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Velu Ethirajan Nethaji Mariappan
Sathyabama University
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Abstract
The study examined the water demand analysis of Public Water Supply in Municipalities using EPANET 2.0 software
with the aim of providing effective planning, development and operation of water supply and distribution networks
which is one of the most essential components of urban infrastructure. A number of factors ranging from population
expansion to inadequate existing facilities are thought to be responsible for the frequent shortage in water supply
to the metropolis. The study delineated the areas within the Municipality that are un-served or underserved by the
Municipality. Using EPANET 2.0 water model software, the demand for the Underserved and Unserved area is
calculated. A framework for taking management decisions such as an extension of the supply network and location
of new facilities was given.
Key words: Water demand, EPANET 2.0, water allocation model,
I. INTRODUCTION
Water makes life possible as without it; life and
civilization cannot develop or survive. As mans
standard of living increases; so does his need for
consumption of water. It is therefore not surprising that
early civilizations flourished around river valleys such
as those of the Nile in Egypt, Indus in India, Hwangho
in China and Euphrates and Tigris in ancient
Mesopotamia (Ayoade 1988). In modern times, there
is a close relationship between water availability and
economic development, especially in the developing
countries (Warner, 1995). In India, water availability
controls population distribution. Settlements that are
provided with modern water supply networks are
usually those situated along the major trade and
transportation networks and all improved water supply
in India is from public water supplies. Though the
pattern of water supply varies from one settlement to
another, generally as the population of a settlement
increases, the service efficiency to the expanding
population decreases. This usually creates a great
disparity in supply to different zones of the settlement.
This problem is more pronounced in the Adjacent
Urbanized Areas of Chennai Metropolitan, Tamil Nadu,
India.
There is an increasing awareness that water
resources exist in limited quantities, and available
supply varies considerably during the course of a year.
As a result, there is an urgent need to find ways of
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D. Unaccounted Water
The difference between the quantity of water
pumped from the water treatment plant into the
distribution system and the quantity of water measured
at the individual customer water meters (water sold) is
unaccounted water. This comparison is typically called
a water balance. Water pumped from the WTP into
the system is the amount of water produced minus the
amount of water used at the plant for backwashing and
other plant use.
Unaccounted water is a combination of apparent
water loss which results from inaccurate water meters
or billing discrepancies and real water loss resulting
from leakage, water theft, and authorized unbilled
usage such as firefighting and main flushing.
If there were no leakage in the system, all water
meters were 100% accurate, and every drop of water
used for fire fighting and system flushing was
measured, there would be zero unaccounted water. In
reality every water system has a certain amount of
leakage, water meters are not 100% accurate, and it
is rare for every drop of water used in town to be
metered and measured. Therefore virtually every
community water system has unaccounted water. To
quantify unaccounted water in Newport water sales
records are compared to plant production records for
a specific time period. Records for the 3-year period
from 2004 to 2006 show an average unaccounted
water quantity of 15% of the total water pumped to
town from the treatment plant.
III. PROJECTED WATER DEMAND
A. Basis for Projections
Water demand estimates for future years are
determined by multiplying the current unit demand
design values (lpcd or lpd/EDU) by the projected
number of future users in the water system. It is
assumed new users added to the system will consume
water at the same rate as current users. Population
and other water user projections are to be presented.
11
D em an d
R egion s
D emand Nod es
12
Goodrich Formula:
-0.10
Where,
p = percentage of average annual rate (volume/day)
used in period of time of interest
t = length of period for which peak demand is required
(days) (valid time periods 2 hours to 360 days)
Table 1: Range of Demand Factor
Condition
Range of
demand factors
1.10-1.50
1.20-1.60
1.50-3.00
2.00-4.00
0.20-0.60
EPANET
EPANET is a computer program that performs
extended period simulation of hydraulic and water
quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A
network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions),
pumps, valves and storage tanks or reservoirs.
EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the
pressure at each node, the height of water in each
tank, and the concentration of a chemical species
throughout the network during a simulation period
comprised of multiple time steps. In addition to
chemical species, water age and source tracing can
also be simulated. EPANET is designed to be a
research tool for improving our understanding of the
movement and fate of drinking water constituents within
distribution systems. It can be used for many different
kinds of applications in distribution systems analysis.
Sampling program design, hydraulic model calibration,
chlorine residual analysis, and consumer exposure
assessment are some examples. EPANET can help
assess alternative management strategies for improving
water quality throughout a system. These can include:
1.
2.
altering pumping
schedules,
3.
4.
and
tank
filling/emptying
the
or
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
14
11.
12.
13.
Table 4
S.No
Statistical Year
Population in Lakhs
1981
1.24
1991
1.83
2001
2.16
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
15
Residual Head: 12 m
Minimum
Hazen Williams
Coefficient : 140 for DI pipes
Peak factor : 3
Analysis
Software : Epanet 2.0
Pipe Material & size
16
Number of Junctions
527
2.
Number of Tanks
3.
Number of Pipes
624
4.
Flow Units
LPS
527
Number of Tanks
Number of Pipes
624
Number of Valves
Flow Units
2
LPS
17
18
527
2. Number of Tanks
3. Number of Pipes
624
4. Number of Valves
39
5. Flow Units
LPS
4.2 DISCUSSION
The Hydraulic model EPANET version 2.0 is used
for designing the optimized water supply system to the
case study area. There were several aspects taken into
consideration in planning the water supply system. First
was to analyse the network for 24 hours supply and
the consumer satisfaction in obtaining the water at the
tail end without any loss of pressue. The network was
analysed for intermittent supply because CMWSSB and
Avadi Municipality are not providing 24 hours water
supply to the public. The network shows negative
pressure when analysed for intermittent supply. At
present the network may function efficiently for the
intermittent supply but not for the entire design period
of 30 years (i.e upto 2038).The planning concern was
to verify the whether the end users get the water at
required minimum pressure of 12m as stated by
CPHEEO.
Secondly the distribution network was balanced
for intermittent supply (i.e for 6 hours) by introducing
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr. V. E.
Nethaji Mariappan, Scientist, Centre for Remote
Sensing, whose encouragement, guidance and support
from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop
an understanding of the subject and for his detailed
and constructive comments, and for his important
support throughout this work.
Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of
those who supported me in any respect during the
completion of the project.
REFERENCES
1. CPHEEO (1999) Manual on Water Supply and
Treatment published by Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering, New Delhi, India
2. AWWA. Water Resources Planning AWWA Manual
M50.American
Water
Works
Association,
Denver,Co.2001Training Manual
3. Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Raw Water Supply
Facility Permitting Demand Analysis.October 1997.
4. Water Demand and Supply Analysis using a Spatial
Decision Support System, E.Manoli, Global Nest: the
int. J. Vol 3, No. 3, pp199-209, 2001
5. Detailed project report of Avadi Municiaplity Water
Supply Scheme, Volume 1 from CMWSSB
6. Simonovic, S.P (2000), Tools for Water Management
One View of the Future, IWRA Water International, 25,
76-88.
7. Bhave, P. R.(1991) Analysis of Flow in Water
Distribution Network Technique Publishing inc,
Lancaster
8. Water Utilities Data Book for the Asian and Pasific
Region, 1997
19