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L. has been selective - has selected material from the text book he
thinks will be most useful.
At times L. will give more explanation about particular topics he thinks
are relevant e.g. Groupthink.
Preparation for lecture - seeing what topics will be covered, then reflect
on your notes. Aim to pull everything together into one narrative - text
book, lecture, notes, moodle
so you have your own understanding of the material.
Personal study
Second and third years - You will be more independent.
Won't be so much guidance on personal study e.g. last week 4 items of
personal study. Useful for group project, exams, preparation for class.
SQR...method Ch 4 Clegg - Survey, Question..
So you'll be better prepared and you may have question which L. might
answer in the course of the lecture.
Conflict
Conflict - in the chapter on Teams and Groups
Can we avoid conflict?
Two main understanding of whether we can avoid conflict.
The unitarist approach would say conflict is abhorrent and available.
Conflict is a symptom of poor management and it's up to managers to
avoid conflict.
The pluralist approach would say it's inevitable. There will always be
competition for resourcs, differences where there are ambitions
Different points of view
Inevitable - part of the natural balance of power in organisations.
Conflict helps to redistribute power more equitably. Conflict can be
interpreted as positive or negative.
Conflict could be functional - resolves something or dysfunctional doesn't get resolved.
Misunderstandings - if someone fails to say hello you understand that
as they've fallen out with you but they might be nervous about
something.
Dishonesty - people can lie or tell half-truths. Gossip about others.
Negligence - poor organisational skills or social loafing - working
behaviour leads to conflict.
A manager might forget about holiday - negligent management.
INtention - conflict could be intentional - seeking to provoke a particular
member into walking out.
Exclusive investment in ones own values and beliefs -= one's own
values impact the potential for conflict - politics, religion, sport (football
team). Lack of tolerance. If you are not able to tolerate people's values
could be conflict arising. Values are really important in leadership
culture and future of management generally.
Boundaries - overstepping others.
Rewriting a report that belongs to another.
Mishandling conflict - can lead to escalation.
Hidden agendas - can very often be connected to values. Someone
wanting to get on the right side of the boss.
Who am I?
Hitler!
According to the theories we've been talking about, Hitler would make
a good leader.
These theories don't take account of values, except how you relate to
people.
Leadership theories are value neutral - worth nothing
Leadership is the most studied and least understood topic in the social
sciences.
Noone's really got to the bottom of it.
Vision - Everyone who has aspirations to be anyone must act and think
like a leader.
Flatter hierarchies. Everyone is able to be a leader. Importance of
vision for leadership.
The vision must be different it must re-frame the current scene.
Must be recognisable.
Importance of metaphor - memorable ways which frame understanding.
Vision that sticks in the head.
The leader must live the vision - integrity. Sticking to the vision.
The leader must remember that it is the work of others. "We did it
ourselves."
Leaders as Coaches and Mentors
Interpersonal
Coach - enhance competency through constructive suggestions.
Mentor - directly passing on expertise to a protogee who is going to fill
their shoes.
Ability to build trust, be empathetic.
Set goals as an individual
Coaches, mentors, leaders, managers have to motivate the people who
are working with them.
Psychological process which drives behaviour towards attainment of
some objective.
Motivation
Two types of theory
Content theory focus on those contents within us which drive or push
us forward.
What are the objects of our motivation?
Process theories - refer to the processes of motivation.
Two key motivation concepts - intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic - motivation comes from within - one's own desire or goal to do
something.
Self-expression, interest, enjoyment. One works for enjoyment.
Extrinsic - motivation by promise of reward or money or threat of
punishment. External to us.
Different conceptions of reasons for working.
Intrinsic - would change job for a new challenge
Extrinsic - would change job because been fired or because want more
money.
Can apply it to studying
Intrinsic - study for self improvement
Extrinsic - to get a better job
Can have both. Aren't incompatible.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (1943)
Very famous triangle.