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AER 1304LG
AER 1304LG
AER 1304LG
AER 1304LG
AER 1304LG
Simplified Analysis:
Objective is to find a simple analytical expression
for the laminar flame speed.
Assumptions:
1-D, constant area, steady-flow.
Kinetic/potential energies, viscous effects, thermal
radiation are all neglected.
Pressure is assumed constant across the flame.
Diffusion of heat and mass are governed by
Fouriers and Ficks laws, respectively.
6. Laminar Premixed Flames
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Assumptions (Contd):
The Lewis number is unity,
k
Le
=
D
cp D
(6.3)
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Conservation Laws:
Mass conservation:
d(vx )
=0
dx
or
(Turns 7.4a)
m
= vx = constant
(Turns 7.4b)
Species conservation:
dm
i
=m
i
dx
6. Laminar Premixed Flames
(Turns 7.9)
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=m
i
(Turns 7.8)
+1
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=m
F
m
(6.6a)
dx
dx
- Oxidizer:
dYOx
m
dx
p
Q
d D dYdxOx
dx
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= m
F
(6.6b)
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- Products:
dYPr
m
dx
p
Q
Pr
d D dY
dx
dx
= ( + 1)m
F
(6.6c)
Energy Conservation:
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d
dT =
dT
m
cp
(Dcp )
=
hof,i m
i
dx
dx
dx
(6.7a)
RHS of Eqn.6.7a can be written as,
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hof,i m
i = [hof,F m
F + hof,Ox m
F
hof,Pr ( + 1)m
F]
or
hof,i m
i = m
F hc
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p
Q
dT
d
k
dx
dT
1
m
F hc
m
=
dx
cp
dx
cp
(6.7b)
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- Boundary Conditions:
- Upstream:
T (x ) = Tu
(6.9a)
dT
( ) = 0
dx
(6.9b)
T (x +) = Tb
(6.9c)
dT
( +) = 0
dx
(6.9d)
- Downstream:
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=Tb
=
k dT 0
hc
=
m
F dx
m
T
cp dx 0
cp
Tu
hc
m
(Tb Tu ) =
cp
m
F dx
(6.10)
(6.11)
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=
or dx =
dT
dx
Tb Tu
(6.12)
m
(Tb Tu ) =
cp (Tb Tu )
8Tb
m
F dT
Tu
(6.13)
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1
(Tb Tu )
8Tb
m
F dT
(6.14)
hc
m
F
m
(Tb Tu ) =
cp
(6.15)
Tu
- We obtain,
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dT
Tb Tu
=
dx
20
(6.16)
(6.12)
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(6.17)
(6.18)
- and
= 2k/(cp m
)
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(6.19)
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- or
2 =1/2
u
=
F
( + 1)m
= 2/SL
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(6.20)
(6.21a)
(6.21b)
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(6.27)
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SL T0.375 Tu Tb
n
2
T0.375 Tb
E = n2
A
exp
P 2
2Ru Tb
E =
A
n
exp
P 2
2Ru Tb
(6.29)
(6.30)
Strong dependence on T :
- on both Tu and Tb .
Flame thickness is inversely proportional to SL .
For n 2, SL is independent of P !
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(6.32)
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(6.33)
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Energy balance: Equate heat produced by chemical reactions to heat loss by conduction to walls:
Q V = Q cond,tot
(6.34)
F ,
Volumetric heat release rate Q is related to m
F hc
(6.35)
Q = m
where
F
m
(Tb Tu )
8Tb
m
F dT
(6.14)
Tu
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Qcond = kA
(6.36)
e
dx e
Tw
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The temperature gradient dT /dx is not straightforward to evaluate. A lower bound would be:
(Tb Tw )
(d/2)
where a linear distribution from centerline to the
wall is assumed. dT /dx is likely to be greater
than this, so we introduce a constatnt b defined as
e dT e (T T )
e
e
b
w
(6.37)
e
e
dx
(d/b)
where b > 2.
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(6.38a)
(m
F hc )(dL) = k(2L)
(d/b)
or
2kb(Tb Tw )
d =
F hc
m
2
(6.38b)
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and
F =1/2
m
SL = 2( + 1)
u
(6.20)
hc = ( + 1)cp (Tb Tu )
Then, Eqn.6.38b reads
or
d = 2 b /SL
(6.39a)
d= b
(6.39b)
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Flammability Limits:
A premixed laminar flame will propagate only
within a range of mixture strengths:
- Lower limit (lean limit) of flammability,
< 1.
- Upper limit (rich limit) of flammability,
> 1.
Flammability limits are frequently quoted as percent of fuel by volume in the mixture, or as a percentage of the stoichiometric fuel requirement.
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Ignition:
Our focus will be on minimum ignition energy.
We limit our discussion to ignition of a premixed
gas by a spark.
Spark ignition is used in:
- Gas turbine engines
- Gasoline engines (spark-ignition engines)
- Industrial, commercial, and residential burners
Ignition energy and its dependence on T and P .
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(6.40)
e
e
dT
e
2
= k4Rcrit
e
dr e
(6.41)
Rcrit
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e
e
dT e
e
dr e
Rcrit
(Tb Tu )
=
Rcrit
(6.42)
3k(Tb Tu )
=
F hc
m
(6.43)
F in terms of
Using Eqn.6.20, we can express m
SL or .
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(6.44b)
Rcrit = ( 6/2)
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(6.45)
3
where mcrit = b 4Rcrit
/3, then
(6.46)
cp
Eign = 61.6P
Rb
Tb
SL
(6.47)
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(6.27)
SL T0.375 Tu Tb
E = n2
A
exp
P 2
2Ru Tb
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(6.29)
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(6.48a)
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Flame Stabilization:
Important design criteria: avoid flashback and
liftoff.
In flashback, flame enters and propagates through
the burner upstream without quenching.
In liftoff, flame is not attached to the burner, but
stabilized at a distance from it.
Flashback: safety hazard.
Liftoff: issues related to incomplete burning, ignition problems, control of the flame position.
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