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Psychoanalytic Theory[edit]
Id[edit]
The id according to Freud is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. His idea of the
id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego.
The id is the part of the mind, which holds all of humans most basic and primal instincts. It is
the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek immediate
satisfaction. The id does not have a grasp on any form of reality or consequence. Freud
explained that the pleasure principle is controlled by the id because it makes people engage
in need-satisfying behavior without any accordance to what is right or wrong. Freud
compared the id and the ego to a horse and a rider. The id is compared to the horse, which
is directed and controlled, by the ego or the rider. This example goes to show that although
the id is supposed to be controlled by the ego, they often interact with one another according
to the drives of the id.
Freud defined the id as the part of the mind "cut off from the external world, [that] has a world
of perception of its own. It detects with extraordinary acuteness certain changes in its interior,
especially oscillations in the tension of its instinctual needs, and these changes become
conscious as feelings in the pleasure-unpleasure series. It is hard to say, to be sure, by what
means and with the help of what sensory terminal organs these perceptions come about. But
it is an established fact that self-perceptionscoenesthetic feelings and feelings of pleasureunpleasuregovern the passage of events in the id with despotic force. The id obeys the
inexorable pleasure principle.[4]

Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people
could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus
gaining insight.
The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e.
make the unconscious conscious.

Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

It is only having a cathartic (i.e. healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured".

Ego[edit]
In order for people to maintain a realistic sense here on earth, the ego is responsible for
creating balance between pleasure and pain. It is impossible for all desires of the id to be
met and the ego realizes this but continues to seek pleasure and satisfaction. Although the
ego does not know the difference between right and wrong, it is aware that not all drives can
be met at a given time. The reality principle is what the ego operates by in order to help
satisfy the ids demands as well as compromising according to reality. The ego is a persons
self composed of unconscious desires. The ego takes into account ethical and cultural
ideals in order to balance out the desires originating in the id. Although both the id and the
ego are unconscious, the ego has close contact with the perceptual system. The ego has the
function of self-preservation, which is why it has the ability to control the instinctual demands
from the id.
The ego is first and foremost a bodily ego; it is not merely a surface entity, but is itself the
projection of a surface. If we wish to find an anatomical analogy for it we can best identify it
with the cortical homunculus of the anatomists, which stands on its head in the cortex,
sticks up its heels, faces backwards and, as we know, has its speech-area on the left-hand
side. The ego is ultimately derived from bodily sensations, chiefly from those springing from
the surface of the body. It may thus be regarded as a mental projection of the surface of the
body, representing the superficies of the mental apparatus.

[5]

Superego[edit]
The superego, which develops around age four or five, incorporates the morals of society.
Freud believed that the superego is what allows the mind to control its impulses that are
looked down upon morally. The superego can considered to be the conscience of the mind
because it has the ability to distinguish between reality as well as what is right or wrong.
Without the superego Freud believed people would act out with aggression and other
immoral behaviors because the mind would have no way of understanding the difference
between right and wrong. The superego is considered to be the consciousness of a
persons personality and can override the drives from the id. Freud separates the superego
into two separate categories; the ideal self and the conscious. The conscious contains ideals
and morals that exist within society that prevent people from acting out based on their
internal desires. The ideal self contains images of how people ought to behave according to
societies ideals.

The Unconscious Mind[edit]

Freud believed that the answers to what controlled daily actions resided in the
unconscious mind despite alternative views that all our behaviors were
conscious. He felt that religion is an illusion based on human values that are
created by the mind to overcome inner psychological conflict. [6] He believed that
notions of the unconsciousness and gaps in the consciousness can be
explained by acts of which the consciousness affords no evidence. The
unconscious mind positions itself in every aspect our life whether one is
dormant or awake.[7] Though one may be unaware of the impact of the
unconscious mind, it influences the actions we engage in.[8] Human behavior
may be understood by searching for analysis of mental processes. This
explanation gives significance to verbal slips and dreams. They are caused by
hidden reasons in the mind displayed in concealed forms. Verbal slips of the
unconscious mind are referred to as a Freudian slip. This is a term to explain a
spoken mistake derived from the unconscious mind. Traumatizing information of
thoughts and beliefs are blocked from the conscious mind. Slips expose our
true thoughts stored in the unconscious.[9] Sexual instincts or drives have deeply
hidden roots in the unconscious mind. Instincts act by giving vitality and
enthusiasm to the mind through meaning and purpose. The ranges of instincts
are in great numbers. Freud expressed them in two categories. One is Eros the
self-preserving life instinct containing all erotic pleasures. While Eros is used for
basic survival, the living instinct alone cannot explain all behavior according to
Freud.[10] In contrast, Thanatos is the death instinct. It is full of self-destruction of
sexual energy and our unconscious desire to die.[11] The main part of human
behavior and actions is tied back to sexual drives. Since birth, the existence of
sexual drives can be recognized as one of the most important incentives of life.

Freud's Structure of the Human Mind

According to Freud, our personality develops from the interactions among what he
proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and
superego. Conflicts among these three structures, and our efforts to find balance
among what each of them "desires," determines how we behave and approach the
world. What balance we strike in any given situation determines how we will resolve
the conflict between two overarching behavioral tendencies: our biological aggressive
and pleasure-seeking drives vs. our socialized internal control over those drives.

Conflict within the mind

According to Freud, the job of the ego is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking
drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.

The Id
The id, the most primitive of the three structures, is concerned with instant
gratification of basic physical needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously
(outside of conscious thought). For example, if your id walked past a stranger eating
ice cream, it would most likely take the ice cream for itself. It doesn't know, or care,
that it is rude to take something belonging to someone else; it would care only that
you wanted the ice cream.

The Superego
The superego is concerned with social rules and moralssimilar to what many people
call their "conscience" or their "moral compass." It develops as a child learns what
their culture considers right and wrong. If your superego walked past the same
stranger, it would not take their ice cream because it would know that that would be
rude. However, if both your id and your superego were involved, and your id was
strong enough to override your superego's concern, you would still take the ice cream,
but afterward you would most likely feel guilt and shame over your actions.

The Ego
In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral superego, the ego is the rational,
pragmatic part of our personality. It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious
and partly unconscious. It's what Freud considered to be the "self," and its job is to
balance the demands of the id and superego in the practical context of reality. So, if
you walked past the stranger with ice cream one more time, your ego would mediate
the conflict between your id ("I want that ice cream right now") and superego ("It's
wrong to take someone else's ice cream") and decide to go buy your own ice cream.
While this may mean you have to wait 10 more minutes, which would frustrate your
id, your ego decides to make that sacrifice as part of the compromise satisfying your

desire for ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant social situation and potential
feelings of shame.
Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict and that adult
personality and behavior are rooted in the results of these internal struggles
throughout childhood. He believed that a person who has a strong ego has a healthy
personality and that imbalances in this system can lead to neurosis (what we
now think of as anxiety and depression) and unhealthy behaviors.

The id, ego, and superego

According to Freud's structural model, the personality is divided into the id, ego, and
superego. On this diagram, the portion above the water signifies the conscious mind,
while the portion below the water illustrates the unconscious mind.

Three Levels of Consciousness

Freud believed that there were three levels of consciousness. First is the unconscious mind, which
exists outside of your awareness at all times. Next is the preconscious mind, which includes all
information that you are not currently aware of but that can be recalled. Finally, the conscious mind
is your current state of awareness.

Id, Superego, and Ego

Remember the cartoons you used to watch as a child? The main character is confronted with a
choice. On his left shoulder is a little devil pushing him toward a bad choice. On his right shoulder, a
little angel is encouraging him to make a good choice. He is stuck in the middle and forced to make a
decision that will affect him.
This scenario is much like Freud's theory of personality. There are three parts to the personality
according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. These are the id, superego, and ego. The id
is the first to develop, the ego is second, and the superego is the last to develop.
The id is the biological component of the personality and includes your instincts. The id operates in
our unconscious mind. It is like the little devil sitting on the cartoon character's shoulder that is

always selfish and needy. It operates according to the pleasure principle. The pleasure principle is
the idea that all of your needs should be met immediately.
Then there is the superego. The superego exists in all three levels of consciousness. The superego
is like the little angel. It is always concerned with what is socially acceptable. The superego pushes
you to obtain the ego ideal, or your view of what is right. It also represents your conscience, or your
view of what is considered to be wrong.
Finally, we have the ego. The ego operates in your preconscious and conscious mind. The ego is the
part of the personality that makes your decisions; this is like the cartoon character in the example.
The ego is in the middle, makes the decision, and faces the consequences.
The ego operates according to the reality principle. The reality principle is the idea that the desires
of the id must be satisfied in a method that is both socially appropriate and realistic. The ego must
mediate the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.