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Gullv Control
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51057-BK

D. Flannery

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TECHNICAL

BULLETIN

5057-BK

GULLY CONTROL AND RECLAMATION

by

ROBERT D. FLANNERY

was first
published
This manual by VITA Volunteer
Robert D. Flannery
by the Lesotho Agricultural
College
in Maseru, Lesotho.
It describes
what can be done to stop gullies
how soil
erosion
causes gullies,
and how to reclaim
eroded soil.
from deepening,
The manual deals specifically
with
conditions
in southern
Africa.
However,
the many photographs
and clearly
written
text
make it
useful
for readers
in other countries
as well.
Deforestation,
poor
and other
factors
have made erosion
a growing
soil
management,
problem for developing
countries
worldwide.
Mr. Flannery
was a lecturer
in resource
conservation
at Lesotho
Agricultural
College
when he wrote this manual.
He is an expert
on
and
now
in many countries,
soil
management with
wide experience
lives
in Berkeley,
California.
The manual was originally
edited,
Lesotho
Distance
Teaching
Centre.
photographs
have been incorporated
by permission.
Please
further

send test
information

results,
to:

comments,

illustrated,
and printed
by the
Some changes
in the text
and
in this VITA edition.
Reprinted
and

suggestions,

Technical
Bulletins
VITA Publications
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Suite
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22209-8438
Arlington,

BOX
USA

200,

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requests

12438

printing
Revised

October
September

ISBN

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IN TECHNICAL

for

1980

1981

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VITA Technicai
Ilulletins
offer
yourself
tezhllology
information
wide variety
o:i subjects.

II

do-iton a

The
Bulletins
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GULLY CONT
AND
RECLAMATION

Lesotho Agricultural
Maseru

, Lesotho

College

CONTENTS

Introduction
Extent
Active

cf Gully Erosion in Lesotho

Gully .............................................

How a Gully
Control

.............................................
.......................

I
7

is Formed ....................................

of Gully

Erosion

...................

by Structures

.....................

qow to Stop a Donga from Lengthening

How to Stop a Donga from Deepening

.......................

12

Growth ............
How to Stop a Donga from Becoming Wider ..................
..................
Gully Control
by Diversion
or Retention

13

Maintenance

18

Control

of Gully

Erosion

by Vegetative

of

Structural

and Vegetative

Causes of Gully

Erosion

..................................

Plants

that

Protection

Help

to

Stabilize

Structures

...............................................

iii

Measures

........

13
16

19

.......

. .........

23
25

GULLY CONTROL

AND RECLAMATlON

INTRODUCTION
Host of the land in Lesotho has been greatly
damaged by gully
This book is written
to help you and all communities
erosion.
and in restorjng
the land
interested
in fighting
soil
erosion
to productive
use.
simple
The book suggests
disease
that is gradually
how you can prevent dongas
are already
formed, how you
or wider.
longer,

ways to combat this

but effective
eating
into
the land.
It tells
you
(gullies)
from forming;
or, if they
can stop them from becoming deeper,

This book will

teach you how to stop
You can also use
through
your field.
control
dongas that are threatening'your
are ruining
your
village
and destroying

a donga that is running

it in your community
to
pasture
land or that
your roads.

book with
school
children
while
Some people
will
use this
others
will
use it with their
local
groups.
You can also use
the book individually
or with your family.
The important
thing
is that all
of us do something
to control
gully
erosion
and
reclaim
the land already marred by dongas.
Flannery,
Lesotho
by
Robert
D.
was written
This
book
Agricultural
College
lecturer
in resource
conservation,
with
the financial
assistance
of the Catholic
Relief
Services.
It
was first
published
by the Lesotho Distance
Teaching Centre.

EXTENT OF GULLY EROSION IN LESOTHO

Soil erosion
is one of the biggest
problems
of this
country.
Lesotho donqas are formed mainly by rain falling
on bare soil.
Gradually
'Little
streams
of water are formed.
Tnese streams

-l-

?F soil and form small furrows,

which ultiwash away partLc:-2<
Gully erosion
has damaged most
mately deepen irv.5 'Lecome dongas.
04 the soil and
of the land in Lesotho.
It has taken away most
1oEt us with a bare, ugly country.

They encroach
on our fields,
with
farming.
Dongas interfere
and leave us with
poor subsoil
that
carry
away fertile
soil,
cannot supply our plants with nutrients.

-2-

Dongas
animals

They ruin
are dangerous.
thin and malnourished.

our

grazing

land,

leaving

frustrates
our efforts
to improve this
Gully erosion
communication
It
washes our roads
away and breaks
various
parts of the country.

our

country.
between

Dongas divide
and robbers.

our

villaqes

Gullies
are a threat
animals grazing
along
All too often the fall

and ofton

become dens for

murderers

Sometimes
to the lives
of our animals.
the edges of dongas slip
and tumble in.
is fatal.

- 4-

Dongas are a threat

to our
Some people
also.
lives
fall
to their
deaths
in
the dongas.

Our children
like
to play on the slopes
fall
into
a donga,
they miss a step,
permanently.

of dongas.
and become

At times
crippled

most of
At ?rsser,t,
and longer.
deeper,

the donqas

in Lesotho

are becoming

wider,

There are already

25,000 dongas in Lesotho
today. Unless somesituation
under control,
we will
this
thinq
is done to bring
soon have land that is unusable.

ACTIVE GULLY
An active
gully
is one that is continuing
to widen, deepen, and
in Lesotho
are becoming wider,
Most
of the gullies
lenqthen.
They
still
carry
away
much of our soil
acd longer.
deeper,
The dongas of Lesotho are very active.
whenever it rains.

BOW A GULLY IS FORMED

Where soil has been left
A donga is formed by water.
along
the ground.
As
water can move easily
bare,

loose and
the water

it carries
away the topsoil
soil,
moves on loose unvegetated
A
donga
lengthens
because
and begins to Eorm a small channel.
the water that Elows over the head erodes backwards and bores
into the head's profile
leaving
an overhang.

This
over

overhang will
fall
with time, and the cycle will
again. The water that moves in'a donga f!.ows at
speed than
that
moves
This
valley.
its erosive

begin all
a greater
the water
in a wide
increases
strength.

If there is nothing
to
control
the speed of
water
in a donga,
it
washes away more soil
from the bed and the
donga then deepens.
As the donga deepens,
the
force
walls
its
into
a smaller
water
water
When
channel.

- 8 -

moves down a donga at init requires

creased
speed,
It
makes more
more room.
room by washing
away parthe
from
soil
ticles
of
particularly
towards
walls,
the bottom
of the donga.
Gradually
the sides of the
donga weaken and hang over.
the overhanging
Ultimately,
walls
fall
and the donga
widen,
widens. A donga will
and
deepen
unless
lengthen,
some measures are taken to
control
the head, bed, and
walls.

CONTROL OF GULLY EROSION BY STRUCTURES

There are measures that can be carried
out to prevent
the soil
of this
country
from being
taken away. You can stop a donga
from enlargening
by building
loose stone structures
at the head
of the donqa and at certain
points
on the donga bed. The stone
structures
help to collect
soil
that,
after
some time,
can be
used for growing vegetation.

HOWTO STOP A DONGA FROM LENGTHENING

A donga lengthens
because the head keeps collapsing
and thereThe
head
of
a
donga
becomes
an
overfall.
AS
fore receding.
water pours over this
overfall,
it erodes
the bottom of the
The overhang eventually
coloverfall
and creates
an overhang.
lapses,
leaving
the profile
of the head straight.
Then the
cycle starts
over again and the donga lengthens.
Once more!
this
situation
can be controlled
by stopping
the head from
you need to construct
stone structures
at
receding.
To do this,

the dongas head to reduce

steps you should follow.

the speed of

water.

Here are

the

1.

Dig out the head of the donga to create

a gentle
slope
the
erosive
This
will
reduce
rather
than a steep slope.
power of the water.

2. Put stones on the area you have dug out;

These stones will
you
are
dealing
with a
slow the movement of the water.
If
donga,
shallow
YOU
should slant
the head
right
to the bed. Then
fill
the part that you
have slanted
with flat
stones.

dig a shallow
foundation
in
3. At the end of the slanted
part,
Throw in as many stones as neceswhich to put some stones.
sary to form a loose wall
of about 30cm from the level
of
The loose stone structure
prevents
water
from
the ground.

digging
into the soil
and causing damage.
check the fast-flowing
water
from washing
be loose so that
structure
must, however,
pass through the stones.
.
4. In the middle of the stone structure
passage called
the spillway.
This

It also helps to
away soil.
This
water may easily

you must leave a small

is an outlet
that will

allow
running
water to pass through.
Unless you allow
for
the force of the water will
break and wash away
this outlet,
your structure.
HOW TO STOP A GULLY FROM DEEPENING
After
building
the first
stone structure,
you still
need to
check the flow of water along the bed. If water is allowed
to
move freely
along the bed after
passing through the first
stone
it will
continue
to erode soil
on the floor
of the
structure,
that
will
need other
structures
donga.
You will,
therefore,
slow the movement of water and even trap some silt.
Such structures are called
stabilization
structures.
The best place for building
a stabilization
structure
is at a
spot where the gradient
of the donga changes.
First,
dig a
small foundation
60cm deep and 60cm wide.
Then, fill
in this
Continue
to pile loose stones until
the
foundation
with stones.
wall of stones is about 30cm high.
Leave a spillway

either

at each side

- 12 -

or at the

center.

make a layer of flat

stones
On the downstream side of the wall,
make a
the apron,
Towards
the end of
called
an apron.
line
of stones
to slow down the speed of the
perpendicular
run-off
water.
CONTROL OF GULLY EROSION BY VEGETATIVE GROWTH
the gully
by
The main aim of gully
control
is to stabilize
will
help
some
mentioned
vegetative
growth.
The structures
plants
to grow in a donga because they will
trap some water and
soil on which the plants
can grow.
in controlling
the erosive
Bower of
is effective
Vegetation
water and in trapping
the silt
carried
by the water.
The plants
that, grow naturally
on the bed of a donga need to be protected
and the
from animals and fires
so that they can cover the gully
erosion
scars.
Once t'
to deepr
continue

,ed cover has been established,

the donga will
cease
have no cover and the donga will
. but the walls will
steps must be taken to prevent
this.
to widen. Further

HOW TO STOP A DONGA FROM BECOMING WIDER

To stop the donga from
vegetation
on the walls.

becoming wider,
The vegetation

13

you need to grow some

that you grow to cover

root
the walls
should
have an extensive
giant
this vegetation
near the bottom of
Once it has taken root,
will
have moisture.
the walls and stop the donga from widening.

You should
system.
the donga where it
it will
extend over

walls
are not the same in all donqas. Some dongas have sloping
too
are
vegetation;
others
accept
walls
that
can eas ily
r~*,.y-&~J~~./a, I. *'*
straight
so no vege.: --..;- '*-wmw-..
m.
can grew on
tation
them. To prevent
a
donga with straight
walls from widening,
you should
dig out
the
to make
walls
them
This
slope.
will
enable creepinq
grasses
and legumes
to spread across the
sloping
walls.
When the grasses and
laqumes seem to have

.
-

14

become established
near
and along
bottom
the
the walls
of a donga,
you can begin to plant
Trees can only
trees.
shrubs
survive
where
and grasses are already
growing.
Trees, shrubs,
help
to
grasses
and
reduce the speed of the
water and trap a lot of
silt.
and dead plants
that are carried
by the
water.

not allow
animals
During
the establishment
stage,
you should
to graze on the gullied
areas.
Grazing
hinders
the growth of
If you protect
the area where you are controlthe vegetation.
be reclaimed
in a few
ling
gully
erosion,
your land should
years.

GULLY CONTROL BY DIVEXSI.ON OR RETENTION

Diversion
You can also control
donga formation
by changing
the course of
from
your
field,
the
water
You can divert
water.
run-off
a ridged
furrow
on the
pasture
land, or road by constructing
The furrow made above
your field
or pasture
land
higher
slope.
and
it
should
empty
the
water
into
should be half-moon
shaped,
a protected
or well-vegetated
area.
---

-.

are beqinninq
to form, you can make
In an area where qullies
one diversion
furrow
above the heads of the gullies.
This
furrow
cm have an outlet
into a location
that has stabilized
This would be an economical
way of controlling
many
structures.
furrow
leading
into one consmall dongas with one diversion
trolled
area.
At the outlet
of the furrow,
you can construct
a loose stone
This should have an apron that will
control
the flow
structure.
IE
there
are
enough
stones,
of water into the stabilized
area.
the diversion
along
structures
some stone
you can install
furrow to control
the velocity
of the water,
You should leave a

spillway
is

too

in
much

the center of every structure

f$r
water running
through the fy*rrow'.

You should make sure that

for if they are destroyed

these structures
water,
they

by

times

when there
.

are well maintained,

can do more damage.

Retention
means oE controlling
There are other
terraces
You can construct
on
water.
field
to check the flow of water. These
If the terraces
hold any
on open soil.
easily
soak into your field.

the speed of run-off

in your
slopes
qentle
terraces
should be made
water,
the water will

The terraces
should
be left
open to allow
excess
water
escape.
Remember that you should have some structures
at
the water from beginning
a gully.
open ends, to prevent

to
the

You can also make dams in gullies

to retain
the run-off
water.
the
' A dam should
be made near the head of a donga so that
steepness of a donga may be reduced.
This will
lessen the force
of water over the head and stop the head from lengthening.

17

It should also
The dam should be big enough to hold the water.
have a spillway
for emergencies.
The spillway
should have stone
structures
to prevent
the escapinq
water from cutting
into the

ground to form a deeper donga. The spillway

such a way that it is not used very often,
dam is very full.

should be built
in
i.e.,
only when the

it will
be washed away
If the spillway
is not well maintained,
If there is no natural
vegeby water and a donga will
result.
srowth.
tation
below the dam, you should encouraqe vegetative

MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURAL AND VEGETATIVE MEASURES

Xhen you have constructed
the stone structures
nel of a donga, you must check that they are
water,
humans, or animals.

along the channot destroyed

by

if
the stone
structures
begin
to collapse,
make immediate
reoairs F Inspect
the sides of the structures
and repair
all the
burrows,
dry
cracks
that
might
have been caused by animal
wea t:har
before they fall
- # or flood water, Repair the structures

18

If you maintain
apart.
yourself
costly
repair

the structures
properly,
jobs when unusual storms

you will
occur.

save

When the vegetation

you have planted
begins to grow, protect
it
Even when the vegetation
is established
from qrazinq
animals.
you should only
allow
limited
grazing.
The younq veqetation
and from being
trampled
on.
should
be protected
from fires
Spread manure around any olants
that are not qrowinq well,
hut
you do not need to manure, the whole gully.
structures
By maintaining
stabilized
dongas, you will

and caring
for
be able to restore

plants
grown
your land.

in

CAUSES OF GULLY EROSION

You have learned
how the dongas that eat into
this
land and
leave us with a desolate
and' ugly country
can be controlled.
You should now learn how they! are caused so that you can prevent them from occurring
again.

19

-'

There are many ca:lses of

causes are man-made, while

in this country.
qully
erosion
others
are due to dnimsl trails.

Some

Men sometimes
become
a cause
of qully
land use.
1. Improper
the
They plow
improperly.
land
their
erosion
by using
and when rain falls,
it carries
away the soil
that
slopes:
has already
been loosened
by plowing.
& small gully
begins
in time, run-off
water will
to fcrm. If it is not controlled
until
a
big
qully
is
formed.
enlarqen
it
Before you plow alonq the slopes,
you should build
a diversion furrow to protect
your land from run-off
water from the
The furrow
should reduce
the speed of the
higher
slopes.
runs down the slope.
Once you have made the
that
water
that
it
is not
make
sure
should
furrow,
diversion
YOU
destroyed
by water.
You can strengthen
it with
the stone
structures
that I have mentlonrd
and by planting
grasses or
root systems.
legumes that have extenstve
prevent
your field
This diversi on will
It ;Jill
also protect
by run-off
water.
run-off
water that can take your plants

20

from being "ut in two

your crops from the
away.

Land can carry a certain

amount of run-off
water as long as
the surface
of the land is not disturbed.
Sometimes farmers
the water to move
plow their
land up and down. This enables
easily
along the furrows
made by the plow. The water that
moves along the furrows
will
carry soil as it flows down the
If this
is allowed
to go on year after
year without
field.
be
formed
in
the
field.
It is,
a gully
will
any check,
advisable
to stop this type of plowing,
as it is
therefore,
a definite
cause of gully
erosion.
These are other sources
of gully
erosion.
If
2. Farm tracks.
between fields,
you will
realize
you look at farm tracks
that the tracks
become deeper and deeper.
This is caused by
sledges and carts that are pulled
by animals.
The sledges or
sometimes
uprooting
grasses
that
carts cut into the ground,
have grown along the track.

They

break

carried

up the

track

away by water.

into

loose

Given

time,

soil,

the

which

farm

is

track

easily

will

this country
from
' eventually
turn into a donga. To protect
we should make terraces
or other
structures
gully
erosion,
along farm tracks
and roads to reduce the erosive
power of
run-off
water.

- 21 -

footoaths
become torn
Throuqh
frequent
usage,
3. Footpaths.
beqins to
and small channels besin to Eorm. When a footpath
the
deepen, men stop usinq it and begin a new path alongside
the
run-off
water
is
channeled
into
When
it
rains,
old one.
its
the deepened path.
The channeling
of water
increases
the
path
will
deepen
more
and
erosive
power: and with time,
this
country
from
more until
a donga is formed. To protect
never
leave abandoned
footpaths
gully
erosion,
we should
We should build terraces
or other structures
to
unprotected.
reduce the erosive- power of the run-off
water.
Road drainage
may also encourage gully
ero4. Road drainage.
ditches
are dug, they should be properly
sion. When drainage
on the already
protected
so that water does not flow freely
If the water moves freely,
it will
carry
prepared
surface.
and finally
a donga will
form because of the
away the soil,
drainage
channel.

Since you cannot avoid making farm tracks,

footpaths,
and
drainaqe
ditches,
it is important
that you should make sure
that these are protected
so that they do not encourage donqa
formation.
You will
need to make terraces
and stone structures
and plant
vegetation
to ensure that
water does not
flow freely
along the tracks,
footpaths,
and road drainage.

- 22 -

Animals also contribute

towards gully
formation.
5. Livestock.
Excessive
qrazinq
on the same pasture
every day leaves
the
they
is short,
ground bare. When sheep graze where grass
This leaves
the soil
r nove all
the grass from the soil.
bare and unprotected.
When it rains,
water flows freely
over
than
it
does
where
this
bare ground and at greater
speed
If there is no grass growing
on this
there is grass cover.
will
begin to form.
bare land, a small gully
To preserve
the grass cover on the pasture
land, you should
Do not let the animals
graze on
practice
grazing
rotation.
Keep
animals
away
from
day
in
and
day
out.
the same pasture
one area to encourage the grass to regrow.
This is not easy
to be restored
to vegeto do: but, if you want this country
some
effort
is
necessary.
tative
growth,
where they walk. Their
Like men, animals tend to form trails
hoofs loosen the soil.
When it rains,
the water carries
the
loose soil
away. Animals
will
trample
on the same trail
again and loosen
the soil
more. After
some time,
you will
If you do not take
see a small channel beginning
to form.

immediate
measures,
a donqa will
result
trails.
To avoid
this,
make sure you
animals along the same trail
every day.

- 23 -

from the livestock

do not drive
your

PLANTS THAT AELP TO STABILIZE

STRUCTURBS

seem to be working
well,
you should
When all your structures
It
is
better
to
encourage
supplement
them with some vegetation.
in the controlled
area.
the vegetation
that is already
growing
the
natural
local
vegetation
with
other
You can supplement
your area or buy from local
plants
that you can find within
nurseries.
As mentioned before,
grasses and legumes can be planted
to grow
near the bottom of
up the walls of dongas. These can be planted
The best plants
to grow are sod-forminq
grass,
the donqas,
Grasses such as the Kikuyu,
or leguminous
plants.
creepers,
and many other qrasses
Hohlomo (Kweekgrass),
Ookoa, Thitapoho,
you know can be transplanted
to the controlled
gully
area. You
can plant
some grasses
by using
their
seeds,
e.g.,
Moh'lomo,
Qokoa, and Thitapoho.

Two legumes can be used at the base of dongas.

These legumes
creep along the walls
of dongas.
They are called
Kudzu and
Crown Vetch. You can probably
obtain
slants
or seeds from local
nurseries
or agriculture
departments;
The grasses
and legumes
make a good base for future
qrowth
of trees.
Trees cannot
easily grow on a bare area.

- 24 -

There are several

native
kinds of trees
that can be grown to
grow well
stabilize
the controlled
eroded area. The trees will
providing
there is a grass base already
prepared
for them.
growing
If there are trees already
better
to plant
trees of the same
has some poplar
trees
already,
species
in the area. It would be
for they may not adapt themselves
poplar trees.

in the gullied
area, it is
area
species.
If the qullied
continue
growing
a similar
trees
useless
to grow wattle
to this area as easily
as the

You should not forget

that if you grow trees in a qullied
area,
the banks of the dongas will
need to be sloped.
Trees that have
proved to be useful
in stabilizing
gullied
areas are locusts,
poplars,
wattles,
willows,
and wild olives.
You can also try
leloka,
and lesika,
if these are available.
cheche, kolitsane,
& local nursery
can advise you about other stabilizing
species.

PROTECTION
Once

you

have

established

vegetation

in

the qullied
There should

area,

animals should stop grazing on that land,

be no
disturbance
to the plants or structures.
Check the vegetation

there
is any need for
regularly
to see if
and structures
competitive
to control
limited
grazing
repairs
or to allow
also
be protected
from
The area should
weeds and shrubs.
A fire
will
burn the seeds and roots of the plants.
fires.

- 26 -

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BULLETINS

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RLACKSWITHS FORGE AND BELLDWS
Uses wood scraps
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51005-16

CENTRIFUGAL

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simple-to-operate
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51035-TD

HOW TO HAKE FERTILIZER

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5100B-TB
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51025-Tt3
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- E,

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21

GREENHOUSE

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A-frame

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pages

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24

GENERATOR
ft/sec
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speed-up
51001-TB
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fertilizer.

techniques

RIVER

Operates

FENCE WAKING UACHINE

for

TO SOAP UAKING

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pages

ONE-KW

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FOR BETTER LIVING

a 6.0

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POUR FLUSH
Step-by-step

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photo

guide

building

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51059-TB

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25

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pages

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PAPER BAG MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Includes
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SMALL-SCALE

CONPOSTING PRIVY
Complete
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51007-TE

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for
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pit,

build-

13 pages

DOUBLE-DRUM SAWDUST STOVE

Sawdust
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empty oil
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51029-Tf3
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constructed

51045-TEl

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15 pages

SOLAR CONVECTION G~o~~oqjStYER

grain
Experimental,
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51063-TFI

from

pages

SOLAR

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on base

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51018-TD

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grinder

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51006-TB - E,

wheat,

51062-TB
GULLY CONTROL AND RECLAHATION
How to stop
gully
formation,

soil.

51057-TD

reclaim

26

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eroded

WASTE OIL

Developed
burn oil

pages

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FIRED KILN
in Tanzania.
and water.

5106kTE
HAND-OPERATm
CLOTHES WASHER
Two simple
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agitator;
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9 pages
51012TB
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Made almost
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to:

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pages

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11 pages

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14 pages

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ShippiIlg:

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pages

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VITA, 1815 North Lynn St., Suite 200, Box 12438, Arlington,
Virginia

to VITA, and mail

22209-8438 IXSA.

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ABOUT VITA

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Started
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VITA makes available
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