THE INFINITIVE-THE ING FORM

FORMS
THE INFINITIVE
ACTIVE

PASSIVE

-Present

to lose

to be lost

-Present cont.

to be losing

-Perfect

to have lost

-Perfect cont.

to have been losing

to have been lost

ACTIVE
-present infinitive-se refera la prezent si viitor
-present cont.infinitive-se refera la o actiune care se intampla
acum : to be +ing
-perfect infinitive-se refera la trecut si arata ca actiunea infinitivului
sa intamplat inaintea actiunii verbului: to have +past participle
-perfect cont. infinitive-se refera la trecut si accentueaza durata
actiunii infinitivului care s-a desfasurat inaintea actiunii verbului: to
have been +ing
Perfect infinitive este folosit cu verbe
precum:seem,appear,believe,know,claim,expect si verbele modale.
PASSIVE
-present infinitive-to be +past participle
-perfect infinitiv-to have been+past participle
Timpurile

INFINITIV

-Present simple,future simple

to work

-Present cont.,future cont.

to be working

-Past simple,present perfect,

past perfect,future perfect

to have worked

-Past cont.,present perfect cont.,

past perfect cont.,future perfect
cont.

to have been working

THE -ING FORM

ACTIVE
-simple

losing

-perfect

having lost

PASSIVE
being lost
having been lost

The simple ing se refera la prezent sau viitor.

The perfect ing arata ca actiunea verbului in ing s-a intamplat
inaintea actiunii verbului .
Putem folosi simple ing in locul lui perfect ing cu nicio schimbare
in vorbire.
The to infinitive-USE:
-pentru a exprima scopul
-dupa anumite
verbe:agree,appear,decide,expect,hope,plan,promise,refuse...
-dupa adjective care descriu sentimente,emotii-happy,glad..-pentru
a exprima putinta si neputintawiling,eager,reluctant,anxious,unwiling...-pentru a ne referi la
caracterul unei persoane-mean,clever...si cu adjectivele lucky si
fortunate.
-Pentru a ne referi la caracter putem de asemenea sa folosim o
constructie impersonala: it+be+adjective+of+noun/pronoun.
It was clever of you not to believe them.
-dupa anumite substantive si
pronume:something,somewhere,anyone,nothing...pentru a arata ca
ceva este necesar sau posibil.

-dupa too/enough
She is too young to stay out so late.
-cu it+be+adjective/noun
-pentru a vorbi despre un eveniment neasteptat care poate fi nedorit
,de obicei cu only
She came home to find her sister waiting for her
-dupa be+the first/second...next/last/best
He was the first to arrive.
-dupa expresii precum: ask,learn,find out,wonder,want to
know,decide,explain...cand sunt urmate de un cuvant intrebare
who,what,where,how...
Why este urmat de subiect nu de infinitiv.
He explained how to operate the machine.
I dont know why he left.
Daca avem doua infinitive legate cu and sau or,al doilea
infinitiv poate sa omita to.
The ing form-USE:
-ca un substantiv
Cycling is a popular form of exercise.
-dupa anumite
verbe:admit,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,continue,delay,de
ny,discuss,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,forgive,go-pentru
activitati,imagine,involve,keep,mention,mind,miss,postpone,practis
e,prevent,quit,recall,recollect,report,resent,resist,risk,save,stand,su
ggest,tolerate,understand...
-dupa like,dislike,hate,enjoy,love,prefer,pentru a exprima preferinta
generala.

-Dar would like/would prefer/would love+to infinitive pentru a

exprima preferinta specifica.
-dupa expresiile:be busy,its no use,its no good,its not
worth,whats the use of,cant help,theres no point in,cant
stand,have difficulty in,have trouble,have a hard time...
-dupa spend,waste,lose
-dupa prepozitii
He was found guilty of lying in court.
-dupa prepozitia to cu verbe si expresii precum :look forward
to,be used to,get round to,object to,in addition to,prefer(doing sth
to sth else)...
-dupa verbele: hear,listen to,notice,see,watch,si feel sa descriem o
actiune incompleta, ceva ce cineva a vazut ,a auzit...doar o parte din
actiune.
-dar hear,listen to,notice,see,watch,feel+infinitivul scurt(fara to)
sa descriem o actiune completa, ceva ce cineva a vazut,auzit...de la
inceput pana la capat.
BARE INFINITIVE-INFINITiVUL SCURT FARA TO
USE:
-dupa verbele modale,dar ought este urmat de to
-dupa verbele let,make,see,hear,feel
-dar be made,be heard,be seen+to infinitive-diateza pasiva.
-can/could+see/hear+ ing form
-dupa had better si would rather
-help poate sa fie urmat de to infinitive sau de bare infinitive.
Verbe care iau to infinitive sau ing form cu schimbare a sensului:
-forget
+to infinitive:not remmber: I forgot to buy a newspaper.

+ing form:not recall:Ill never forget travelling by plane for the first
time.
-remember
+to infinitive:not forget:Did you remember to tell Sam about the
meeting?
+ing form:recall:I remember talking to him before.
-go on
+to infinitive:continue with something different:She introduced
herself and went on to talk about her new book.
+ing form:continue:He went on writing letters until 10:00.
-mean
+to infinitive:intend to:She means to buy a new car soon.
+ing form:involve:She is determined to get a ticket for the concert
even if it means paying a lot of money.
-regret
+to infinitive:be sorry to:este utilizat normal in present simple:We
regret to inform you that you have failed.
+ing form:feel sorry about:He regreted selling his house.
-try
+to infinitive:attempt,do ones best:We tried to move the heavy
branch to the side of the road.
+ing form:do sth as a experiment:If you cant go to sleep ,try
drinking some milk.
-stop
+to infinitive:stop briefly to do sth else:He stopped to fill the tank
with petrol then continued driving.
+ing form:finish,give up:He stopped drinking coffee because it
upset his stomach.

-be sorry
+to infinitive:apologise for a present action:Im sorry to say this,but
your work is rather unsatisfactory.
+ing form:apologise for an earlier action:We are sorry for keeping
you waiting.
-like
+to infinitive:think that sth is good or right to do:I like to pay my
bills as soon as I get them.
+ing form:enjoy(general preference):Tom likes meeting new people.
-would like
+to infinitive:want (specific preference):I would like to go to that
new restaurant.
-be afraid
+to infinitive:subject is unwiling to do sth:He is afraid to touch the
dog in case it bites him.
-be afraid of
+ing form:subject is afraid that what is described by the ing form
may happen:She doesn want to drive her fathers car.Shes afraid
of crashing it.
Verbe care iau to infinitive si ing form fara vreo schimbare de
sens:
-begin,start,continue,propose,bother,intend
Niciodata nu avem doua forme de ing impreuna
-advise,allow,permit,recommend,encourage: iau to infinitive cand
sunt urmate de un obiect sau cand sunt in forma pasiva.Iau forma
ing cand nu sunt urmate de un obiect. We advise booking in
advance.
-need/require/want+-ing form: cand un lucru trebuie reparat sau
improvizat.

Need poate fi urmat si de o forma pasiva a infinitvului:The carpet

needs to be hoovered.
TOO-ENOUGH
TOO
-are un sens negativ ,arata ca ceva este mai mult decat necesar.
-too+adjective/adverb+to infinitive
-too....for somebody/something
-too...for somebody/something+to infinitive
Enough
-are un sens pozitiv,arata ca este atat cat trebuie sau este necesar.
-adjective/adverb+enough+to infinitive
-not+adjective/adverb+enough+to infinitive
-enough+noun+to infinitive
Participles
-present participles:staying,leaving...
-past participles:stayed,left...
-perfect participles:having left...
-Present participle si past participle se pot folosi ca adjective
-Present participle ing descrie ce este cineva sau ceva (What kind)
-Past participle ed descrie cum se simte cineva(How do you feel)
-participiile se mai pot folosi in locul unui pronume relativ sau a
unui intreg verb
The woman waving at me is my aunt.
-pentru a exprima motivul
Feeling shy,Laura didnt talk to Ben.

-pentru a exprima timpul

After taking/having taken his Maters degree,he applied for a job.
-in locul lui past simple in naratiuni cand se descriu actiuni una
dupa alta .
-pentru a evita repetarea lui past continous in aceeasi propozitie.
He was walking down the street whistling a tune.