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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ 1
Basic Know How ......................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 1: Teaching Aptitude .................................................................................................. 3
Teaching Skills ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Teaching Methods .................................................................................................................................. 4
Teaching Aids ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Examination ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Characteristics of Measuring Good Exam .............................................................................................. 10
Evaluation ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Teacher-Parent-Student Interaction ........................................................................................................ 14
Reading .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Curriculum .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Course Syllabus...................................................................................................................................... 16
Difference between Curriculum & Syllabus ............................................................................................. 17
Time Table .............................................................................................................................................. 18
Monitoring in Education .......................................................................................................................... 18
Study Patterns ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Learning .................................................................................................................................................. 19
Learning Plans ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Overlearning ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Educational Philosophy & Contributors .................................................................................................. 23
Phobia .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Motivation ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Achievement Motivation ......................................................................................................................... 32
Intelligence ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Aptitude .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Interest.................................................................................................................................................... 34
Attitude ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Values ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Defense Mechanisms ............................................................................................................................. 35
Developmental Psychology .................................................................................................................... 35
Leadership .............................................................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER 2: Research Aptitude .................................................................................................. 39
Scientific Research ................................................................................................................................. 39
Types of Research .................................................................................................................................. 39
Diagnostic Research ............................................................................................................................... 39
Prognostic Research .............................................................................................................................. 39
Research Design..................................................................................................................................... 40
Hypothesis .............................................................................................................................................. 41
Variables ................................................................................................................................................. 44
Sampling ................................................................................................................................................ 44
Format of Scientific Reporting ................................................................................................................ 47
Types of Psychological Research ........................................................................................................... 47
Laboratory Experiment ........................................................................................................................... 47
Field Experiment ..................................................................................................................................... 47
Field Studies ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Survey Research ..................................................................................................................................... 48
Experimental Design ............................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 3: Questions on Teaching & Research Aptitude .......................................................... 52
CHAPTER 4: Education in India .................................................................................................. 58
School Education ................................................................................................................................... 58
Higher Education in India ........................................................................................................................ 60
Research in India .................................................................................................................................... 67
Scholarships ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Educational Reforms in India .................................................................................................................. 68
Copyright ................................................................................................................................................ 73
Practice Questions ................................................................................................................................. 73
CHAPTER 5: Communication ...................................................................................................... 75
Concept and Definition of Communication ............................................................................................. 75
Communication Terminology .................................................................................................................. 75
Types of Information ............................................................................................................................... 75
Importance of Communication ............................................................................................................... 75
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Characteristics of Good Communication ................................................................................................ 75

Components of Communication ............................................................................................................. 75
Objectives of Communication................................................................................................................. 76
Communication Situations...................................................................................................................... 76
Barriers to Communication ..................................................................................................................... 76
Steps to Remove Communication Barriers ............................................................................................. 77
Process of Two-Way Communication ..................................................................................................... 77
Factors affecting Communication ........................................................................................................... 77
Effective Communication ........................................................................................................................ 78
Active Listening ...................................................................................................................................... 80
Group Communication ........................................................................................................................... 80
Methods of Communication ................................................................................................................... 80
Mediums of Communication ................................................................................................................... 80
Complexities of Communication System ................................................................................................ 81
Types of Communication ........................................................................................................................ 81
Grapevine Communication ..................................................................................................................... 83
Information Overload .............................................................................................................................. 83
CHAPTER 6: Means of Communications ..................................................................................... 86
Means of Communication ....................................................................................................................... 86
Indian Space Program ............................................................................................................................ 90
CHAPTER 7: Mass Communication ............................................................................................. 93
Prasar Bharati ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Newspapers in India ............................................................................................................................... 93
Films in India ........................................................................................................................................... 95
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) ...................................................................................... 95
CHAPTER 8: Questions on Communication ................................................................................. 96
Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 99
Common Phobias ................................................................................................................................... 99

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ndsprite Solu
utions

mentt is need. Ziigartic Efffect is the tendency

t
to
o
remember incom
mplete task
k to comple
ete them.
Drive
e
person orr
Hypo
othetical construct impelling
i
animal to an action is drrive. It is a
an internal
ulus and oc
ccurs when there is a deprivation
d
n
stimu
or disturbance. It makes
s organism
ms activity
y
enhan
nced leadin
ng to elimin
nation of deprivation.
PRIM
MARY DRIVE: Hunger, th
hirst and sex

Where,
T S is
s measure of
o Tendency
y to Succee
ed
M S is
s measure of
o Motivatio
on to appro
oach Succes
ss
P S is
s subjective
e Probabilitty of Succes
ss
I S is the Incentive value of
o Success
For the
t
tendenc
cy to avoid failure

SECO
ONDARY DRIV
VE: Prestige
e, status an
nd recognition
n

Where,
T F is
s measure of
o Tendency to avoid Failure
M F is
s measure of Motivatiion to avoid
d Failure
P F is
s subjective
e Probabilitty of Failure
I F is Incentive value
v
of faiilure

Incen
ntive
Exterrnal stimuli may arous
se organism
m and directt
behavior towarrds which an organis
sm strives.
Goal is the end rresult. Positive incentiive increashe vigor off the behavior and strengthens
s
s
es th
respo
onse. E.g. praise, appreciatio
a
n, reward,
bonus, fulfillme
ent of need
ds and achievement off
desired objectiv
ve.
Figure
F
10: Process
P
of Goal
G
Achiev
vement

Frusttration
Motiv
vated beha
avior freque
ently fails to achieve
e
objec
ctive due to
o blockage when arou
usal level is
s
high. This mightt be because of poor performance
e
use in such
h a state of high arous
sal a person
n
becau
reacts to stimulii and respo
onds in an exaggerated
e
d
d
d manner. Optimum
m level off
or disorganize
arous
sal is nece
essary to initiate an
ny activity
y.
Unde
er intermediate-level arrousal, perfformance is
s
the best.
b
Person
n who is no
ot sufficiently aroused
d
tends
s to seek sttimulation that will in
ncrease the
e
level of arousal.. An arouse
ed person should
s
seek
k
e and quiett for reducing stimula
ation.
peace

ACH
HIEVEMEN
NT MOTIV
VATION
Tendency to sttrive for excellence against
a
sett
dards is ach
hievement motivation.
m
McClelland
d
stand
expla
ains achieve
ement as ex
xcellence in
n individualistic effort whille Murray explains
e
it as psychogenic
c need.

Succ
cess and
d Failure Motives
s
There
e are two ttypes of motives
m
in an
a achievementt situation:
Mottive to achiieve succes
ss
Mottive to avoiid failure
Atkin
nson who studied both above ph
henomenon
n
expla
ained achie
evement motivation
m
as conflictt
outco
ome betwee
en two tend
dencies:
Ten
ndency to succeed
Ten
ndency to avoid failure
Both are determined by th
hree variab
bles namely
y,
mottivation, ex
xpectancy and
a
incentive.
For the tenden
ncy to succeed
=

Cha
aracteris
stics
Mottivation (AM)

of
o

Achiievemen
nt

Peo
ople with high
h
AM pre
efer to work
k on moderrate
ely challeng
ging tasks, which
w
prom
mise success
s.
Peo
ople with high
h
AM lik
ke tasks in which theiir
perrformance can be com
mpared to others.
o
Peo
ople with high
h
AM tend to be persistent
p
in
wo
orking on ta
asks that th
hey perceiv
ve as caree
er
related especially in tim
me of advers
sity.
Peo
ople with high
h
AM in
ncline to work
w
on th
he
tas
sks where some
s
degre
ee of control over outtcom
me is possible.
Peo
ople with high
h
AM are open in interaction
ns
and
d readily use participative methods.
hen people with high AM
A people are success
s Wh
full, they tend
d to raise th
he level of achievemen
a
nt
in a realistic way.
w
Peo
ople with high
h
AM hav
ve low fear of future.
Peo
ople with high AM are restless, en
nergetic and
strrive for reas
sonable adv
venture.

Factors
Affecting
A
g
Mottivation

Achiievemen
nt

Achievement motive
m
is a social motive.
m
It is
i
ely learnt and differentiated in
n early life
e.
large
Acco
ording to McClelland
d, children
n with high
achie
evement motivation
m
come
c
from families:
Wh
here child is motivated
d to be selff-reliant
Wh
here child has
h limited restrictions on action
ns
Wh
here parentts are loving and carin
ng
Wh
here parentts reward th
he childs achievemen
a
nt
beh
havior
Wh
here family size is small
Mo
ostly in the middle cla
ass

Step
ps to Promotte
Mottivation

Achiievemen
nt

Follo
owing steps are taken
n to promo
ote achieve
ement motivatio
on in indiviiduals:
Ma
ake them learn to analyze the perrsonal goalls
and
d take them
m as challen
nges.
(1)

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sprite Solutio
ons holds the copyrigh
ht for this do
ocument. Reproduction by
b any mean
ns electronic
c or physicall
www.examrace.com
(including photoc
copy) is proh
hibited. Viola
ators will be
e prosecuted
d to the greatest extent by
b law.

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ace (www exa
amrace com))

Internatiional School Education Boa

ards:
Some schools in India are affiliiated to Internaccalaureate IB set up in
n 1968 by InterI
tional Bac
national B
Baccalaurea
ate Organiz
zation base
ed in
Geneva, S
Switzerland
d but thes
se are justt few
affluent schools that offers pro
ograms of interi
education to
o over 2,257 schools in
n 126
national e
countries. Some sch
hools are also conne
ected
with Univ
versity of Cambridg
ge Internattional
Examinatiions (UCIE)) for students of age 5-19
years & m
more than 9000 schools in overr 160
countries are part off this progrram.
State Gov
vernment Boards: Majority
M
of children are e
enrolled in various sta
ate boards..
Islamic M
Madrasah Schools: These sch
hools
boards arre controlled by loca
al state governments wh
hich can be autonomo
ous, or affiliated
with Daru
ul Uloom, Deoband.
D
Autonom
mous Schoo
ols: Schools
s like Woodstock
School, P
Patha Bhav
van, Aurov
ville, & An
nanda
Marga Gurukula are autonomou
us in nature.

Importan
I
nt Schoo
ols

- 59 -

Mindspritte Solutions

schools & has its he

eadquarters in New Delhi.
Currently there
t
are 1085 KVs off which 108
81 are
in India & 4 are locate
ed abroad.
Jawahar Navodaya
N
V
Vidyalayas
s (JNVs)
These are Indian
I
scho
ools for tale
ented child
dren &
are part of system of gifted
g
education with aim
a
to
g
qualiity modern
n educatio
on to
provide good
children mainly
m
com
ming from rural areas
s irrespective off their famiily's socio-economic condic
tion selectted by adm
mission process. The
ey are
located across India except Tam
mil Nadu and
a
as
per 2010, they
t
number around 5
593 JNVs.
Doon Scho
ool
Doon Scho
ool set up in 1935 is spread ov
ver 70
acres in De
ehradun, Uttarakhand & is independent
school in India. It was
s founded by
b Satish Ranjan
R
Das & its first headm
master was
s Arthur E. Foot,
previously
y science ma
aster at Eton
n College. School
S
has total of around 48
80 students
s of which 80
8 are
umni grad
duated
in graduatting class & total alu
since its in
nception is estimated at 5,000.
Indian Army Public
c Schools
Army Publlic School (APS)
(
is a system
s
of public
p
schools with 125 sc
chools acro
oss India & are
d to provid
de educatio
on to childrren of
established
the Indian armed forrces person
nnel. Schoo
ols are
controlled by AWES (Army We
elfare Educ
cation
Society) & follow
f
CBSE
E pattern. APS,
A
Dhaula Kuan,
New Delhi is the lead
ding school in India & APS,
Pune has been awarde
ed with the highest aca
ademic excellence among all
a APSs in India. Majorr APSs
are

Central
C
Sc
chools (K
Kendriya Vidhalaya
V
s or
KVs)
K
These
T
were
e establishe
ed in 1965 & is syste
em of
central
c
gov
vernment sc
chools under MHRD, GoI
G &
is
i since the
en affiliated
d to CBSE. Across Ind
dia, it
follows
f
un
niform curriculum to
o ensures that
children
c
off governme
ent employ
yees dont have
educational
e
l disadvanta
ages when their
t
parentts are
transferred
t
. Body kn
nown as Central Sc
chool
Organizatio
O
on oversees
s this functtioning of these
t
Table 15: Army
A
Public
c Schools in India
Dh
haula Kuan, New Delhi
Binnaguri
B
Kota
K
Chandimandi
C
ir Cantt, Pan
nchkula
Ambala
A
Canttt
Akhnoor,
A
Jam
mmu & Kashm
mir
Beas,
B
Punjab
Gorakhpur
G
Dagshai
D
Bengdubi
B
Ja
alandhar, Pu
unjab
Bathinda
B
Kolkata
K

Arm
my Public Sc
chools
Lucknow
Pithoragarh
h
Pune
Bikaner
Jodhpur
Jhansi
Babina Canttt
Noida
Ramakrishn
napuram, Sik
kandarabad
Bolarum, Sik
kandarabad
Mumbai
Lansdowne,, Uttarakhan
nd
Patiala

Udhamp
pur
Kalucha
ak, Jammu
Narangii (Guwahati)
Basistha (Guwahati))
Meerut
Roorkee
e
Ahmadn
nagar
Shillong
g
Nahan
Jaipur
Bangalo
ore
Mamun Military Sta
ation, Pathan
nkot
Pathank
kot

one is at Re
ewari (Hary
yana) which
h started in April,
2009. Its aiim is to brin
ng quality public
p
educ
cation
Sainik
S
Schools
for commo
on child, alll-round pe
ersonality develd
These
T
were established as joint venturre of
opment, & removal of regiona
al imbalan
nce in
central
c
& sttate govern
nments & arre under ov
verall
officers cadre & prrepare boy
ys academically,
governance
g
e of Sainik Schools
S
Soc
ciety. Curre
ently,
A
Forc
ces by
physically,, & mentallly to join Armed
there
t
are 24
4 Sainik Sch
hools in Ind
dia & the re
ecent
National Defense Aca
ademy (NDA
A).
Table 16
6: Sainik Schools in Ind
dia

Defense
D
Training
g & Scho
ools

Am
maravathina
agar, Tamil Nadu
N
Am
mbikapur, Chhattisgarh
Ba
alachadi, Gujarat
Bh
hubaneswar,, Orissa
Biijapur, Karna
ataka

Sainik Scho
ools
Imphal, Manipu
ur
Kap
purthala Pun
njab
Kaz
zhakootam, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerrala
Kodagu, Karnataka
Korukonda, An
ndhra Prades
sh

Pung
galwa, Nagaland
Puru
ulia, West Ben
ngal
Rewa
a, Madhya Prradesh
Rewa
ari, Haryana
Sujan
npur Tihra, Himachal

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M
Solutions holds
h
the cop
pyright for th
his documen
nt. Reproduc
ction by any means electtronic or phy
ysical
www.examrace.com
(including ph
hotocopy) is
s prohibited.. Violators will
w be prosec
cuted to the greatest exttent by law.

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ace (www exa
amrace com))

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Mindspritte Solutions

CHAP
PTER 7: MASS
M
CO
OMMUN
NICATION
N
PRASAR BHARATII

Rehabilittation Policy & Law

Prasar
P
Bharrati was esta
ablished on
n 23rd November
1997
1
& Indiias public service
s
broa
adcaster witth All
India
I
Radio
o & Doorda
arshan as itts two cons
stituents.
e
It aims to organiz
ze & conduct public broadcasting
c
serv
vices to inform, educ
cate & ente
ertain
people
p
& en
nsure balanced development of broadcasting
c
on radio & TV. Objecttives of Prasar
P
Bharati
B
Act, 1990 are:
Uphold In
ndias unity & integrity
y & the cons
stitutional valu
ues.

Doordar
rshan

Promote awareness on women

ns issues, children, aged
d, & other vulnerable
v
s
sections
of society.

One of the worlds

s largest TV netwo
ork is
Doordarsh
han, a Public
c Service Brroadcaster & was
initiated in
n New Delh
hi on 15th September 1959
with hou
ur programm
ming to tran
nsmit educational & develo
opment pro
ograms on an experim
mental
basis.
V service was started as part of AIR
A in
Regular TV
Delhi in 19
965, in Mum
mbai in 197
72, in Kolk
kata in
1975, & in
n Chennai in 1975. Doordarsha
D
an got
established
d on 15th Se
eptember 1976
1
& intrroduction of color TVs in
n 1982 coin
nciding with 9th
Asian Gam
mes which were held
d in New Delhi
leading to
o major broadcasting
g revolutio
on in
India. It ex
xpanded and in 1984, nearly everry day
saw transm
mitter insta
allation in India.
Doordarsh
han Programming
Doordarsh
han has 3-tier program service at
National, Regional
R
& Local.
L
National service aims to prrovide even
nts &
issues off interest to
o the entire
e nation.

Provide g
good coverrage to va
arious culttures,
sports & g
games, & yo
outh affairs
s.

ents & issu

ues of
Regional service aiims on eve
interest to
t people of
o specific state.
s

guard rightts of
Promote social justice, safeg
laborers, minorities,, & tribal co
ommunities.

Local serrvice caterrs to the needs

n
of people
p
living witthin reach of
o particula
ar transmitter by
area spec
cific progra
ams in loca
al dialects.

Promote national
n
inttegration.
Safeguard
d peoples rights
r
& to inform them on
all public interest issues
Present fa
air & balanc
ced informa
ation flow.
Give spec
cial attentio
on to educa
ation & lite
eracy,
agriculturre, rural dev
velopment,, health & fa
amily
welfare, & science & technology
y.

Expand broadcastin
b
ng facilities, promote
e research & develop
d
bro
oadcast tec
chnology.

All
A India
a Radio
In
I India, rradio broad
dcasting started in early
1920s
1
& 1st program was
w broadca
asted in 192
23 by
Radio
R
Club
b of Bomba
ay. This was
w
followe
ed by
establishme
e
ent of Broa
adcasting Services
S
in 1927
with
w
2 priv
vate-owned transmitte
ers at Bomb
bay &
Calcutta.
C
In
n 1930, GoI took over the
t transmiitters
& started op
perating the
em as Indian Broadca
asting
Service
S
wh
hich later in 1936 chan
nged to All India
Radio
R
(AIR) & in 1957 was known
n as Akashv
vani.
Governmen
G
nt programs
s are given regular
r
pub
blicity
covering
c
12
2 themes viiz.
Sarva Siks
sha Abhiyan

Doordarsh
han Chann
nels
Number give in the bracket denote total nu
umnnels.
ber of chan
NATIONAL CHANNELS (5): DD1, DD Bharatti, DD
Sports, DD
D News, & DD Urdu.
REGIONAL LANGUAGE SATELLITE CHANNELS
H
(11
1): DD
North-East, DD Beng
gali, DD Orriya, DD Pu
unjabi,
arati, DD Kannada,
K
D Kashmir, DD
DD
DD Guja
Malayalam, DD Sahyadris, DD
D Podhigai, & DD
Saptagiri.
REGIONAL STATE NETW
WORK (11): Bihar,
B
Jhark
khand,
Haryana, Uttarakh
hand, Him
machal Pra
adesh,
garh, Madh
hya Pradesh
h, Uttar Pra
adesh,
Chhattisg
Rajasthan
n, Mizoram
m, & Tripura
a.

Mid-day M
Meal Schem
me

INTERNATIONAL CHANN
NEL (1): DD India.
I

Rajiv Gandhi Drinkin

ng Water Mission

DD DIREC
CT + (1): It is Doordar
rshan free--to-air
Direct-to-Home serv
vice & was initiated on 16th
Decembe
er 2004.

Total Saniitation Cam

mpaign
National R
Rural Health Mission
Integrated
d Child Dev
velopment Services
National Rural
R
Emplo
oyments Gu
uarantee Sch
heme
Jawaharla
al Nehru National Urban
U
Ren
newal
Mission
Implemen
nt Schedule
ed Tribes & Other
O
Tradiitional Forest D
Dwellers (Re
ecognition of Forest Riights)
Act, 2006
Programs For Minoriity Welfare
Programs for Workerrs in Unorg
ganized Sec
ctor

DD BHARA
ATI (1): It wa
as launched
d on 26th January
2002 & shows
s
focu
us on adventure, quiz
z contests, fin
ne arts & paintings,
p
c
crafts
& designs,
cartoons, talent hunts along with
w
Meri Baat
ve phone sh
how with young
y
which is 1 hour liv
people.

NEWSPAP
PERS IN INDIA
Scheduled publicatio
on having current news,
events, infformative articles, va
aried featu
ures &
advertising
g is known
n as newsp
paper & the
ey are
measured on two diimensions viz., circulation

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M
Solutions holds
h
the cop
pyright for th
his documen
nt. Reproduc
ction by any means electtronic or phy
ysical
www.examrace.com
(including ph
hotocopy) is
s prohibited.. Violators will
w be prosec
cuted to the greatest exttent by law.