Effective height of column

Height between points of contraflexure of the buckled column

End conditions
1

The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams on either side which are at least as
deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration

The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs on either side which are
shallower than the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration.It simulates
a semi-fixed condition.

The end of the column is connected to member which,while not specifically designed to provide
restraint to rotation of the column,still provides some nominal restraint.It simulates a hinged end
condition.

The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and rotation. It simulates
free end of a cantilever in an unbraced structure.

Value of for unbraced column

End
condition at
top
1
2
3

End condition at bottom

1
0.75
0.8
0.9

2
0.8
0.85
0.95

3
0.9
0.95
1

Value of for braced column

End
condition at
top
1
2
3
4

1
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.2

End condition at bottom

2
3
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.8
0
0
0

Minimum Eccentricity
emin

>=

l
D

Unsupported length of column in mm

Lateral dimension in the direction under consideration in mm

Short column

l/500 + D/30

When emin does not exceed 0.05D,column can be designed by following equation
Pu

0.4fcuAc+0.67*fyAsc

if p is percentage of steel in column section then,

Ag

bD

Ac
Asc

Ag-pAg/100
pAg/100

Therefore,
Pu/fcubD

0.4+(p/100fcu)*(0.67fy - 0.4fcu)

Reinforcement requirement
1
2
3
4
5
6

Minimum reinforcement 0.8% of cross sectional area

Min. bars in circular columns shall be 6
Spacing of longitudinal bars shall not exceed 300mm
If the spacing of longitudinal bars exceeds 75mm, provide ties to bind the bars
Diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than one-fourth of the dia. Of largest longitudinal bar.
Pitch(centre to centre distance) of ties should not exceed:
the least lateral dimension of column
16 times smallest dia. Of lonitudinal bars
48 times dia. Of lateral ties

Short column under axial load and uniaxial bending

Pu-Mu graph
1
Compression control region : Entire section under compression
2
Tension control region : Part of section under tension
3
Minimum eccentricity region
Design & Construction of design chart
Design

Material properties
Fcu
15
Fy
415
w(con)
25
Esteel
200000
Member Properties
Clear height of column
Smaller dimension of col
Larger Dimension of col
End Condition

Percentage of reinforcement
p/fcu
N/mm2
N/mm2
KN/m3

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

N/mm2

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)

3 m
0.4 m
0.6 m
1
1.2

Moment carrying capacity about shorter dim

Moment carrying capacity about Larger dime
Mx/Mux
My/Muy

Effective height
Le/Ll
Coefficient of effective cover
Effective Cover to reinforcement

3.6 m
9 Short column
0.125
0.05 m

Design Load
P/Puz
Alpha

Loads
=

1600 KN

Reduction factor due to selenderness

Cr
1
Min. Eccentricities
Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension
Min. Eccentricity along least dimension

Pu/Fcubd

Factored load

Check for biaxial bending

0.02 m
0.02 m

Moments
Min. Eccentric Moment about least dimension
Min. Eccentric Moment about largeset dimension
Actual Moment about least dimension
Actual Moment about bigger dimension

32
32
120
90

0.2

KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm

0.1
0
0.02

361.05 N/mm2
0.6297514667

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.0314875733

0.5

0.3

Max. strain in steel

0.00180525
Percentage of steel
1.27 %
p/fcu
0.0846666667
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.6

0.4

Data for design curve

Design tensile strength of Steel

0.7

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Coefficient for area of stress block(k1)
a
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2)
Area of stress block(A)
Percentage of steel
1.27 %

1.1
0.384468
4.845632
0.442841
3460.214 mm2

0.04

0.0

Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr 0.0032765957

Strain at top level
0.0029042553
Stress in top steel
361.05
Strain at Bottom level
0.0005957447
Stress in Bottom steel
119.14893617
Stress in top Concrete
6.69
Stress in bottom concrete
1.8443684925
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.584139505

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.059608203

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Percentage of steel
1.27 %
Strain at top level
0.003
Stress in top steel
361.05
Stress in top Concrete
6.69
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.875

0.4650124

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.09909465

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress
0.4
Percentage of steel
1.27 %
Stress in tensile steel
144.42 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.0007221
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.72535

0.35000058

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.1309507055

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel
1.27 %
Stress in tensile steel
361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00180525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.20498092

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.16757373

0.577258

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel
1.27 %
Stress in tensile steel
361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00380525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.14808676

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.16271125

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel
1.27 %
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Strain in top steel
0.00175
Stress in top steel
350
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.09184573

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.14745715

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

1.27 %
0.1128791875

0.419219

0.25

Unbraced Column design

Design

Material properties
Fcu
25
Fy
415
w(con)
24
Esteel
200000
Member Properties

Percentage of reinforcement
p/fcu
N/mm2
N/mm2
KN/m3

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

N/mm2

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)

Clear height
Width
Length
End Condition

Effective height
Le/Ll
Coefficient of effective cover

2.9999940155
0.1499996984
0.1499996984
1
1.2
2.5499949132
17.000000275
0.1

m
m
m

m
Selender column

Moment carrying capacity around shorter dim

Moment carrying capacity around Largest di
Mx/Mux
My/Muy
Design Load
P/Puz

Effective Cover to reinforcement

0.0149999698 m

Alpha

Loads
Factored load
1.4dl + 1.6LL

Check for biaxial bending

#VALUE! KN

Reduction factor due to selenderness

Cr
0.833333327
Min. Eccentricities
Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension
Min. Eccentricity along least dimension

0.00749998 m
0.00749998 m

Moments
Min. Eccentric Moment around least dimension
Min. Eccentric Moment around largeset dimension
Actual Moment around least dimension
Actual Moment around largest dimension

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm

C olumn Interaction C hart

Pu/Fcubd

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

Design
Curve

0.3

Design
Pu/fcubd

0.2
0.1
0
0

Data for design curve

Max. strain in steel

0.00180525
Percentage of steel
2 %
p/fcu
0.08
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin

0.05 0.1 0.15

Mu/Fcubd2

0.2

Design tensile strength of Steel

Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

361.05 N/mm2
0.61352
0.030676

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Coefficient for area of stress block(k1)
a
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2)
Area of stress block(A)
Percentage of steel
2 %

1.1
0.384468
8.076053
0.442841
1441.753 mm2

Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr 0.0032765957

Strain at top level
0.0029787234
Stress in top steel
361.05
Strain at Bottom level
0.0005957447
Stress in Bottom steel
119.14893617
Stress in top Concrete
11.15
Stress in bottom concrete
3.0739474876
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.5708581668

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.0593876549

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Percentage of steel
2 %
Strain at top level
0.0031111111
Stress in top steel
361.05
Stress in top Concrete
11.15
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.9

0.46396
0.0966784

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress
0.4
Percentage of steel
2 %
Stress in tensile steel
144.42 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.0007221
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.3507787222

0.746074

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.1300241384

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel
2 %
Stress in tensile steel
361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00180525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.20929053

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.16783075

0.593751

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel
2 %
Stress in tensile steel
361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00380525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.15077083

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.16352244

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel
2 %
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Strain in top steel
0.0021
Stress in top steel
361.05
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.08554
0.149392

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

2 %
0.115536

Data for design curve

Material properties
Fcu
25
Fy
415
w(con)
24
Esteel
200000

N/mm2
N/mm2
KN/m3
N/mm2

0.431197

0.25

Max. strain in steel

0.00180525
Percentage of steel
2 %
p/fcu
0.08
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin
Design tensile strength of Steel
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

361.05 N/mm2
0.61352
0.030676

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Coefficient for area of stress block(k1)
a
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2)
Area of stress block(A)
Percentage of steel
2 %

1.1
0.384468
8.076053
0.442841
17301.07 mm2

Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr 0.0032765957

Strain at top level
0.0032765957
Stress in top steel
0
Strain at Bottom level
0.0005957447
Stress in Bottom steel
0
Stress in top Concrete
1.338
Stress in bottom concrete
-6.738052512
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.4024683464

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.0085155656

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Percentage of steel
2 %
Strain at top level
0.0035
Stress in top steel
0
Stress in top Concrete
1.338
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.35554

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.02801

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress
Percentage of steel

0.4
2 %

Stress in tensile steel

0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
#DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

#DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

#DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel
2 %
Stress in tensile steel
0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
#DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

#DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

#DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel
2 %
Stress in tensile steel
0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
#DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

#DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

#DIV/0!

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel
2 %
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Strain in top steel
0.0035
Stress in top steel
0
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.08554

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.03341

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel

2 %

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

Derivation of basic equations

Case : 1

e<=emin

#DIV/0!

0.25

Pu

0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)Asc
0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)*pbD/100

Pu/(fcubD) 0.446+(p/100fcu)*(fsc-0.446fcu)
Mu/fcubD2 0.05pu/fcubD
Case : 2
Neutral axis lies outside the section

einforcement

1.27 %
0.084667
0.4444444

( from table)

0.1047916

ng capacity about shorter dimension

ng capacity about Larger dimension
0.530153
0.596422

226.34981 KNm
150.89987 KNm

2568.69 KN
0.622886
1.704809
0.7533109

Design is ok

Pu/Fcubd

C olumn Interaction C hart

0.7
0.6
0.5
Design Curve

0.4

Design Pu/fcubd

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.1
0.12
Mu/Fcubd2

0.14

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.16

p/fcu

0.18

Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.0314876
0.0596082

0.6297515
0.5841395

0.084667
0.084667

0.444444
0.444444

0.0990947
0.1309507
0.1675737
0.1627113
0.1128792

0.4650124
0.3500006
0.2049809
0.1480868
0

0.084667
0.084667
0.084667
0.084667
0.084667

0.444444
0.444444
0.444444
0.444444
0.444444

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) from Pu/fcubd

Pu/Fcubd
Mu/fcubd^2

=
=

0.444444
0.104792

einforcement

2 %
0.08

T
0

#VALUE!

( from table)

#REF!

ng capacity around shorter dimension

ng capacity around Largest dimension
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
393.1859 KN
#VALUE!

#REF! KNm
#REF! KNm

Nos
#DIV/0!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

#VALUE!

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

p/fcu

Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.030676
0.0593877

0.61352
0.5708582

0.08
0.08

#VALUE!
#VALUE!

0.0966784
0.1300241

0.46396
0.3507787

0.08
0.08

#VALUE!
#VALUE!

0.1678308
0.1635224
0.115536

0.2092905
0.1507708
0

0.08
0.08
0.08

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

p/fcu

Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.030676
0.0085156

0.61352
0.4024683

0.666667
0.666667

0
0

0.02801
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
0

0.35554
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
0

0.666667
0.666667
0.666667
0.666667
0.666667

0
0
0
0
0

Pu/Fcubd
0
0.148087
0.204981
0.350001
0.465012

Mu/Fcubd
0.112879
0.162711
0.167574
0.130951
0.099095

0.58414 0.059608
0.629751 0.031488

0.465012 0.099095
0.350001 0.130951