Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

UNIT I
1).Define Datagram.
i. In packet switching, a packet, independent of other packets is referred to as a datagram.
ii. It carries information sufficient for routing from the originating data terminal equipment (DTE)
to the destination DTE without the necessity of establishing a connection between the DTEs and the
network.
2). Define virtual circuit.
A packet switching service in which a connection (virtual circuit) is established between 2
stations at the start of transmission. All packets follow the same route, need not carry a complete address,
and arrive in sequence.
3).What are the functions of LAPF core protocol?
LAPF core provides a minimal set of data link control functions, consists of the following:
i.
Frame delimiting, alignment, data transparency.
ii.
Frame multiplexing/de-multiplexing using the address field.
iii.
Inspection of the frame to ensure that it is neither too long nor too short.
iv.
Detection of transmission errors.
v.
Congestion control functions.
4).Define cells.
In the case of ATM, the information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed size
packets, called cells.
5).What is the difference between VCC and VPC?
VCC:
i.
A VCC is setup between two end users through the network and a variable rate, fullii.
VPC:
i.
ii

duplex flow of fixed size cells are exchanged over the connection.
VCCs are also used for user-network exchange and network-network exchange.
A virtual path connection is a bundle of VCCs that have the same
End points.
the virtual path technique helps contain the control cost by grouping

connections

sharing common paths through the network into a single unit.

6).What is the advantages of virtual path?
i. Simplified network architecture.
ii. Increased network performance and reliability.
iii. Reduced processing and short connection setup time.
iv. Enhanced network services.
7).What are the uses of VCC?
i). Between end users:
It can be used to carry end-to-end user data and also it can
control signaling between end users.
ii). Between an end user and a network entity:

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be used to carry

Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

Used for user-to-network control signaling.

iii). Between two network entities:
Used for network traffic management and routing functions.
8). What are the characteristics of VPC and VCC?
i.
Quality of service
ii.
Switched and semi-permanent virtual channel connections.
iii.
Cell sequence integrity
iii.
Traffic parameter negotiation and usage monitoring
9) What is cell loss ratio?
Ratio of cells lost to cell transmitted is referred to a cell loss ratio.
10) What are the traffic parameters available in ATM?
The traffic parameters must be viewed from two different perspectives.
(i)
Source traffic descriptor
peak cell rate
sustainable cell rate
maximum burst size
minimum cell rate
maximum frame size
(ii)

connection traffic descriptor

source traffic descriptor
cell delay variation tolerance
conformance definition

11) What is the difference between switched & semi-permanent VCC?

A switched VCC is an on-demand connection, which requires call control signaling for setup and
tearing down.
A semi-permanent VCC is one that is of long duration is set up by configuration or network
management action.
12) Draw the ATM cell format.

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

GFC

VPI

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

Virtual Path identifier (VPI)

VPI

VPI
5

Virtual path identifier

Payload

Payload

CLP

Header error control

Information field
48 Octets

User NW interface

Virtual path identifier

CLP

Header error control

53
octets

Information field
48 Octets

NW NW interface

13) What is the function of generic flow control?

GFC can be used for control of cell flow only at the local user-network interface.
The field could be used to assist the customer in controlling the flow of traffic for different
qualities of service.

14) What is the function of payload type?

The payload type field indicates the type of information in the information field
Payload type has giving the 3 bit coding
(i)
the value of 0 in the 1st bit indicates the user information that is information from
(ii)
(iii)

next higher layer.

2nd bit indicates whether congestion has been experienced
3rd bit known as the ATM user to ATM user indicates bit is a one bit field that can
be used to convey information between end users

15) What are the service categories have been defined by ATM cell format?
There are 2 types of service categories used in ATM cell format.
(i)
Real time service
CBR constant bit rate
r-VBR real time variable bit rate
(ii)
Non-real time service
Ntr-VBR non real time VBR
UBR unspecified bit rate
ABR available bit rate
GFR guaranteed frame rate

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

16) What are the applications of constant bit rate?

Constant bit rate requires the maintenance of a timing relation is used and the transfer is
connection oriented.
(i)
video conference
(ii)
connection oriented and timing is important audio/video retrieval
17) What are the services provided by the AAL protocol?
* Handling of transmission errors
* Segmentation & re-assembly to enable layer blocks of data to be carried in the information field
of ATM cells
* Handling of lost and mis-inserted cell condition
* flow control & timing control
18) What is meant by SAP?
SAP service access point
Each AAL user attaches to AAL at a service access point, which is simply the address of
the application. This layer is then service dependent.
19) What is the function of CS layer & SAR layer?
CS layer:
Convergence sub-layer provides the functions needed to support specific application
using AAL. Each AAL user attaches to AAL at a SAP, which is simply the address of the application. This
Sublayer is then service dependent.
SAR layer:
The segmentation & reassembly Sublayer is responsible for packaging information
received from CS into cells for transmission & unpacking at the another end.
20) What are the advantages of AAL5 protocol compared with another?
(i)
reduced protocol processing overhead
(ii)
reduced transmission overhead
(iii)
Ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols.
These are the advantages of AAL5 protocol compared with another type.
21) What are the differences between fast & gigabit Ethernet?
Fast Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet

Data rate used in 100Mbps

Data rate used in 10Gbps, 1Gbps

Transmission media used are UTP,STP &

It uses UTP, shielded cable and optical fiber.

optical fiber
22) Define fabric.

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

Collection of switching elements is referred to as a fabric. These elements are inter-connected by

point-point links between ports or individual nodes and switches.
23) What are the major strengths of fiber channel?
One of the major strengths is that if provides a range of option for the physical medium, the data
rate on that medium and the topology of the network.
24) What are the requirements of wireless LAN?
o Throughput
o No of nodes
o Connection to backbone LAN
o Service area
o Battery power consumption
o Transmission robustness & security
o Network operation
o License free operation
o Hand off operation
o Hand off / roaming
o Dynamic configuration
25) What is meant by access point?
A basic service set may be is isolated or it may be connected to a backbone distributed system
through an access point.
AP is the logic within a station that provides access to DS by providing DS service in addition to
acting as a station.

UNIT-2
1) What is the function of Queue?
The queue is in FIFO order, which has two buffers with a particular memory & it can accept the
frame. If memory fills, it discards the frames
2) What are the queue parameters?
average rate
1.

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

2.

waiting time

3.

average no of waiting W

4.

average service time Ts

5.

utilization P

6.

average no of resident r

7.

mean residence time Tr

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

3) Draw the single server queuing system.

Waiting line (queue)
Arrivals

Departure

Dispatching discipline
Server

Arrival rate
Ts Service time
P utilization

Waiting time
w items waiting

r items resident in queuing system

Tr residence time

4) Define:
Waiting time
The mean time that an item must wait is Tw
Service time:
It is the time interval between the dispatching of an item to the server & the departure of that item
from the server.
Utilization:
It is the fraction of time that the server is busy, measured over some interval of time.
Resident time:
The average time that an item spends in system, waiting & being served is referred as residence
time Tr
5) What are the char of queuing system?
The char of a queuing system are,
item population

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queue size

dispatching discipline

Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

6) What is the basic dispatching discipline approach?

When the server becomes free & if there is more than one item waiting, a decision must be made
as to which item to dispatch next. The simplest approach is FIFO, FCFS (first come first served) this
discipline is what is normally implied when the term queue is used.
7) Compare multi-server queue & multiple single servers.
Multi-server

Multiple single server

Server

Server

Server

Server
Arrivals

Arrivals

Departure
Queue

Server

Server

Single queue is used

Departure

N queues are used

8) Write littles formula for single server queue.

Little formula for single server queue is
(i)
P= Ts
(ii)

r=w+P

9) What is Kendalls notation P?

Kendalls notation is X/Y/N,
Where,
X refers to distribution of the inter-arrival times,
Y refers to the distribution of service times &
N refers to the no of servers
10) What are the effects of congestion?
As the load on the network continues to increase, the queue lengths of the various modes continue
to grow. Eventually, throughput drops with increased load. So, the main effect of congestion is, under
there circumstances the effective capacity of system is virtually zero.
11) What is congestion?
If packets arrive too fast for the node to process them or faster than packets can be cleared from
the outgoing buffers, the queue will overflow & leads to congestion.

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

12) What are the congestion control techniques?

The congestion control techniques are,
(i)
backpressure
(ii)

choke packet

(iii)

implicit signaling

(iv)

explicit signaling

backward signaling

forward signaling

13) What is the concept of backpressure tech & writes its application?
Backpressure can be selectively applied to logical connections, so that the flow from one node to
the next is restricted or halted & this restriction propagates back along the connections t the source
Application:
(i)
X.25 based packet switching network
(ii)

IP based internets

14) What is choke packet & its application?

A choke packet is a control packet generated at a congested node& transmitted back to a source
node restrict traffic flow. (e.g.) ICMP
Application:
Source quench message can be used by a route or host to discard IP datagram because of a full
buffer.
15) What is implicit signaling & when it is used?
If a source is able to detect increased delays & packet discards, then it has implicit evidence of
network congestion. It is used when
(i)
transmission delay is increased
(ii)

packets are discarded

16) Compare forward & backward signaling.

Backward signaling
Notifies

the

source

that

congestion

avoidance procedures should be initiated

Forward signaling
Notifies the user that congestion avoidance
procedures should be initiated

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Where applicable for traffic in opposite

Where applicable for traffic of the received

direction of the received packet

packet

Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

17) What are explicit congestion signaling approaches?

It is of three general categories
(i)
Binary: A bit is set in a data packet and it is forwarded by the congested node.
(ii)

Credit based: It is based on providing an explicit credit to a source over a logical

connection.

(iii)

Rate based: It is based on providing an explicit data rate limit.

18) What is fairness in congestion control?

If all of the queue buffers are of equal length, then the queues with the highest traffic load will
suffer discards more often allowing lower- traffic connections a fair share of the capacity.
19) What are congestion control techniques used in PSN?
1. choke packet
2. Relay on routing information
3. Make use of an end-to-end probe packet
4. Allow packet switching nodes to add congestion information to packets as they go by.

20) What is congestion avoidance?

Congestion avoidance provides guidance to end systems about congestion in network. The
technique used is forward & backward explicit congestion notification.
21) What is the concept of CIR?
CIR (committed information rate is the rate, in bits per second, that the network agrees to support
for a particular frame mode connections
22) What is relation between CIR & access rate?
The relation between CIR & Access rate is
CIR i,j

< Access rate j

Where,
CIR i,j CIR for connection i on channel j.
Access rate j data rate of user access channel j.

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

UNIT III
1) What are the different types of TCP implementation policy?
*Sent policy.
*Deliver policy.
*Accept policy.
*Retransmit policy.
*Acknowledgement policy.
2) Define Back off?
A more sensible policy used in TCP source increase its RTO each time, the same segment is
retransmitted, this is known as back off RTO process
3) State the condition that must be met for a cell to conform.
In case of ATM, the information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed size
packets called cells. Cells should arrive with in theoretical arrive time but with in CDVT (limitation) cell
is conformed.
4) What are the mechanisms used in ATM traffic control to avoid congestion condition?
Resource management
Connection admission control
Usage parameter control
Traffic shaping
5) How is a time useful to control congestion in TCP?
The value of RTO (Retransmission time out) has a critical effect on TCPs reaction to congestion. Hence
by calculating RTO effectively congestion can be controlled.
6) Why congestion control is difficult to implement in TCP?
The end system is expected to exercise flow control upon the source end system at a higher layer. Thus it
is difficult to implement in TCP.

7) What are the accept policies used in TCP traffic control?

In order policy
In window Policy
8) What is meant by silly window syndrome?

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

If frequently data are sending as small segment, the response will be speed in sender side but it cause
degradation in performance. This degradation is called silly window syndrome.
9) What is meant by cell insertion time?
Cell insertion time is the time taken to insert a single cell on to the network.
10) What are the mechanisms used in TCP control congestion?
RTO timer management
Window management
11) What is meant by allowed cell rate?.
The current rate at which source is permitted to send or transmit cell in ABR mechanism is called allowed
cell rate.
12) Define behavior class selector?
BCS enables an ATM network to provide different service levels among UBR connections by associating
each connection with one of a set of behavior class.

UNIT IV
1) What is need for IS and DS?
To cope with the demand of
(i)
high volume client server applications
(ii)
tremendous volume of web traffic
(iii)
increasing graphics intensive
it is not enough to increase internet capacity but sensible and effective methods for managing the traffic
and controlling congestion are needed. That is IS and DS are needed.
2) Compare IS and DS.
IS
Reserve network resources for a particular

DS
Does not attempt to reserve

QOS
views totality of the current traffic

Does not attempt to total traffic

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

3) What is elastic and inelastic traffic? Write its applications.

Elastic traffic:
It is that which can adjust over wide ranges to changes in delay and throughput across an internet
and still meet the needs of its applications
Applications:
It is used in TCP or UDP including FTP , SMTP, Telnet, SNMP, HTTP etc
Inelastic traffic:
It does not easily adapt, if it all to changes in delay and throughput across an internet
Applications:
Teleconferencing, stock trading etc.,
4) What are the requirements of inelastic traffic?
(i) Throughput
(ii) Delay
(iii)jitter
(iv) packet loss
5) What are the functions to manage congestion and provide in QOS in ISA?
ISA makes use of the following functions to manage congestion and provide QOS support.
(i)
Admission control
(ii)
Routing algorithm
(iii)
Queuing discipline
(iv)
Discard policy
6) What are functions of packet scheduler?
(i) It manages one or more queues for each output port
(ii) It determines the order in which queued packets are transmitted and selection of packets for
discard, if necessary
7) What are the components in ISA?
1. Reservation protocol
2. Admission control
3. Management agent
4. Routing protocol
5. Classifier and route selection
6. Packet scheduler
8) What are services available in ISA?
(i) Guaranteed Service
(ii) Controlled Load
(iii) Best Effort
9) What is concept of token bucket scheme ?
The bucket represents a counter that indicates the allowable no of octets of IP data that can be
sent at any time, the two specifications of this scheme are
(i)
Token replenishment rate R
(ii)
Bucket size B

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

10) What are the advantages of token bucket scheme?

(i) Many traffic sources can easily and accurately be defined
(ii) It provides a concise description of the load to be imposed by flow
(iii)It provides input parameters to a policing function
11) What are the key elements of guaranteed service?
1. The service provides assured capacity level or data rate
2. There is a specified upper bound on the queuing delay through the network
3. No queuing losses
12) What are the key elements of controlled load?
1. The service tightly approximates the behavior visible to applications receiving best effort
service under unloaded conditions.
2. No specified upper bound on the queuing delay through the network
3. Almost no queuing losses
13) What is fair queuing?
With fair queuing, each incoming packet is placed in appropriate queue and these queues are
serviced in round robin fashion, taking one packet from each non empty queue in turn and empty queues
are skipped over.
14) What is drawback FIFO?
i.
No special treatment is given to packets from flow that or of higher priority or are more delay
ii.
iii.

sensitive
FIFO queuing results in large average delay/ packet
Also FIFO queuing results in congestion in a greedy TCP connection

15) What is queuing approach based in ISA?

The queuing approach used in ISA is FIFO queuing discipline also known as FCFS (First Come
First Served) at each output port
16) What is concept of BRFQ?
BRFQ ( Bit round fair queuing) is designed to emulate a bit by bit round robin discipline. It is
implemented by computing virtual starting and finishing times on the fly as if ps where running.
17) What is processor sharing?
In particular, if there are N queues and each of the queue always has a packet to send, then each
queue receives exactly 1/N of the available capacity. This bit-by-bit approach is known is processor
sharing.
18) What is concept of RED?
The most important of pro-active packet discard is knows as RED( Random early detection) the
design goals are

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

The congestion avoidance

Global synchronization avoidance
Avoidance of bias against busty traffic
Bound on average queue length

19) What are the characteristics of DS?

i.
IP packets are labeled for differing QOS treatment using IPV4 type of service field.
ii.
SLA( Service level agreement) is established
iii.
It provides a built in aggregation mechanism.
20) What is SLA?
A service contract between a customer and a service provider that specifies the forwarding service
a customer should receive.
21) Draw DS field format.

DSCP
Class selector code points

DS field

7
X

Precedence

TOS

7
X

X - Unused

IPV4 type of service field

22) What are the traffic conditioning system elements and its function in DS?
Classifier: separates submitted packets into different classes
Meter: measures submitted traffic for conformance to a profile
Marker: policies traffic by re-marking packets with code points as needed
Shaper: Policies traffic by delaying packets
Dropper: drops packets
23) What is PHB?
As part of the DS standardization effort, specific types of PHBs need to be defined, which can
be associated with specific DS services. The two types of PHBs are
i.
Expedited forwarding PHB
ii.
Assured forwarding PHB
24) What is premium service?
EFPHB is a mechanism that can be used to support the premium service. A premium service is
low loss, low delay, low jitter, assured bandwidth, end-end service through DS domains.
25) What is Best effort service?

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

AFPHB is designed to provide a service superior to best effort but one that does not require the
reservation of resources with in an internet and does not require the use of detailed discrimination among
flows from different users.

UNIT V
1) What are the reservations attributes and styles in RSVP.
Sender Selection
Explicit
Wild card

Reservation Attributes
Distinct
Shared
Fixed-Filter style(FF style)
Shared-Explicit(SE)style
Wild-card Filter(WF)style

2) Draw the diagram showing relationship among session, flow spec & filter spec
Packets that
Pass filter
Packet scheduler
Packets of one session

Flowspec
Filterspec

QOS
delivery
Best-Effort
Delivery

Other Packets
3) Define session RSVP.
Once a reservation is made at a router by a particular destination, the router considers this as a
session and allocates resources for the life of that session.
Session has Destination IP address,IP protocol identifier, Destination Port.
4) Define Flow specification in RSVP.
The flow specification of RSVP specifies a desired QoS and is used to set parameters in a nodes packet
scheduler. Flow specification defined by Service class, Reserve Spec , Traffic Spec.
5) What is the types reservation style used in RSVP?

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Sub Code & Title: EC 1009 High Speed Networks

Year & SEM: IV /VII (ECE A&B)

Wild card filter reservation style

Fixed filter reservation style
Shared explicit reservation style

6) Define Label swapping in MPLS.

The basic operation of looking up an incoming label to determine the outgoing label and forwarding is
called Label swapping
7) Define Label switched HOP in MPLS.
The hop between two MPLS nodes on which forwarding is done using labels is called Label switch.
8) Define label switched router in MPLS
An MPLS network consists of a set of nodes called label switched router (LSR) capable of switching and
routing packets on the basis of which a label has been added to each packets.
9) What is the purpose of time to live field in label format?
The value of this field is decremented at each router and the packet is dropped if the count falls to zero.
10) What is meant by integrated layer processing in RTP?
In TCP/IP each layer processed sequentially, where as in integrated layer processing, adjacent layers are
tightly coupled and they function properly.

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