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5 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
muhd hafizi Idris
Surya Hardi
19 PUBLICATIONS 23 CITATIONS
18 PUBLICATIONS 11 CITATIONS
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Zamri Hasan
Yazhar Yatim
10 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS
9 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS
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I. INTRODUCTION
Faults occurrence at transmission line can be due to many
circumstances such as tree or crane encroachment, lightning
strike, insulation failure, instrument transformer explosion,
animal intervention, and many others [1]. Fault can be
classified as symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. Three
phase fault is the only symmetrical fault. Single phase to
ground fault, phase to phase fault, double phase to ground
fault and three phase to ground fault are unsymmetrical faults
[2].
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
37
Parameters
Phase to ground voltage of red
phase from local substation.
Phase to ground voltage of yellow
phase from local substation
Phase current of red phase from
local substation
Phase to ground voltage of red
phase from remote substation
Phase to ground voltage of yellow
phase from remote substation
Phase current of red phase from
remote substation
Line impedance
Fault location
Symbols
VRA
Unit
kV
VYA
kV
IRA
VRB
kV
VYB
kV
IRB
ZL
m
Per unit
The voltage difference between red and yellow phase lines is,
RF
RF
(2)
R FA xR FB R FA
(1)
R FB
(7)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
TABLE II
SOURCE, TRANSMISSION LINE AND FAULT PARAMETERS.
Parameters
Value
Unit
Source
Voltage
132
Phase angle of phase A
0
Nominal frequency
50
3 phase short circuit MVA
1044
X/R ratio
1
Transmission Line
Line length
47
Positive sequence resistance
0.045531917
Zero sequence resistance
0.151489359
Positive sequence inductance
0.0006176566
Zero sequence inductance
0.001533982
Positive sequence capacitance
1e-9
Zero sequence capacitance
1e-9
Fault
Fault resistance
2, 10
Fault location
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
40, 45
38
kV
degree
Hz
MVA
km
/ km
/ km
H / km
H / km
F / km
F / km
km
%Error
Calculated R F
TABLE III
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR RF = 2 WITH VARIED FAULT LOCATION
Fault location from local
substation
RFA ()
RFB ()
Calculated RF ()
% Error
5 km
10 km
15 km
20 km
25 km
30 km
35 km
40 km
45 km
3.36
5.048
2.017
0.85
3.42
4.731
1.985
0.75
3.619
4.436
1.993
0.35
3.863
4.161
2.003
0.15
4.07
3.929
1.999
0.05
4.326
3.728
2.002
0.1
4.607
3.46
1.976
1.2
4.922
3.304
1.977
1.15
5.264
3.336
2.042
2.1
TABLE IV
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR RF = 10 WITH VARIED FAULT LOCATION
Fault location from
local substation
RFA ()
RFB ()
Calculated RF ()
% Error
5 km
10 km
15 km
20 km
25 km
30 km
35 km
40 km
45 km
16.58
25.17
9.996
0.04
17.26
23.65
9.978
0.22
18.26
22.13
10.005
0.05
19.22
20.84
9.999
0.01
20.35
19.66
10
0
21.61
18.6
9.996
0.04
22.96
17.73
10.004
0.04
24.55
16.81
9.978
0.22
26.34
15.76
9.86
1.4
39
(2) and (5). Then by using (7), the actual fault resistance can
be estimated by calculating the equivalent fault resistance of
parallel connection between those two fault resistances
calculated earlier. The results proved that the calculated fault
resistance is almost similar to actual fault resistance by small
error and the different fault locations can be said that do not
influence the fault resistance calculation. Fault resistance
estimation in transmission line fault analysis is very important
because it has a great effect on the accuracy of fault location.
By accurately estimates the fault resistance, compensation can
be made to fault location algorithm thus accurate fault location
can be gained.
Fault Resistance ()
4.731
4.436
4
3.619
3.42
3.36
4.326
4.161 4.07
3.863 3.929 3.728
4.607
3.46
4.922
5.264
3.304 3.336
RFA
RFB
Calculated RF
Actual RF
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
VI. REFERENCES
Fault Resistance ()
25
26.34
23.65
22.13
20
16.58 17.26
15
18.26
21.61
20.84 20.35
19.22 19.66 18.6
22.96
17.73
[2]
[3]
24.55
16.81
15.76
[4]
RFA
10
RFB
Calculated RF
Actual RF
[5]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
[6]
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the theory developed to calculate fault
resistance value for phase to phase fault. First the fault
resistances seen from both substations will be calculated using
40