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I. INTRODUCTION
In the last years, new energy sources have been proposed and
developed due to the dependency and constant increase of
costs of fossil fuels. On other hand, fossil fuels have a huge
negative impact on the environment. In this context, the new
Bilal Masood
Department of Electrical Engineering
Superior University
Main Raiwind Road, Lahore, Punjab Province, Pakistan
bilal.masood@superior.edu.pk
energy sources are essentially renewable energies. It is
estimated that the electrical energy generation from renewable
energy sources will increase from 19%, in 2010, to 32%, in
2030, leading to a consequent reduction of CO2 emission. In
rural areas particularly in the developing world, where most of
the population up to 80% is located, more than 1 billion
people lack the essential energy services to satisfy the most
basic needs and to improve their social and economic status.
The growing energy demand around the world led us to utilize
these renewable energy resources. In recent years, the efforts
to spread the use of renewable energy resources instead of
pollutant fossil fuels and other forms have increased. To
utilize these renewable energy resources an inverter is
essential which converts DC power to AC power as most of
the renewable energy is found in DC form. In hybrid power
system and micro-grid system the use of inverter is significant.
In industrial applications, such as single phase and Three
Phase Induction Motor & other rotating machines, variable
frequency &variable voltage supply is needed. To vary the
supply frequency and supply voltage, voltage source inverter
(VSI) is used. The voltage source inverters (VSIs), where the
independently controlled AC output is a voltage waveform,
behave as voltage sources required by many industrial
applications. While the single-phase VSIs cover low-range
power applications, three-phase VSIs cover medium to highpower applications. Inverter is the most important device to
utilize the renewable energy sources efficiently. The
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique is one
of the most popular PWM techniques for harmonic reduction
of inverters since there are used three sine waves displaced in
1200 phase difference as reference signals for three phase
inverter. In present, the SPWM switching signal is developed
with the help of distinct FPGAs, micro-controllers and microprocessors. But for these types of accessories, it is necessary
the programming or coding. This paper shows the SPWM
technique for harmonic reduction & represents how to
generate SPWM switching signal using different simple
Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp) circuits/analog circuits for
three phase pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source
inverter (VSI). All the Op-Amp circuits are simulated and
their outputs are shown step by step. This analog circuit (Op-
10800) = V9 sin(9wt)
Thus, the ac output line voltage does not contain the ninth
harmonic.
Vab = Van
Vbn
For 0 <M< 1
To further increase the amplitude of the load voltage, the
amplitude of the modulating signal can be made higher than
the amplitude of the carrier signal, which leads to over
modulation. The benefit of choosing the PWM over analog
control is increased noise immunity which the PWM is
sometimes used for communication. Diverting from an analog
signal to PWM can increase the length of a communications
channel dramatically. At the receiving end, a suitable RC
(resistor-capacitor) or LC (inductor-capacitor) network can
remove the modulating high frequency square wave and return
the signal to analog form. So, the filter requirement can be
decreased and the overall inverter size can be reduced. The
disadvantages of PWM are like more complex circuit for the
switching, higher switching loss due more to frequent
switching, difficult to implement and more Electro Magnetic
Interference (EMI) loss.
III. 180 CONDUCTION
In 180 conduction each transistor conducts 180. Generally,
there are six modes of operating the switches, where in a cycle
the phase shift of each mode is 60. In order to generate a
desired voltage waveform, the transistor conduction moves
from one state to another. The gating signals as shown in
Figure 1 are shifted from each other by 60 to obtain 3-phase
balanced (fundamental) voltages [8-11]. These all switching
states are shown in Table 1. The load can be connected in wye
or delta connection. The line current is determined when the
phase current are known. For a wye connected load, the line to
neutral voltages must be determined to find the phase current.
State
no
1
Switch
state
100
Vab
Vbc
Vca
Vdc
-Vs
110
Vdc
-Vdc
010
-Vdc
Vdc
011
-Vdc
Vdc
001
-Vdc
Vdc
101
Vdc
-Vdc
111
000
V.SIMULATION RESULTS
The Schematic diagram contains six IGBTs gates with built in
freewheeling diodes which is supplied by six pulses and DC
voltage source. Need of separate power supplies is due to a
fact that at any instance of operation Van, Vbn, and Vcn can
have any value (different from each other) so, if they have
particular supply they would little to give the same voltage
level of all 3 levels [19]. That is why individual Vpulse is
needed for 3 phase inverter. These simulation results are
carried out in PROTEUS. Simulation in PROTEUS is done
220V DC inverter. It shows various figures of both resistive or
linear load and Non resistive load such as motor load. Non
resistive load are basically inductive loads. The AVR and
Atmel are used to generate PWM signal and Square wave
signal with phase shift. The both signal are then synchronized
by the logic circuit to generate positive and negative cycles.
The two cycles are produced which then further transferred to
the amplifier circuit. The amplifier circuit will amplify the
signals. Gate drive circuit is granting PWM signal to the
IGBTs. Signal given to the power circuit is then increases and
being inverted to give AC signal. Filters are used at the output
of the power circuit to give pure AC signal. The whole single
phase proposed model simulation result is shown in Figure 6.
VI. CONCLUSION
The goals for this project were to produce a pure sine wave
DC-AC inverter that would output at 50 Hz, 440 volts RMS,
would be cheap to manufacture, and fairly efficient through
this method. At 12 volts powering, the H-Bridge output is a
clean 50 Hz sine wave that can easily be controlled in size by
the size of the sine reference in the control circuit. It is in this
capability that the option of a closed loop control circuit could
be implemented. In looking at the components selected and
the simulations created before the actual construction of the
inverter, all plan was built in mind for the purpose of
effictiveness and keeping power losses to a minimum as
possible. One of the main elements in the power savings is the
use of a three level PWM signal rather of a two level, this
allows a much less average power output to produce the sine
wave required and assisting in the efficiency of the device.
This project is a stepping stone to a cheaper and efficient pure
sine wave inverter, by using the data collected, schematics and
recommendations of the product can be boost up. Simple
inclusion such as circuit protection and a closed loop control
scheme could greatly improve the performance of this project.
In its present condition, the project does work in the manner,
the team wished and has met every goal set at the
commencement of this venture. From all the simulation results
it is seen that the designed Op-Amp/Analog circuit controlled
PWM inverter works accurately. It fulfills all the requirements
for a voltage source inverter. The THD is less than 5% after
filtering. The inverter outputs can be varied by varying the
resistance of potentiometer. The inverter responses better for
standalone inductive loads like induction motor. If the power
is not enough to supply to the grid then it will supply the
power to the local standalone loads. If the carrier frequency is
increased much enough then the filtering system will be much
better and the loss will be less. But better response can be
achieved by using the feedback system, means the closed loop
control system. The future work can be done on the feedback
loop system.
VII. ACKNOWLEGDMENT
Alhamdulillah, the highest thank to ALLAH because with His
Willingness I possible to complete the research paper. I would
like to thank my supervisor Mr. Bilal Masood for his advice
and support throughout this paper. At the same time I would
like to express my gratitude to Dr. Farooq Aslam for sharing
his valuables ideas as well as his knowledge. I also wish
acknowledgement to the people who gives support direct or
indirectly to the paper, project and during the thesis writing.
Once again, thank you very much.
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VIII. REFERENCES
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