What is magnetism?

Magnetism is the properties and interactions of

magnets
The earliest magnets were found naturally in the mineral
magnetite which is abundant the rock-type lodestone.
These magnets were used by the ancient peoples as
compasses to guide sailing vessels.
Magnets produce magnetic forces and have magnetic
field lines

Magnets have two ends or poles, called north and

south poles. At the poles of a magnet, the magnetic field
lines are closer together.

Unlike poles of magnets attract

each other and like poles of
magnets repel.

The earth is like a giant magnet!

The nickel iron core of the earth gives the earth a
magnetic field much like a bar magnet.

What are magnetic domains?

Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, and nickel are
composed of small areas where the groups of atoms are
aligned like the poles of a magnet. These regions are
called domains. All of the domains of a magnetic
substance tend to align themselves in the same direction
when placed in a magnetic field. These domains are
typically composed of billions of atoms.

Atoms themselves have magnetic properties due

to the spin of the atoms electrons.
Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic fields
are all going in the same direction
These areas of atoms are called domains

When an unmagnetized substance is placed in a magnetic

field, the substance can become magnetized.
This happens when the spinning electrons line up in the
same direction.

Electricity and Magnetism how

are they related?
When an electric current passes through a wire a
magnetic field is formed.

What is an electromagnet?
When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire
wrapped around a metal core, a very strong magnetic
field is produced. This is called an electromagnet.

What is a galvanometer?
A galvanometer is an electromagnet that interacts with a
permanent magnet. The stronger the electric current
passing through the electromagnet, the more is interacts
with the permanent magnet.

Galvanometers are
used as gauges in
cars and many other
applications.
The greater the current passing through the wires, the stronger
the galvanometer interacts with the permanent magnet.

What are electric motors?

An electric motor is a device which changes electrical
energy into mechanical energy.

How does an electric motor work?

Go to the next slide

Simple as that!!

We have seen how electricity can produce a magnetic

field, but a magnetic field can also produce electricity!
How?
What is electromagnetic induction?
Moving a loop of wire through a magnetic field produces
an electric current. This is electromagnetic induction.
A generator is used to convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy by electromagnetic induction.

Carefully study the next diagrams:

Force on an Electric Charge Moving in

a Magnetic Field
The force on a moving charge is related to the force on a current:

Once again, the direction is given

by a right-hand rule.

Contd
Negative charge near a magnet.
A negative charge -Q is placed at rest near
a magnet. Will the charge begin to move?
Will it feel a force? What if the charge
were positive, +Q?

Contd
If a charged particle is moving
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field, its path will be a circle.

Contd
A helical path.
What is the path of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field if its
velocity is not perpendicular to the magnetic field?

Contd

Magnetism

19

Contd
The aurora borealis (northern lights) is caused by charged particles from the
solar wind spiraling along the Earths magnetic field, and colliding with air
molecules.

Contd
Velocity selector, or filter: crossed E
and B fields.
Some electronic devices and experiments
need a beam of charged particles all moving
at nearly the same velocity. This can be
achieved using both a uniform electric field
and a uniform magnetic field, arranged so
they are at right angles to each other.
Particles of charge q pass through slit S1 and
enter the region where E points into the page
and B points down from the positive plate
toward the negative plate. If the particles
enter with different velocities, show how this
device selects a particular velocity, and
determine what this velocity is.

E
FE FB 0 v
B

Hall effect
Allows the measurement of Magnetic Field
if a material is known.
Allows the determination of the type of
current carrier in semiconductors if the
magnetic field is known.
Electrons
Holes

Magnetism

22

Hall Geometry (+ Charge)

Current is moving to
the right. (vd)
Magnetic field will
force the charge to
the top.
This leaves a
relatively maximum (-)
charge on the bottom.
This creates an
electric field and a
potential difference.
Magnetism

23

Negative Carriers
Carrier is negative.
Current still to the
right.
Force pushes
negative charges to
the top.
Positive charge builds
up on the bottom.
Sign of the potential
difference is reversed.

Magnetism

24

Hall Math
Eventually, the
field due to the
Hall effect will
allow the current
to travel undeflected through
the conductor.

balance :
qvd B qE Hall q

VHall
w

or
VHall wvd B
J nevd i / A
vd

i
neA

VHall wvd B wB

i
neA

A wt
VHall wB
Magnetism

i
iB

newt
net
25

Contd
Electrons path in a uniform magnetic field.
An electron travels at 2.0 x 107 m/s in a plane perpendicular to a
uniform 0.010-T magnetic field. Describe its path quantitatively.

Can a magnetic field be used to stop a single charged particle,

as an electric field can?

q
E

FqB
v

The Magnetic Force is Different

From the Electric Force.
Whereas the electric force acts
in the same direction as the
field:

The magnetic force acts in a

direction orthogonal to the
field:

(Use Right-Hand Rule to

determine direction of F)

And
--the
charge
must
be
moving
!!
Magnetism

27

So
A moving charge can create a
magnetic field.
A moving charge is acted upon by a
magnetic field.
In Magnetism, things move.
In the Electric Field, forces and the
field can be created by stationary
charges.
Magnetism

28

Magnetic force on current

Wires
A wire with a current
contains moving
charges.
A magnetic field will
apply a force to those
moving charges.
This results in a force
on the wire itself.

The electrons sort of

PUSH on the side of the
wire.
Remember: Electrons go the other way.
Magnetism

29

The Wire in More Detail

Assume all electrons are moving
with the same velocity vd.
q it i

L
vd

F qvd B i

L
vd B iLB
vd

vector :
F iL B
L in the direction of the motion
of POSITIVE charge (i).

B out of plane of the paper

Magnetism

31

Magnetic Levitation
Magnetic Force

mg

Where does B point????

Magnetism

Into the paper.

Current = i

iLB mg
mg
B
iL
32

Contd

F
Imm12L

B
(k)

Torque on a Current Carrying Loop

Consider a small rectangular

current carrying loop in a region
permeated by a magnetic field.
Assuming a uniform magnetic
field, the force on the upper wire
is:

N.B: we considered that

the plane of the loop is
parallel with B field

Fm1

The force on the lower wire is:

Fm2

34

Contd
The forces acting on the loop have a
tendency to cause the loop to rotate about
the x-axis.
The quantitative measure of the tendency
of a force to cause or change rotational
motion is torque.

35

Contd
The torque acting on a body with respect
to a reference axis is given by

rF

distance vector from the reference axis

Contd
Hence, the torque acting on the loop is;

w
w

j Fm1 (k ) ( j ) Fm 2 (k)
2
2
w
w

ILB (i ) ILB (i)

2
2
IwLB (i) IAB(i)
Magnetic dipole moment of
the current loop

Bj B

k
The above eqn. can be rewritten as;
m
m

where m NIA

and

N represents the number of turns in the loop

Contd
The torque acting on the loop tries to align the magnetic
dipole moment of the loop with the external B field .

m B

holds in general regardless

of loop shape

General derivation of the Torque

Motors are most common apps of magnetic force on
current caring wire.
N.B: Here the plane of the
Current loop is neither parallel
nor perpendicular to B field.

The force on the top and bottom segments are vertical

and produce no torque.

Contd
Below is the top view of the loop in the left side.

Contd
So, net torque for the orientation of the
z
B
loop in part (a) is:

w
w

sin j F ( k )

sin ( j ) Fk

2
2

wF sin (i) wilB sin (i)

iAB sin (i) B B sin (i) B k Bj

or

N B B

Y
X

A Video showing Torque on current

loop

Example
Torque on a coil.
A circular coil of wire has a diameter of
20.0 cm and contains 10 loops. The
current in each loop is 3.00 A, and the coil
is placed in a 2.00-T external magnetic
field. Determine the maximum and
minimum torque exerted on the coil by the
field.

Magnetic force on a current

carrying wire: Biot-Savart Law
Biot and Savart conducted experiments on
the force exerted by an electric current on
a nearby magnet
They arrived at a mathematical expression
that gives the magnetic field at some point
in space due to a current

Biot-Savart Law Set-Up

r
The magnetic field is dB
at some point P
The length element is

r
ds

The wire is carrying a

steady current of I

Biot-Savart Law Observations

r
r
The vector dB is perpendicular to both ds
r
and to the unit vector r directed from ds
toward P
r
r
The magnitude of dB is inversely ds
proportional to r2, where r is the distance
from
to P

Biot-Savart Law Observations,

contd

r
The magnitude of dB is proportional to the

current and to the magnitude ds of the

r
length element ds
r
The magnitude of dB is proportional to sin
r
where is the angle between the ds
vectors r and

Biot-Savart Law Equation

The observations are summarized in the
mathematical equation called the Biot-Savart
law:
r I dsr r
dB o
2
4 r
The magnetic field described by the law is the
field due to the current-carrying conductor
Dont confuse this field with a field external to the
conductor

Permeability of Free Space

The constant o is called the permeability
of free space
o = 4 x 10-7 T. m / A

Total Magnetic Field

r
dB is the field created by the current in the

length segment ds
To find the total field, sum up the
contributions from all the current elements I
r
ds
r I dsr r
B o 2
4is overr the entire current
The integral
distribution

Biot-Savart Law Final Notes

The law is also valid for a current
consisting of charges flowing through
space.
r
ds represents the length of a small
segment of space in which the charges
flow
For example, this could apply to the electron
beam in a TV set

r
r
BCompared to E
Distance
The magnitude of the magnetic field varies as
the inverse square of the distance from the
source
The electric field due to a point charge also
varies as the inverse square of the distance
from the charge

r
r
B Compared to E , 2
Direction
The electric field created by a point charge is
radial in direction
The magnetic field created by a current
element isrperpendicular to both the length
element ds and the unit vector r

r
r
B Compared to E , 3
Source
An electric field is established by an isolated
electric charge
The current element that produces a magnetic
field must be part of an extended current
distribution
Therefore you must integrate over the entire
current distribution

Magnetic Field of a Straight

Wire
We intimated via magnets that the
Magnetic field associated with a
straight wire seemed to vary with 1/d.
We can now PROVE this!

Magnetism

55

From the Past

Using Magnets
Magnetism

56

Right-hand rule: Grasp the

element in your right hand
with your extended thumb
pointing in the direction of
the current. Your fingers will
then naturally curl around in
the direction of the magnetic
field lines due to that
element.

Magnetism

57

Lets Calculate the FIELD

Note:
For ALL current elements
ds X r
is into the page

Magnetism

58

The Details
0 ids sin( )
dB
4
r2
Negative portion of the wire
contributes an equal amount so we
integrate from 0 to and DOUBLE it.

0i sin( )ds
B
2 0
r2
Magnetism

59

Moving right along

r s R
2

sin sin( )

R
s2 R2

So

0i
0i
rds
B

3
/
2

2 0 s 2 R 2
2R
Magnetism

1/d

60

A bit more complicated

A finite wire

Magnetism

61

P1
NOTE : sin( ) sin( )

ds r ds r sin( )

ds

R
sin( )
r
0i ds sin( )
dB
2
4
r

r s R
Magnetism

2 1/ 2

62

More P1
L/2

0i
ds
B
3/ 2

2
2
4 L / 2 s R
and

Magnetism

0i
L
B
2R L2 4 R 2
when L ,
0i
B
2R

63

P2

0iR
ds
B
4 L s 2 R 2 3 / 2
0

or

0i
L
B
4R s 2 R 2
Magnetism

64

HOME TASK:
Find the magnetic field B at point P in for i = 10 A and a =
8.0 cm.

Magnetism

65

Circular Arc of Wire

Magnetism

66

More arc
ds

ds Rd
0 ids 0 iRd
dB

2
4 R
4 R 2

0 iRd 0i
B dB

d
2

4 R
4R 0
0
0 i
B
at point C
4R

Magnetism

67

How do you do that??

ds r 0
No Field at C

Magnetism

68

Force Between Two Current

Carrying Straight Parallel
Conductors
Wire a creates
a field at wire b

Magnetism

Current in wire b sees a

force because it is moving
in the magnetic field of a.

69

The Calculation
The FIELD at wire " b" due to
wire " a" is what we just calculated :
0ia
Bat "b"
2d
Fon "b" ib L B
Since L and B are at right angles...

0 Lia ib
F
2d
Magnetism

70

Amperes Law

d
s

i
0
enclosed

USE THE RIGHT HAND RULE IN THESE CALCULATIONS

Magnetism

71

COMPARE

d
s

i
0
enclosed

Line Integral

qenclosed
E

d
A

Surface Integral

Magnetism

72

Simple Example

Magnetism

73

Field Around a Long Straight Wire

B

d
s

i
0
enclosed

B 2r 0i

0i
B
2r
Magnetism

74

Field INSIDE a Wire

Carrying UNIFORM Current

Magnetism

75

The Calculation
B ds B ds 2rB i

0 enclosed

ienclosed

r 2
i 2
R

and
0i
B
r
2
2R

Magnetism

76

0i
2R

Magnetism

77

r
B for a Circular Loop of Wire
Consider the previous result of the half
loop, with a full circle
= 2

o I
B
4a

o I
o I

2
4a
2a

This is the field at the center of the loop

r
B for a Circular Current Loop
The loop has a
radius of R
and carries a
steady current
of I
Find the field
at point P

r
B for a Circular Current Loop
The loop has a radius
of R and carries a
steady current of I
Find the field at point P
Due to symmetry the
field along y-axis
vanishes.
The net field is along x
only and becomes;
o I a 2
Bx
3
2
2
2 a x 2

Comparison of Loops
Consider the field at the center of the
current loop
At this special point, x = 0
Then,
Bx

o I a 2

2 a x
2

o I

2a

This is exactly the same result as from the

curved wire