Filter

Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu
EMC Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Taiwan University

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MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

Accept desired signal and reject signal outside the operating band
Low-pass, high-pass and bandpass filters.
Insertion loss method will be introduced
The insertion loss method is based on network synthesis techniques, and can be used
to design filters having a specific type of frequency response. The technique begins
with the design of a low-pass filter prototype that is normalized in terms of impedance
and cutoff frequency.
Impedance and frequency scaling and transformations are then used to convert the
normalized design to the one having the desired frequency response, cutoff frequency,
and impedance level.

Additional transformations, such as Richard's transformation, impedance/admittance

inverters, and the Kuroda identities, can be used to facilitate filter implementation in
terms of practical components such as transmission lines sections, stubs, and resonant
elements.

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

5.1 Filter design by the insertion loss method

For minimum loss: binomial response,
For sharpest cutoff: Chebyshev response
Linear phase needs sacrifices attenuation rate

Power loss ratio:

Thus, for a filter to be physically realizable its power loss ratio must be of the form.
2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

Maximally flat or binominal or Butterworth

This characteristic is also called the binomial or Butterworth response, and is optimum in
the sense that it provides the flattest possible passband response for a given filter
complexity, or order.

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

Maximally flat or binominal or Butterworth

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

Chebyshev response or equal ripple

Chebyshev polynomial is used to specify the insertion loss of an N-order low-pass filter

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

Linear Phase
The above filters specify the amplitude response, but in some applications
(such as multiplexing filters in frequency-division multiplexed communications system).
It is important to have a linear phase response in the passband to avoid signal distortion.
A linear phase characteristic can be achieved with the following phase response:

which shows that the group delay for a linear phase filter is a maximally flat function.

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

We will next discuss the design of low-pass filter prototypes which are normalized in
terms of impedance and frequency;
This type of normalization simplifies the design of filters for arbitrary frequency,
impedance, and type (low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, or bandstop).
The low-pass prototypes are then scaled to the desired frequency and impedance,
and the lumped-element components replaced with distributed circuit elements for
implementation at microwave frequencies.

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

Maximally flat low-pass filter prototype

Consider the two-element low-pass filter prototype circuit shown in Figure 5.3; we will
derive the normalized element values, L and C, for a maximally flat response.

The desired power loss ratio will be, for N = 2,

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

Maximally flat low-pass filter prototype

2011/2/21

MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu

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Maximally flat low-pass filter prototype

Comparing to the desired response

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Maximally flat low-pass filter prototype

In principle, this procedure can be extended to find the element values for filters with
an arbitrary number of elements, N, but clearly this is not practical for large N.

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Equal ripple low-pass filter prototype

Desired response

Chebyshev polynomials have the property that

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Equal ripple low-pass filter prototype

Chebyshev polynomial of order 2 is given as

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Equal ripple low-pass filter prototype

Note that (5.14) gives a value for R that is not unity, so there will be an impedance
mismatch if the load actually has a unity (normalized) impedance;
this can be corrected with a quarter-wave transformer, or by using an additional
filter element to make N odd. For odd N, it can be shown that R = 1.
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Linear Phase Low-Pass Filter Prototype

Filters having a maximally flat time delay, or a linear phase response, can be designed
in the same way, but things are somewhat more complicated because the phase of the
voltage transfer function is not as simply expressed as is its amplitude. Design values
have been derived for such filters, however, again for the ladder circuits of Figure 5.4,
and are given in Table 5.3 for a normalized source impedance and cutoff frequency

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5.2 Filter scaling and transformation

Impedance scaling (1 -> R0)
In the prototype design, the source and load resistances are unity.

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Frequency Scaling for Low Pass Filter

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Frequency Scaling for Low Pass Filter

Both impedance and frequency scaling

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Low-pass to high-pass transformation

Both impedance and frequency scaling

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Bandpass and bandstop transformation

Fractional bandwidth

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Bandpass and bandstop transformation

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Bandpass and bandstop transformation

The new filter elements are determined

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Band stop transformation

Then series inductors of the low-pass prototype are converted to parallel LC circuits
having element values given by

The shunt capacitor of the low-pass prototype is converted to series LC circuits having
element values given by

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