AP Biology Chapter 18-20 Questions

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. What does the operon model attempt to explain?

a. the coordinated control of gene expression in bacteria
b. bacterial resistance to antibiotics
c. how genes move between homologous regions of DNA
d. the mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell
e. horizontal transmission of plant viruses
____ 2. The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is
a. permanently turned on.
b. turned on only when tryptophan is present in the growth medium.
c. turned off only when glucose is present in the growth medium.
d. turned on only when glucose is present in the growth medium.
e. turned off whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium.
____ 3. This protein is produced by a regulatory gene:
a. operon
b. inducer
c. promoter
d. repressor
e. corepressor
____ 4. When this is taken up by the cell, it binds to the repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the
operator:
a. operon
b. inducer
c. promoter
d. repressor
e. corepressor
____ 5. A mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result
in
a. continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator.
b. complete inhibition of transcription of the structural gene controlled by that
regulator.
c. irreversible binding of the repressor to the operator.
d. inactivation of RNA polymerase by alteration of its active site.
e. continuous translation of the mRNA because of alteration of its structure.
____ 6. The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when
a. there is more glucose in the cell than lactose.
b. the cyclic AMP levels are low.
c. there is glucose but no lactose in the cell.
d. the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell.
e. the cAMP level is high and the lactose level is low.
____ 7. How does active CAP induce expression of the genes of the lactose operon?
 a. It terminates production of repressor molecules.
b. It degrades the substrate allolactose.
c. It stimulates splicing of the encoded genes.
d. It stimulates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.
e. It binds steroid hormones and controls translation.

Use the following scenario to answer the following questions.

Suppose an experimenter becomes proficient with a technique that allows her to move DNA
sequences within a prokaryotic genome.

____ 8. If she moves the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the beta galactosidase gene and
the permease gene, which of the following would be likely?
a. Three structural genes will no longer be expressed.
b. RNA polymerase will no longer transcribe permease.
c. The operon will no longer be inducible.
d. Beta galactosidase will be produced.
e. The cell will continue to metabolize but more slowly.
____ 9. If she moves the operator to the far end of the operon (past the transacetylase gene), which of the
following would likely occur when the cell is exposed to lactose?
a. The inducer will no longer bind to the repressor.
b. The repressor will no longer bind to the operator.
c. The operon will never be transcribed.
d. The structural genes will be transcribed continuously.
e. The repressor protein will no longer be produced.
____ 10. If she moves the repressor gene (lac I), along with its promoter, to a position at some several
thousand base pairs away from its normal position, which will you expect to occur?
a. The repressor will no longer be made.
b. The repressor will no longer bind to the operator.
c. The repressor will no longer bind to the inducer.
d. The lac operon will be expressed continuously.
e. The lac operon will function normally.
____ 11. Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of
a. genetic mutation.
b. chromosomal rearrangements.
c. karyotypes.
d. epigenetic phenomena.
e. translocation.
____ 12. Approximately what proportion of the DNA in the human genome codes for proteins or functional
RNA?
a. 83%
b. 46%
c. 32%
d. 13%
e. 1.5%
____ 13. In eukaryotes, transcription is generally associated with
 a. euchromatin only.
b. heterochromatin only.
c. very tightly packed DNA only.
d. highly methylated DNA only.
e. both euchromatin and histone acetylation.
____ 14. This binds to a site in the DNA far from the promoter to stimulate transcription:
a. enhancer
b. promoter
c. activator
d. repressor
e. terminator
____ 15. Gene expression might be altered at the level of post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes rather
than prokaryotes because of which of the following?
a. Eukaryotic mRNAs get 5' caps and 3' tails.
b. Prokaryotic genes are expressed as mRNA, which is more stable in the cell.
c. Eukaryotic exons may be spliced in alternative patterns.
d. Prokaryotes use ribosomes of different structure and size.
e. Eukaryotic coded polypeptides often require cleaving of signal sequences before
localization.
____ 16. Which of the following is most likely to have a small protein called ubiquitin attached to it?
a. a cyclin that usually acts in G1, now that the cell is in G2
b. a cell surface protein that requires transport from the ER
c. an mRNA that is leaving the nucleus to be translated
d. a regulatory protein that requires sugar residues to be attached
e. an mRNA produced by an egg cell that will be retained until after fertilization
____ 17. The process of cellular differentiation is a direct result of
a. differential gene expression.
b. morphogenesis.
c. cell division.
d. apoptosis.
e. differences in cellular genomes.
____ 18. A cell that remains entirely flexible in its developmental possibilities is said to be
a. differentiated.
b. determined.
c. totipotent.
d. genomically equivalent.
e. epigenetic.
____ 19. Differentiation of cells is not easily reversible because it involves
a. changes in the nucleotide sequence of genes within the genome.
b. changes in chromatin structure that make certain regions of the genome more
accessible.
c. chemical modifications of histones and DNA methylation.
d. frameshift mutations and inversions.
e. excision of some coding sequences.
____ 20. Mutations in these genes lead to transformations in the identity of entire body parts:
 a. homeotic genes
b. segmentation genes
c. egg-polarity genes
d. morphogens
e. inducers
____ 21. What do gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes, and homeotic genes all have in
common?
a. Their products act as transcription factors.
b. They have no counterparts in animals other than Drosophila.
c. Their products are all synthesized prior to fertilization.
d. They act independently of other positional information.
e. They apparently can be activated and inactivated at any time of the fly's life.
____ 22. Which of the following statements describes proto-oncogenes?
a. They can code for proteins associated with cell growth.
b. They are introduced to a cell initially by retroviruses.
c. They are produced by somatic mutations induced by carcinogenic substances.
d. Their normal function is to suppress tumor growth
e. They are underexpressed in cancer cells
____ 23. Which of the following is characteristic of the product of the p53 gene?
a. It is an activator for other genes.
b. It speeds up the cell cycle.
c. It causes cell death via apoptosis.
d. It allows cells to pass on mutations due to DNA damage.
e. It slows down the rate of DNA replication by interfering with the binding of DNA
polymerase.
____ 24. Tumor suppressor genes
a. are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells.
b. are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses.
c. can encode proteins that promote DNA repair or cell-cell adhesion.
d. often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.
e. all of the above
____ 25. The incidence of cancer increases dramatically in older humans because
a. the Ras protein is more likely to be hyperactive after age sixty.
b. proteasomes become more active with age.
c. as we age, normal cell division inhibitors cease to function.
d. the longer we live, the more mutations we accumulate.
e. tumor-suppressor genes are no longer able to repair damaged DNA.
____ 26. The cancer-causing forms of the Ras protein are involved in which of the following processes?
a. relaying a signal from a growth factor receptor
b. DNA replication
c. DNA repair
d. cell-cell adhesion
e. cell division
____ 27. Forms of the ras protein found in tumors usually cause which of the following?
a. DNA replication to stop
 b. DNA replication to be hyperactive
c. cell-to-cell adhesion to be nonfunctional
d. cell division to cease
e. growth factor signaling to be hyperactive
____ 28. A genetic test to detect predisposition to cancer would likely examine the APC gene for involvement
in which type(s) of cancer?
a. colorectal only
b. lung and breast
c. small intestinal and esophageal
d. lung only
e. lung and prostate
____ 29. Which of the following can contribute to the development of cancer?
a. random spontaneous mutations
b. mutations caused by X-rays
c. transposition
d. chromosome translocations
e. all of the above
____ 30. Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. Which of the following best explains
the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?
a. Proto-oncogenes first arose from viral infections.
b. Proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division.
c. Proto-oncogenes are genetic "junk."
d. Proto-oncogenes are mutant versions of normal genes.
e. Cells produce proto-oncogenes as they age.
____ 31. Viral genomes vary greatly in size and may include from four genes to several hundred genes.
Which of the following viral features is most apt to correlate with the size of the genome?
a. size of the viral capsomeres
b. RNA versus DNA genome
c. double versus single strand genomes
d. size and shape of the capsid
e. glycoproteins of the envelope
____ 32. Viral envelopes can best be analyzed with which of the following techniques?
a. transmission electron microscopy
b. antibodies against specific proteins not found in the host membranes
c. staining and visualization with the light microscope
d. use of plaque assays for quantitative measurement of viral titer
e. immunofluorescent tagging of capsid proteins
____ 33. The host range of a virus is determined by
a. the proteins on its surface and that of the host.
b. whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA.
c. the proteins in the host's cytoplasm.
d. the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell.
e. the enzymes carried by the virus.
____ 34. Which of the following molecules make up the viral envelope?
a. glycoproteins
 b.proteosugars
c.carbopeptides
d.peptidocarbs
e.carboproteins
____ 35. Most human-infecting viruses are maintained in the human population only. However, a zoonosis is
a disease that is transmitted from other vertebrates to humans, at least sporadically, without requiring
viral mutation. Which of the following is the best example of a zoonosis?
a. rabies
b. herpesvirus
c. smallpox
d. HIV
e. hepatitis virus
____ 36. A linear piece of viral DNA of 8 kb can be cut with either of two restriction enzymes (X and Y).
These are subjected to electrophoresis and produce the following bands:

Cutting the same 8 kb piece with both enzymes together results in bands at 4.0, 2.5, 1.0, and 0.5.
Of the possible arrangements of the sites given below, which one is most likely?
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

____ 37. Which of the following accounts for someone who has had a herpesvirus-mediated cold sore or
genital sore getting flare-ups for the rest of life?
a. re-infection by a closely related herpesvirus of a different strain
b. re-infection by the same herpesvirus strain
c. co-infection with an unrelated virus that causes the same symptoms
d. copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei
e. copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host cell cytoplasm
____ 38. Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?
a. Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced.
 b. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome.
c. The viral genome replicates without destroying the host.
d. A large number of phages is released at a time.
e. The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations.
____ 39. Which of the following terms describes bacteriophage DNA that has become integrated into the host
cell chromosome?
a. intemperate bacteriophages
b. transposons
c. prophages
d. T-even phages
e. plasmids
____ 40. Which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (λ ) phage?
a. After infection, the viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a lambda-
producing factory, and the host cell then lyses.
b. Most of the prophage genes are activated by the product of a particular prophage
gene.
c. The phage genome replicates along with the host genome.
d. Certain environmental triggers can cause the phage to exit the host genome,
switching from the lytic to the lysogenic.
e. The phage DNA is incorporated by crossing over into any nonspecific site on the
host cell's DNA.
____ 41. Why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation?
a. RNA nucleotides are more unstable than DNA nucleotides.
b. Replication of their genomes does not involve the proofreading steps of DNA
replication.
c. RNA viruses replicate faster.
d. RNA viruses can incorporate a variety of nonstandard bases.
e. RNA viruses are more sensitive to mutagens.
____ 42. Most molecular biologists think that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleic acid.
Which of the following observations supports this theory?
a. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA.
b. Viruses are enclosed in protein capsids rather than plasma membranes.
c. Viruses can reproduce only inside host cells.
d. Viruses can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
e. Viral genomes are usually more similar to the genome of the host cell than to the
genomes of viruses that infect other cell types.
____ 43. A researcher lyses a cell that contains nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres of tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV). The cell contents are left in a covered test tube overnight. The next day this mixture is
sprayed on tobacco plants. Which of the following would be expected to occur?
a. The plants would develop some but not all of the symptoms of the TMV infection.
b. The plants would develop symptoms typically produced by viroids.
c. The plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection.
d. The plants would not show any disease symptoms.
e. The plants would become infected, but the sap from these plants would be unable
to infect other plants.
____ 44. What is the name given to viruses that are single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA
synthesis?
a. retroviruses
b. proviruses
c. viroids
d. bacteriophages
e. lytic phages
____ 45. What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
a. It hydrolyzes the host cell's DNA.
b. It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
c. It converts host cell RNA into viral DNA.
d. It translates viral RNA into proteins.
e. It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands.
____ 46. What are prions?
a. misfolded versions of normal brain protein
b. tiny molecules of RNA that infect plants
c. viral DNA that has had to attach itself to the host genome
d. viruses that invade bacteria
e. a mobile segment of DNA
____ 47. Which of the following is the best predictor of how much damage a virus causes?
a. ability of the infected cell to undergo normal cell division
b. ability of the infected cell to carry on translation
c. whether the infected cell produces viral protein
d. whether the viral mRNA can be transcribed
e. how much toxin the virus produces
____ 48. Which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high
mortality in its host?
a. It is able to spread to a large number of new hosts quickly because the new hosts
have no immunological memory of them.
b. The new virus replicates quickly and undergoes rapid adaptation to a series of
divergent hosts.
c. A change in environmental conditions such as weather patterns quickly forces the
new virus to invade new areas.
d. Sporadic outbreaks will be followed almost immediately by a widespread
pandemic.
e. The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less
lethal.
____ 49.

Figure 20.1
Which enzyme was used to produce the molecule in Figure 20.1?
 a. ligase
b. transcriptase
c. a restriction enzyme
d. RNA polymerase
e. DNA polymerase
____ 50. Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid. Someone gives you a preparation of
genomic DNA that has been cut with restriction enzyme X. The gene you wish to insert has sites on
both ends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with a single site for Y, but not
for X. Your strategy should be to
a. insert the fragments cut with X directly into the plasmid without cutting the
plasmid.
b. cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert the fragments cut with Y into
the plasmid.
c. cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert these fragments into the
plasmid cut with the same enzyme.
d. cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate the two fragments onto
the ends of the DNA fragments cut with restriction enzyme X.
e. cut the plasmid with enzyme X and then insert the gene into the plasmid.
____ 51. What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes?
a. to add new nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA
b. to join nucleotides during replication
c. to join nucleotides during transcription
d. to cleave nucleic acids at specific sites
e. to repair breaks in sugar-phosphate backbones
____ 52. How does a bacterial cell protect its own DNA from restriction enzymes?
a. adding methyl groups to adenines and cytosines
b. using DNA ligase to seal the bacterial DNA into a closed circle
c. adding histones to protect the double-stranded DNA
d. forming "sticky ends" of bacterial DNA to prevent the enzyme from attaching
e. reinforcing the bacterial DNA structure with covalent phosphodiester bonds
____ 53. What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the
plasmid into a bacterium?
I. Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule.
II. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.
III. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.
IV. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.
V. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.
a. I, II, IV, III, V
b. II, III, V, IV, I
c. III, II, IV, V, I
d. III, IV, V, I, II
e. IV, V, I, II, III
____ 54. Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids are often identified by which process?
a. examining the cells with an electron microscope
b. using radioactive tracers to locate the plasmids
c. exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills cells lacking the resistant plasmid
 d. removing the DNA of all cells in a culture to see which cells have plasmids
e. producing antibodies specific for each bacterium containing a recombinant plasmid

Use the following information to answer the questions below.

A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is
added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring
resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in
the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase,
and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and
are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the
original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus
ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and
nutrient broth without antibiotics.

____ 55. Bacteria that contain the plasmid, but not the eukaryotic gene, would grow
a. in the nutrient broth plus ampicillin, but not in the broth containing tetracycline.
b. only in the broth containing both antibiotics.
c. in the broth containing tetracycline, but not in the broth containing ampicillin.
d. in all four types of broth.
e. in the nutrient broth without antibiotics only.
____ 56. Bacteria that containing a plasmid into which the eukaryotic gene has integrated would grow in
a. in the nutrient broth only.
b. the nutrient broth and the tetracycline only.
c. the nutrient broth, the ampicillin broth, and the tetracycline broth.
d. in all four types of broth.
e. the ampicillin broth and the nutrient broth.
____ 57. Bacteria that do not take up any plasmids would grow on which media?
a. the nutrient broth only
b. the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth
c. the nutrient broth and the ampicillin broth
d. the tetracycline broth and the ampicillin broth
e. all four broths
____ 58. A gene that contains introns can be made shorter (but remain functional) for genetic engineering
purposes by using
a. RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene.
b. a restriction enzyme to cut the gene into shorter pieces.
c. reverse transcriptase to reconstruct the gene from its mRNA.
d. DNA polymerase to reconstruct the gene from its polypeptide product.
e. DNA ligase to put together fragments of the DNA that codes for a particular
polypeptide.
____ 59. Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle
of PCR?
1. The primers hybridize to the target DNA.
2. The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double stranded
target DNA.
 3. Fresh DNA polymerase is added.
4. DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA.

a. 2, 1, 4
b. 1, 3, 2, 4
c. 3, 4, 1, 2
d. 3, 4, 2
e. 2, 3, 4
____ 60. To introduce a particular piece of DNA into an animal cell, such as that of a mouse, you would find
more probable success with which of the following methods?
a. the shotgun approach
b. electroporation followed by recombination
c. introducing a plasmid into the cell
d. infecting the mouse cell with a Ti plasmid
e. transcription and translation
____ 61. Which of the following produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-
scale production of a gene product?
a. restriction enzymes
b. gene cloning
c. DNA ligase
d. gel electrophoresis
e. reverse transcriptase
____ 62. Which of the following seals the sticky ends of restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA?
a. restriction enzymes
b. gene cloning
c. DNA ligase
d. gel electrophoresis
e. reverse transcriptase
____ 63. Which of the following cuts DNA molecules at specific locations?
a. restriction enzymes
b. gene cloning
c. DNA ligase
d. gel electrophoresis
e. reverse transcriptase
____ 64. Which of the following modifications is least likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves
through a gel during electrophoresis?
a. altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment
b. methylating the cytosine bases within the DNA fragment
c. increasing the length of the DNA fragment
d. decreasing the length of the DNA fragment
e. neutralizing the negative charges within the DNA fragment
____ 65.
 Figure 20.2

The segment of DNA shown in Figure 20.2 has restriction sites I and II, which create restriction
fragments A, B, and C. Which of the gels produced by electrophoresis shown below best represents
the separation and identity of these fragments?
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

____ 66. Which of the following procedures would produce RFLPs?

a. incubating a mixture of single-stranded DNA from two closely related species
b. incubating DNA nucleotides with DNA polymerase
c. incubating DNA with restriction enzymes
d. incubating RNA with DNA nucleotides and reverse transcriptase
e. incubating DNA fragments with "sticky ends" with ligase
____ 67. DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they
a. can be used to eliminate the function of any gene in the genome.
b. can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells.
c. allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be
compared at once.
d. allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time.
e. dramatically enhance the efficiency of restriction enzymes.
____ 68. Which describes the transfer of polypeptide sequences to a membrane to analyze gene expression?
a. Southern blotting
b. Northern blotting
c. Western blotting
d. Eastern blotting
e. RT-PCR
____ 69. RNAi methodology uses double-stranded pieces of RNA to trigger a breakdown or blocking of
mRNA. For which of the following might it more possibly be useful?
a. to raise the rate of production of a needed digestive enzyme
b. to decrease the production from a harmful gain-of-function mutated gene
c. to destroy an unwanted allele in a homozygous individual
d. to form a knockout organism that will not pass the deleted sequence to its progeny
e. to raise the concentration of a desired protein
____ 70. In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?
a. use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe
 b. replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow
c. separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was
incubated in a surrogate ewe
d. fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by
incubation in a surrogate
e. isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent

Use Figure 20.3 to answer the following questions. The DNA profiles below represent four different
individuals.

Figure 20.3

____ 71. Which of the following statements is consistent with the results?
a. B is the child of A and C.
b. C is the child of A and B.
c. D is the child of B and C.
d. A is the child of B and C.
e. A is the child of C and D.
____ 72. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
a. D is the child of A and C.
b. D is the child of A and B.
c. D is the child of B and C.
d. A is the child of C and D.
e. B is the child of A and C.
____ 73. Which of the following are probably siblings?
a. A and B
b. A and C
c. A and D
d. C and D
e. B and D
____ 74. Gene therapy
 a. has proven to be beneficial to HIV patients.
b. involves replacement of a defective allele in sex cells.
c. cannot be used to correct genetic disorders.
d. had apparent success in treating disorders involving bone marrow cells.
e. is a widely accepted procedure.
____ 75. Genetic engineering is being used by the pharmaceutical industry. Which of the following is not
currently one of the uses?
a. production of human insulin
b. production of human growth hormone
c. production of tissue plasminogen activator
d. genetic modification of plants to produce vaccines
e. creation of products that will remove poisons from the human body