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Introduction
In this study you explore the world view of George Lucass Star Wars series, one of the most inuential contemporary lms. Examining the philosophies
presented by George Lucas, you will sharpen and develop your own critical analysis skills.
Inevitably, as a Christian, you will be challenged to analyze the world
views of individuals and institutions around you. Being inextricably tied to your
culture does not mean you cant be in this culture but not of this culture. To do
this you must learn to articulate and defend your own world view against all sorts
of assaults. This study guide will help you pause and analyze several persuasive
world views in Star Wars.
First, though, what exactly is a world view? A world view is a way that
a person understands, relates to, and responds from a philosophical position that
he embraces as his own. It is a framework that ties everything together, that allows us to understand society, the world, and our place in it. This sort of paradigm helps us to make critical decisions that will shape our future.
In the rst Star Wars movie Episode IV (1977), for instance, Luke Skywalker clearly values a Judeo-Christian
code of ethics. That does not mean that he is a believing Christian (indeed he is not) but he does uphold and ght
for a moral world. Darth Vader, on the other hand, represents chaos and amoral behavior. In that sense he is a naturalistic character. He does whatever it takes to advance the Emperors agenda, regardless of whom he hurts or what
rule he breaks.
Using the language employed by most cultural historians: theism, deism, romanticism, realism, naturalism,
existentialism/ absurdism, you will identify where Star Wars illustrates these paradigms. Lets begin...
Fathers of Philosophy
From Greek history we know that there are basically two world view
roots: lone originated with Aristotle who argued that the empirical world is
primary. Thus, if one wants to advance knowledge one has to learn more
about the world. Another root originated with Plato who argued that the unseen world is primary. In Platos case, that meant that if one wished to understand the world he studied the gods.
Both Plato and Aristotle were impacted by Socrates. Socrates was
one of the most important but mysterious gures in Western philosophy. He
wrote nothing, yet he had a profound inuence on someone who did: Plato.
Plato carefully recorded most of his dialogues.
Unlike earlier philosophers, Socrates main concern was with ethics.
There was nothing remotely pragmatic about Socrates who was the consummate idealist. Until his day, philosophers invested most of their time explaining the natural world. In fact, the natural world often intruded into the
Plato and Aristotle
abstract world of ideas and reality. Socrates kept both worlds completely separate.
Raphaels School of Athens
To Socrates, the natural laws governing the rotation of the earth were
merely uninteresting speculation of no earthly good. Socrates was more interested in such meaty concepts as virtue
and justice.
Socrates believed that ethics, specically virtue, must be learned and practiced like any trade. One was not
born virtuous; one developed virtue as he would a good habit. It could be practiced only by experts. There was,
then, nothing pragmatic about the pursuit of virtue. It was systematic; it was intentional. Virtue was acquired and
maintained by open and free dialogue. For the rst time, the importance of human language was advanced by a
philosopher. For example the Socratic dialogue, debate, rhetoric, and discussion--all language based-- were the
philosophers choice of pedagogy.
Plato, like Socrates, regarded ethics as the highest branch of knowledge. Plato stressed the intellectual basis
of virtue, identifying virtue with wisdom. Plato believed that the world was made of forms (such as, a rock) and ideas
(such as, virtue). The ability of human beings to appreciate forms made a person virtuous. Knowledge came from
the gods; opinion was from man. Virtuous activity, then, was dependent upon knowledge of the forms.
To Plato, knowledge and virtue were inseparable. To Aristotle, they were unconnected. Aristotle was not
on a search for absolute truth. He was not even certain it existed. Truth, beauty, and goodness were to be observed
and quantied from human behavior and the senses but they were not the legal tender of the land. Goodness in
particular was not an absolute and in Aristotles opinion it was much abused. Goodness was an average between
two absolutes.
Aristotle said that mankind should strike a balance between
passion and temperance, between extremes of all sorts. He said
that good people should seek the Golden Mean dened as a
course of life that was never extreme.
Finally, while Plato argued that reality lay in knowledge of the
gods, Aristotle argued that reality lay in empirical, measurable
knowledge. To Aristotle, reality was tied to purpose and to action. For these reasons, Aristotle, became known as the father
of modern science.
Aristotle said, All men by nature desire to know and it is by
the senses that the gods were knownor not. Faith had nothing
to do with it. In other words, Aristotle, for the rst time, disFibonacci Spiral
cussed the gods as if they were quantied entities. He spoke
about them as if they were not present. The Hebrews had done this earlier (Genesis 3) but Aristotle was probably
not aware of Moses text.
While Christian thinkers such as Augustine and Aquinas employed Aristotelian logic in their discussions about
God, they never speculated about His existence as Aristotle did. They used Aristotles techniques only to understand
more about God.
Christian Theism
Modernism
Faith in science
Post-Modernism
R o m a n t ic is m
Deis
Na tur ali sm
Theism
Absurdis
Re a l is m
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it would be good enough simply to
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goose people once in a while.
Animal Ingrid Newkirk
Garrison Keillor
I dont think any of us really
1.
Deism: God was present, but is no longer present. The world is like a clock
wound up by God many years ago but He is now absent. The clock (i.e., the
world) is present; God is absent. Still, though, Deism embraced a
Judeo-Christian morality. Gods absence, for instance, in no way mitigated
His importance to original creation. He was also omnipotent, but not
omniscient. His absence was His decision. He was in no way forced to be
absent from the world. He chose to assume that role so that Socratic
empiricism and rationalism could reign as sovereign king.
3.
2.
Naturalism: If God exists, He is pretty wimpish. Only the laws of nature have
any force. God is either uninterested or downright mean. All reality was
reducible to impersonal processes and energy events (Carl F. H. Henry). All
life, including human life, was transient. Its nal destination was death.
Truth and good, therefore, were also transient. They were cultureconditioned distinctions that the human race projected upon the cosmos
and upon history (Carl F. H. Henry). This maturation, as it were, of the
human race, necessitated a deliberate rejection of all transcendentally nal
authority.
5.
7.
4.
6.
1. Many cultural historians describe the rst 3 Star Wars movies as modern and the last 3 as post-modern. Agree
or disagree.
2. In general terms, describe 3-4 Christian motifs in the entire 6 movie series.
3. One theological weakness of this movie series is its presentation of evil. In other words, the problem of evil
is a dualistic problem. Why is this contrary to orthodox Christian views of evil?
Part I
May the Force be with you.
The Philosophical message of Star Wars
What is the central thesis of the essay by Walter Robinson, The Far East of Star Wars?
2. If one accepts Robinsons thesis that Lucas is presenting, if not promoting, eastern religions, should Christians,
then, watch the movies? Why or why not?
What is the central thesis of the essay by Richard H. Dees, Moral Ambiguity in a Black-and-White Universe?
2.
In what ways do Anakin Skywalker and Count Dooku present moral ambiguity (pp. 39)?
3.
Dees calls Lando Calrissian a utilitarian. What does he mean (pp. 43)?
4.
Part II
Try Not-Do or Do Not.
Ethics in a Galaxy, Far, Far Away
Part III
Dont Call Me a
Mindless Philospoher.
Alien Technologies and the Metaphysics of The Force
11) The Force as the Casual Power of the Jedi, by Jan-Erik Jones:
1. What is the central thesis of Size Matters Not: The Force as the Casual Power of the Jedi, by Jan-Erik Jones?
2. The Force is described in two diferent ways. What are they and how do they dier from the biblical picture of
the Christian God?
Part IV
Theres Always a Bigger Fish.
Truth, Faith, and a Galactic Society
15) Flesh and Machine in Aristotle and The Empire Strikes Back, by Jerome
Donnelly:
1. What is the central thesis of Humanizing Technology: Flesh and Machine in Aristotle and The Empire Strikes
Back, by Jerome Donnelly?
16) Lying Jedi, Honest Sith, and the Viewers Who Love Them, by Shanti
Fader:
1. What is the central thesis of A Certain Point of View: Lying Jedi, Honest Sith, and the Viewers Who Love
Them,by Shanti Fader?
2. Discuss the dilemma which the Jedi face in Attack of the Clones.
Background
1. Many cultural historians describe the rst 3 Star Wars movies as modern and the last 3 as post-modern. Agree
or disagree.
Modernism is a movement that celebrates progress, certainty, and rationalism. Modernism believes in
science. Post-modernism is skeptical toward the science of Modernism, especially the ideas of progress, objectivity, reason, certainty. Post-modernism extols the individual. It is anti-science. There is a moral universe
in Modernism. Morality is a subjective reality--good if it is good for me, even if it is bad for you-in Post-Modernism! Thus, in the rst 3 movies evil is clearly evil; good is clearly good. Morality is based on an external,
objective source (e.g., the Force). Machines are benevolent in Modernism; machines are far more malevolent
in Post-modernism. The moral certainty that existed in Episodes IV-VI disappears in Episodes I-III.
Modernism
Post-Modernism
Anti-science
Celebration of subjectivity and the self
Morality is determined by personal desires and
circumstances.
Eposodes IV-VI
(1977-1983)
Eposodes I-III
(1999-2003)
2. In general terms, describe 3-4 Christian motifs in the entire 6 movie series.
Many critics see a lot of Christian overtones in the lm. The anity is denitely striking. Anakin has no father, 'virgin born' like Christ. He is a slave living in a desert hoping some day to set his people free, like Moses.
Jedi Knight Qii-Gon Jinn believes that Anakin is the Promised One (Christ) of prophecy who will recreate balance
in the universe. He proclaims his belief in Anakin as John the Baptist did of Christ. Anakin has a unique connection to the Force, as Jesus did to the Holy Spirit. In the nal episode, Luke is dressed in what basically looks like
a priest's uniform (notched collar and all). And during the nal battle, the Emperor constantly exults whenever
Luke is moved to anger and self righteousness ("Good! Your hate has made you powerful!" and so on). Plus,
there is the part in The Empire Strikes Back when Luke is meditating and able to see the future. He sees his
friends in pain but Yoda advises him against rushing to their aid: "If you go now, help them you could, but then
you would destroy all for which they have fought and suered." The notion that suering can result in ultimate
good in denitely a Christian outlook. In one scene, Anakin stands before the Jedi council, "as Jesus did before
the temple priests" and hears words that are very similar Matthew 11: 3, "Are you the one who is to come, or
are we to wait for another?" (http://www.hollywoodjesus.com/phantom_menace.htm)
3. One theological weakness of this movie series is its presentation of evil. In other words, the problem of evil is
a dualistic problem. Why is this contrary to orthodox Christian views of evil?
In dualism, good and evil are battling to win a cosmic contest. In Star Wars, the Force is no stronger than
the dark side. The Jedi Knights and the Sith Lords are equally strong. Indeed, the evil Emperor (in the Star
Wars myth the Emperor would t the Satan role) appears to be most powerful. However, in orthodox, Christianity, God is innitely more powerful than Satan. God and Satan are not equally ghting for the soul of
mankind- God is omnipotent; Satan is not. Our Lord Jesus Christ conquered death and sin for the believer!
Part I
May the Force be with you.
The Philosophical message of Star Wars
Part II
Try Not-Do or Do Not.
Ethics in a Galaxy, Far, Far Away
4. Does George Lucas believe in original sin (p. 63)? Why or why not?
No, he most certainly does not. He believes sin is a result of circumstances. George Lucas is a theist. He
believes that there is good and evil. However, like most modernists, Lucas believes mankind is basically good.
He is corrupted by other people or by circumstances. The transformation of Anakin into Darth Vader is a perfect
example of Lucas view of sin. Anakin is the victim of circumstances, not responsible for his own decisionmaking. The viewer is invited to feel sympathy toward a very evil Anakin.
5. Discuss Anakins view of love and why it is dierent from the biblical understanding of love (pp. 64f).
Anakin describes his love as a form of unconditional love but his love is a cross between severe egotism
and sensual eroticism. Like most Post-moderns, Anakin is constantly going through an identity crisis. The
viewer is invited to join him in his conundrums. Anakin acts out of a perceived injury not out of unselsh, unconditional love. 1 Corinthians 13 states that love has nothing to do with the state of mind of the lover nor
the worthiness of the loved one.
Part III
Dont Call Me a
Mindless Philospoher.
Alien Technologies and the Metaphysics of The Force
11) The Force as the Casual Power of the Jedi, by Jan-Erik Jones:
1. What is the central thesis of Size Matters Not: The Force as the Casual Power of the Jedi, by Jan-Erik Jones?
Jones says, The reason why the force in Star Wars has such a grip on the viewers imagination is because
it makes us ask the fundamental metaphysical questions that have driven science and philosophy from the beginning; questions about cause and eect, the laws of nature, the possibility of foreknowledge, and the relationship between the mind and the physical world.
2. The Force is described in two diferent ways. What are they and how do they dier from the biblical picture of
the Christian God? Obi-Wan describes it as an omnipresent energy eld createdby all living things that binds
the galaxy together (p. 132). The Force draws its strength from mankind while causing the galazy to stay together, like the law of gravity. Qui-Gon Jinn, on the other hand, the will has a preference or will that somethings
hapen in the world. In other world, the Force is not an it. It is a he or a she. In other words the universe
is controlled by a power that is alive, that has a purpose, or an ontological reason to exist.
Part IV
Theres Always a Bigger Fish.
Truth, Faith, and a Galactic Society
15) Flesh and Machine in Aristotle and The Empire Strikes Back, by Jerome
Donnelly:
1. What is the central thesis of Humanizing Technology: Flesh and Machine in Aristotle and The Empire Strikes
Back, by Jerome Donnelly?
Donnelly argues that The Empire Strikes Back gains its energy by making the mechanical and bionic world
more real than the human world. This is a typical naturalistic tendency. For example, in the naturalist novel
Call of the Wild, by Jack London, the dog, Buck, is more human than the humans. Likewise, R2 D2 is more
human than many humans! (See Skills for Literary Analysis, by Dr. Stobaugh, for further discussion)
16) Lying Jedi, Honest Sith, and the Viewers Who Love Them, by Shanti
Fader:
1. What is the central thesis of A Certain Point of View: Lying Jedi, Honest Sith, and the Viewers Who Love
Them,by Shanti Fader?
Fader explains why Lucas good characters often commit immoral acts. He proposes that truth is not so
clear cut.
2. Discuss the dilemma which the Jedi face in Attack of the Clones.
The Jedi nd themselves losing power, and therefore, authority. In order to maintain order in the chaotic
universe, they pretend to be more powerful than they really are (p.195).
Devotionals
A Fire That Burns But Does Not Consume: This devotional takes readers on a year-long journey from the
beginning of western philosophy to present nihilism. Readers will examine a philosopher or a philosophical movement
and, then, they will look at a biblical refutation of the deception or a complement to the truth. A perfect high school
philosophy course.
A Gathered Inheritance: This 52-week devotional examines inuential Christian theologians, challenging
students to examine their spiritual inheritance.