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Human-Computer
Interaction
Cezary Bolek
performance
As computer became more widespread new terms: ManMachine Interaction and Human Computer Interaction
What is HCI ?
It must be:
The human
Humans are limited on their capacity to process
The Human
information
Information is received and responses given via
number of input and output channels:
visual, auditory, haptic, movement
Information Processing
Vision
Attention
Sensory
Store
Perception
Decision &
Response
selection
Action
Effector
Short
Term
Memory
Long
Term
Memory
Retina
Cornea
Optic nerves
(blind spot)
Lens
Mechanism for
receiving light and
transforming it
into electrical
energy:
Pupil
Visual
angle
Iris
Sclera
Muscles
Visual
angle
Colour
made up of hue (wave length), intensity, saturation (share of
whiteness)
cones sensitive to colour wavelengths
blue acuity is lowest
8% males and 1% females colour blind
Optical Illusions
Reading
Several stages:
regressions)
Perception occurs during fixation periods (94% of
reading time)
Word shape is important to recognition (removing the
word shape clues, e.g. by capitalization, is detrimental
to reading speed and accuracy)
Hearing
Provides information about environment:
distances, directions, objects etc.
Physical apparatus:
outer ear protects inner and amplifies sound
middle ear transmits sound waves as
Hearing (cont)
Humans can hear frequencies from 20Hz to 15kHz
can distinguish frequency changes of less than 1.5Hz at low
frequencies
less accurate distinguishing high frequencies than low.
inner ear
Sound
pitch
loudness
timbre
sound frequency
amplitude
type or quality
Touch
Provides important feedback about environment.
Movement
Time taken to respond to stimulus:
reaction time + movement time
~ 200ms
~ 150 ms
~ 700ms
Movement (cont)
Speed and accuracy of movement are important
considerations in the design of interactive systems.
Memory
There are three types of memory function:
SENSORY
Memory
Iconic
Echoic
Haptic
Attention
SHORT-TERM
Memory
(working)
Rehearsal
LONG-TERM
Memory
Conclusions:
Sensory memory
Buffers for stimuli received through senses
iconic memory: visual stimuli
echoic memory: aural stimuli
haptic memory: tactile stimuli
Example
stereo sound (sounds reach the ears with different delays and
stored in sensory memory what allows to detect the direction
of the source)
Continuously overwritten
Cezary Bolek. Department of Computer Science. University of Lodz
STM - Examples
Multiply 35 x 6
(6x5, memory, 6x30, memory, add results)
(2x3=6, so 2x35=70, so 3x70 -> result)
Capacity 72 characters
212348278493202
Two types
episodic
semantic
data
Typesubtype relationships
DOG
COLLIE
Fixed
legs: 4
Default
diet: carniverous
sound: bark
Variable
size
colour
Fixed
breed of: DOG
type: sheepdog
Default
size: 65 cm
Variable
colour
Result:
Props:
Entry conditions
Result
Props
Roles
Scenes
Tracks
Roles:
dog better
owner poorer
vet richer
examination table
medicine
instruments
situation
vet examines
diagnoses
treats
owner brings dog in
pays
takes dog out
Scenes:
arriving at reception
waiting in room
examination
paying
Tracks:
Condition/action rules
if condition is matched
then use rule to determine action.
LTM - Operations
LTM - Forgetting
Two phenomena:
Decay
Information is lost gradually but very slowly
Interference
New information replaces old: retroactive interference
Old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition
so may not forget at all, but memory is selective
LTM - retrieval
Recall
information reproduced from memory can be
assisted by cues, e.g. categories, imagery
Recognition
information gives knowledge that it has been seen
before
less complex than recall - information is cue
Deductive Reasoning
Thinking
Deduction:
Derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises.
e.g.
Reasoning
deduction, induction, abduction
Problem solving
Deduction (cont.)
Correct?
Inductive Reasoning
Induction:
Generalize: from cases seen to cases unseen
e.g.
All elephants we have seen have trunks,
Therefore all elephants have trunks.
These grains come from this sack.
They are white.
All grains in sack are white
Unreliable:
Can only prove false not true
but useful!
10
Wason's cards
7 E 4 K
Abductive reasoning
If a card has a vowel on one side it has an even number on the other
Is this true?
How many cards do you need to turn over to find out?
. and which cards?
Common response: E i 4.
Negative evidence: if we can find a card which has an odd number on one side
and vowel on the other, we have disproved the statement.
Unreliable:
Can lead to false explanations
Therefore: E i 7.
Cezary Bolek. Department of Computer Science. University of Lodz
Problem solving
Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task using
knowledge.
Several theories.
Gestalt theory
Created be behaviourists
Based on idea of duplicating known reactions (tries, mistakes)
Problem solving both productive and reproductive
Productive draws on insight and restructuring of problem
Attractive but not enough evidence to explain `insight' etc.
Move away from behaviourism and led towards information
processing theories
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Errors
Types of error
Analogical mapping:
novel problems in new domain?
use knowledge of similar problem from similar domain
Skill acquisition
Skilled activity (experience) bases on chunking and categorization
solutions
Chunked (grouped) information results in optimizing of STM usage
Slips
Right intention, but failed to do it right
Causes: poor physical skill, inattention etc.
Change to aspect of skilled behaviour can cause slip
Mistakes
wrong intention
Cause: incorrect understanding
Humans create mental models to explain behaviour.
If wrong model (different from actual system) errors can occur
Emotion
Various theories of how emotion works
James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a physiological
response to a stimuli
Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our
physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we
are in
Emotion (cont.)
The biological response to physical stimuli is called
affect
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Emotion (cont.)
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