3rdordertermsgives

Mright edge =0
M+(M+dM) Vdx +[w(x)dx][0.5dx]=0
Again,2ndordertermssuchasdx2,areassumedextremelysmallandcanbe
ignored.Thisgives

dM
=V
dx
N t it l"V"i
Note,capital
V isshearandnotdeflection
h d td fl ti

ExtendingtheDeflectionDifferentialEquation
Recall,thebasicdeflectiondifferentialequation(MomentCurvature
Equation) wasderivedas

d2y
EI 2 = EIy'' = M
dx

Thi b
bi d ithdM/d =Vtogive
Vt i
ThiscanbecombinedwithdM/dx

EIy ''' = V ( x)

sheardeflectionequation

ThisequationassumesEandIareconstantalongthe
g
y
lengthofthebeamsection.Theycanbecombined
withdV/dx =w(x)togive

EIy '''' = w(x

( x)

loaddeflectionequation
load
deflectionequation

Thus,thedeflectioncanbedetermineddirectly
Th
th d fl ti b d t
i ddi tl
fromtheloadfunction,butitdoesrequirefour
integrationsandfourboundaryconditions.
Whereasusingthemomentcurvatureequation,
h
h
onlytwointegrationsandtwoboundary
q
conditionsareneeded,butthemomentequation
mustfirstbedetermined.

w,M,V,Slope,andyRelationships
andSignConventions

SolvingtheLoadDeflectionDifferentialEquation
ThedifferentialequationEIv
ThedifferentialequationEIv
=w(x)isnotusefulbyitselfbutneedstobe
appliedtoabeamwithspecificboundaryconditions.ItisassumedthatEIis
constantandw(x)isafunctionofthebeamlength.Note,thefunction,w(x),can
beequalto0.Infact,inmostsituationsitdoesequal0.
beequalto0 Infact inmostsituationsitdoesequal0
Integratingtheequationfourtimesgives,

EIy = w( x)dx + 16C1 x 3 + 12 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4

Theintegrationconstants,C
Th
i t
ti
t t C1,C
C2,C
C3 andC
dC4,are

determinedfromtheboundaryconditions.For
example,apinnedjointateitherendofabeam
requiresthedeflection,v,equal0andthemoment,
M,equal0..Afixedjointrequiresboththe
p
q
deflection,v,andslope,v,equal0,butmomentand
shearareunknown.Eachbeamsectionmusthaveat
leastfourboundaryconditions.Detailsabout
boundaryconditionsaregivenbelow.
Eachbeamspanmustbeintegratedseparately,just
likewhenconstructingamomentdiagram.Thus,
eachnewsupportorloadwillstartanewbeam
sectionthatmustbeintegrated.Examplesofbeam
sectionsareshownattheright.

EachBeamSectionRequires
its
OwnDeflectionEquation

BoundaryConditions
Determiningtheboundaryconditions(b.c)isusuallythemostdifficultpartofsolvingthe
g
y
( )
y
p
g
deflectiondifferentialequation,especiallywhenintegratingfourtimes.Inparticular,b.cfor
multiplebeamsectionscanbeconfusing.
yp
q
Thebasictypesofb.careshownbelow.Thoseconditionsthatrequiretwosectionsaresometimes
calledcontinuityconditionsinsteadofb.c.Forexample,apointforceonabeamcausesthe
deflectionstobesplitintotwoequations.However,thebeam'sdeflectionandslopewillbe
continuousattheloadlocationrequiringy1 =y2 andy1 =y2.Also,thesheardifferencewillequal
theappliedpointloadatthatlocation,andthemomentwillbeequalinbothbeamsectionsatthat
point,M1 =M2.Theseconditionsareneededtosolvefortheadditionalintegrationconstants.

TypicalBoundary
Conditions(y,,V,M)
forBeamSections
Using FourthOrder
LoadDeflection
Equation

CASESTUDYSOLUTION
Thedeflectionatthetipoftheequipmentcanbe
determinedbyintegratingthebasicdistributedload
equationfourtimes.Thereareactuallyfour
equations,oneforeachhalfsincetheloadandbeam
i

f hh lf i h l d db

structuredifferineachsection.Atotalofeight
boundaryconditionswillbeneededtosolvethefour
integrationconstantsforbothequations.
BeamLoading

Free BodyDiagram
FreeBodyDiagram
Tohelpdeterminebeamsectionsandboundary
conditions,afreebodydiagramshouldbe
constructed.Eachchangeinbeamgeometryand
d
h h
b
d
loadrequiresanewbeamsectionanddeflection
q
equation.Forthiscantileverbeam,therewillbe
twosections,onefrompointAtoBandasecond
sectionfrompointBtoC.
Theuniformdistributedloadontheleftpartofthe
beamis
w=(0.04N/mm2)(12mm)=0.48N/mm
Theactualvaluesofthereactionsdonotneedto
bedeterminedwhichisoneoftheadvantagesof
thismethod.

FreeBodyDiagram
y
g

BeamProperties
Th
t fi ti i th
ti f t
l
ti i
Themomentofinertiausingtheequationforarectangularcrosssectiongives,
I1 =12(3)3/12=27.0mm4
I2 =16(5)3/12=166.7mm4
Thematerialstiffness,E,isgivenas
/ 2 ((1m/1000mm)
/
)2
E=200GPa =200109 N/m
=200,000N/mm2

IntegratingtheLoad DeflectionEquations
IntegratingtheLoadDeflectionEquations
Thedeflectionofanybeamcanbefoundbyintegratingthebasicloaddeflection
differentialequation,
EIy =w(x)
( )
foreachbeamsection.
p
Section1(frompointAtoB)
Theloadfunctionw1(x)istheactualuniformdistributedloadof0.48N/mm
EIy1 =0.48N/mm
EIy1 =0.48x+C
0.48x+C1
=>V
>V1
EIy1 =0.24x2 +C1 x+C2
=>M1
EIy1 =0.08x3 +C1 x2/2+C2 x+C3
EIy1 =0.02x
= 0 02x4 +C1 x3/6+C2 x2/2+C3 x+C4
NotethatEIy istheshearandEIy isthemoment.Thiswillbeneededwhenapplying
theboundaryconditions.

Section2(frompointBtoC)
Section2issimilartosection1exceptthereisnouniformload.Thus,w2(x)is
just0
just0.
EIy2 =0N/mm
=>V2
EIy2 =C5
EIy
=>M
EI 2 =C
C5 x+C
C6
M2
EIy2 =C5 x2/2+C6 x+C7
EIy2 =C5 x3/6+C6 x2/2+C7 x+C8
BoundaryConditions
Thereareeightconstantsofintegratingthatneedtobe
defined.Thisrequireseightb.c,wherethefirsttwo
conditionsareduetothefixedjointattherightend.
diti
d t th fi dj i t tth i ht d
Thisrequiresboththedeflections,y,andtheslope,y,
tobezero.Thesearelistedinthetableattherightas
conditions1)and2);andthenexttwoconditionsaredue
tocontinuitybetweenbeamsections1and2.Sincethe
,
p
beamiscontinuous,thebeamdeflectionandslopeon
eithersideofthejointmustbeequal. Conditions5and
6arefromthefreeendwhichcannothaveanyshearor
moment Andfinally,similartoslopeanddeflection,
moment.
Andfinally similartoslopeanddeflection
theshearandmomentneedtobethesamebetween
beamsections1and2.Theshearisthethe samesince
thereisnopointloadatthejoint Likewise themoment
thereisnopointloadatthejoint.Likewise,themoment
isthesamesincethereisnoappliedpointmomentat
EightBoundaryConditions
thejoint.

DeterminingConstants
Withtheeightboundaryconditionsdefined,eightequationscannowbe
g
y
g
q
constructed.Generally,boundaryconditionscanbeappliedsothatonlyoneconstant
ispresentinagivenequation.However,sometimestwoorthreeequationswillneed
tobesolvedsimultaneously.
BoundaryCondition5) V1 =0atx=0mm
0=0.48(0)+C1
C1 =0
BoundaryCondition6) M1 =0atx=0mm
0=0.24(0)+C1 (0)+C2
C2 =0

BoundaryCondition7) V1 =V2 atx=50mm
0.48x+C1 =C5
0.48(50)+0=C5
C5 =24N
y
) M1 =M2 atx=50mm
5
BoundaryCondition8)
0.24x2 +C1x+C2 =C5x+C6
0.24(50)2 +0+0=24(50)+C6
600=1
600= 1,200+C
200+C6
C6 =600Nmm
BoundaryCondition2) y2 =0atx=100mm
33 33 106 y2 =24x
33.3310
24 2/2+600x+C
/2 600 C7
33.33106 (0)=12(100)2 +600(100)+C7
C7 =60,000Nmm2

BoundaryCondition1) v2 =0atx=100
mm
33.33106 y2 =C5x3/6+C6x2/2+C7x+C8
33.33106 (0)=4(100)3 +300(100)2
+60,000(100)+C8
C8 =5.0106 Nmm3
BoundaryCondition4) v1 =v2 atx=50mm

0.08 x 3 + 12 C1 x 2 + C2 x + C3 12 C5 x 2 + C6 x + C7
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106
0.08(50)3 + C3 12(50) 2 + 600(50) + 60,000
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106

C3 = 19,720 N mm 2
BoundaryCondition3) v1 =v2 atx=50mm

0.02 x 4 + 16 C1 x3 + 12 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4 16 C5 x3 + 12 C6 x 2 + C7 x + C8
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106
0.02 (50) 4 + 0 + 0 + 19,720(50) + C4 12(50)3 + 300(50) 2 + 60,000(50) 5 106
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106

C4 = 1,145,000 N mm3

FinalDeflectionEquations
Thefinaldeflectionequationsforbothbeam
sectionsare
y1 =3.704109x4 +0.003652x 0.2119mm
y2 =1.2107x3 +9.0106x2 +0.0018x 0.15mm
Themaximumdeflectionatthetip(x=0)is
yx=0 =0.2119mm
Thisisthesame(withinroundingerror)ofthe
previoussolution.(yxx=00 =0.2120mm)

FinalDeflectionCurve

Example
Abeamisconstructedwhereoneend
cannotdeflect(pinnedjoint),butcan
rotate,andtheotherendcannotrotate,but
candeflect..
candeflect
Determinethedeflectionequationby
integratingfromtheloadingfunction.

Solution

ShelfSupportsandLoading

Startingwiththeloadingfunction,the
deflectioncanbefoundbyintegratingitfour
ti
times.However,thiswillrequirefourunique
H
thi ill
i f i

boundaryconditions.Thosefourconditionsare
1.
2.
33.
4.

(x=L)=y'(x=L)=0
y(x=0)=0
M(x=0)=y''(x=0)=0
(
) y(
)
V(x=L)=y'''(x=L)=0

g
Theloadingisaconstantdistributedload,or
EIy''''=w
Integrationthisgivestheshearfunction,
V(x)=EIy'''=wx +C1

Equivalentbeamdeflections
usingsuperpositionprinciple

The4thboundaryconditioncanbeusedtodeterminetheintegrationconstant,C1,
V(x=L)=wL +C1 =0
C1 =wL
Integratingagaingivesthemomentequation,
M(x)
EIy wx2/2+xwL +C2
M(x)=EIy''=wx
The3rdboundaryconditionsgives,
0=w02/2+x0L+C2
C2 =0
0
Thus,thefinalmomentequationis
M(x)=wx2/2+xwL
N
Next,thisequationcanbeintegratedtogivetherotationequation,
hi
i b i
d i h
i
i
(x)=EIy'=wx3/6+wLx2/2+C3
Usingboundarycondition1gives,
0=wL3/6+wL3/2+C3
C3 =wL3/3
q
,
Thefinalrotationequationis,
(x)=EIy'=wx3/6+wLx2/2 wL3/3
Thedeflectionequationisjusttheintegraloftherotationequation,
EIy =wx4/24+wLx3/6 wL3x/3+C4
Applyingthelastunusedboundaryconditions,number2,gives,
0= 0+0 0+C4 ==>C4 =0
Th fi ld fl ti
Thefinaldeflectionequationis
ti i
y =w(x4/8 Lx3/2+xL3)/(3EI)