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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the progress report of the thesis entitled, INPUT POWER
FACTOR CORRECTION OF SINGLE PHASE AC TO DC CONVERTER CIRCUIT
USING BUCK CONVERTER submitted by
1. AKSHYAT DAS (REGD NO- 1241013200)
2. DIVYA SINGH
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree
in Electrical Engineering at INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH under
S O A UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR, is an authentic work carried out by the group of
students under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge the matter embodied
in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any degree
or diploma.
DECLARATION
We certify that
a. The work contained in this report is original and has been done by us under the guidance
of our supervisor.
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma.
c. We have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the report.
d. We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of
the Institute.
e. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from other
sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the report and
giving their details in the references.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our heartiest gratitude and sincere thanks to our mentor
and project guide Mr. Tapas Kumar Mohapatra, Assistant Professor, Department of
Electrical Engineering, ITER, Siksha O Anusandhan University for providing us
the necessary guidance to carry out our project work. We would like to take this
opportunity to thank him for his constant support and encouragement and guiding
us throughout our work which would not have been possible without his guidance,
support and motivation.
Further, we would like to thank all the laboratory and administrative staff members
of Department of Electrical Engineering for their humble cooperation and support.
We would also take this opportunity to give thanks to all others who have helped
us throughout our project and study at our institute.
ABSTRACT
Power Factor Correction (PFC) involves two techniques, Active PFC and Passive
PFC. In our project work we have designed an active power factor circuit using
Buck Converter for improving the power factor. Average Current Mode Control
method has been implemented with buck converter to observe the effect of the
active power factor corrector on the power factor. The advantage of using Buck
Converter in power factor correction circuits is that better line regulation is
obtained with appreciable power factor.
ABBREVIATIONS
4
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CONTENTS
1. CHAPTER- 1 :- Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Literature Survey
1.4 Technical Objective
1.5 Impact of the Project Work in
1.5.1 Global Context
1.5.2 Economic Context
1.5.3 Environmental Context
1.5.4 Social Context
1.6 Contemporary issues in Modern Global Context
1.6.1 Description
1.6.2 Distinction
1.6.3 Evaluation
1.7 Organisation of Thesis
2. CHAPTER-2: System Design
2.1 Power Factor Correction (PFC)
2.2 Need of PFC
8
10
11
1.1 INTRODUCTION:Power Factor is an important performance parameter of a system. And improving power factor is
very much essential for the better and economical performance of the system. If the power factor
of a system at a given power requirement is poor, then large value of Volt Amperes or large
amount of current is required by the system which is drawn from the supply. Hence it is seen that
various measures are taken to improve the power factor of a system.
[1] describes the use and design of a Boost pre-regulator for the Power Factor Correction. And
[2] describes the design, use and analysis of Buck Converter for power Factor Correction. While
[3] compares various DC-DC Converter topologies for Power Factor Correction.
The basic purpose of a Power Factor Correction circuit is to make the line current follow the
waveform of the line voltage so that the input to the power supply becomes purely resistive or
behaves like a resistor and hence to improve the power factor.
Our project work makes the use of Buck Converter in the Power Factor Correction circuit so as
to improve the power factor. Our project work starts with the description of Power Factor and
other performance parameters associated with it in detail and then with the study and analysis of
Buck Converter and with the advantages of using Buck Converter for Power Factor Correction.
We started our project work with the study and analysis of power factor of a system by doing
simulations on MATLAB Software using full wave rectifier in the beginning. After studying and
analyzing the input current and voltage waveforms and the power factor of the system using
Rectifier circuit, we introduced a Buck Converter in the circuit and then analyzed its effect in
improving the power factor of the system.
1.2 MOTIVATION:
The Input Power Factor Correction technology has been developed now at a reasonably
matured level for acdc conversion with reduced harmonic currents, high power factor,
low electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) at input
ac mains and well-regulated and good quality dc output to feed loads ranging from
12
It has been revolutionized in the last couple of decade with varying configurations,
control approaches, solid-state devices, circuit integration, varying magnetics, etc., for
features such as boost, buck, buckboost, and multilevel with unidirectional and
bidirectional power flow.
A large number of Input Power Facor Correction configurations have been evolved to
suit vastly varying requirements of different applications while maintaining a high level
of quality at the input ac source and output dc loads.
The power quality has become an important issue . With the increasing use of these
converters at vast varying power and voltage levels, these IPQC are classified in four
major categories, namely buck, boost, buckboost, and multilevel converters with a high
level of power quality at the input ac source
and at dc output.
By using Buck topology through simulations, the objective is to maintain the power
factor nearer to unity and fulfil the load demand and thereby to reduce power loss,
harmonic distortions, improve efficiency and reduce fluctuations in dc output loads.
1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY:Input Power Factor Correction Techniques are classified on the basis of topology and type
ofconverter used. The topology-based classification is categorized on the basis of boost, buck,
buckboost, multilevel, unidirectional and bidirectional voltage, current, and power flow.
Theconverter type can be step-up and step-down choppers, voltage source and current-source
inverters, bridge structure, etc. These are classified as boost, buck, buckboost, and multilevel
with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. Buck Converter is a combination of diode
rectifier with step-down chopper with input and output filters. Its performance is improved using
a ripple filter at dc output for reducing harmonics in ac mains and ripples at dc output voltage.
Nowadays, it is also developed using a diode rectifier with filter and various combinations of dc
dc converter with and withouthigh-frequency transformer isolation. Whereas, Boost Converter is
a combination of diode bridge rectifier and step-up dc chopper with filtering and energy storage
elements. There using the concept of interleaved and multicell to improve their performance.
High-frequency PWM and hysteresis current control techniques are used in the control of inner
13
current loop and wide-bandwidth closed-loop controllers in outer voltage loop of these
converters to provide fast response and high level of power quality at input ac mains and dc
output. These converters are developed in both nonisolated and isolated circuit configurations. It
is a combination of diode rectifier with buckboost dcdc converters. Since buckboost
converters are developed in nonisolated and isolated topologies, a large number of configurations
is also reported, such as a combination of buck and boost or vice versa, buckboost, flyback,
SEPIC, Zeta, Cuk, etc. These are now cascaded with a diode rectifier to improve power quality at
the ac mains with required variable controllable output dc voltage to meet the need of specific
applications. High-frequency transformer isolation provides voltage adjustment for better
control, safety on load equipment, compactness, reduced weight, size, losses, and their suitability
to the varying applications. Moreover, it needs only a single switch which is inherently capable
of giving regulated dc output with reduced ripple and high power factor and low THD at the ac
mains through proper control. The concept of soft switching using resonant circuits is also used
to reduce switching stresses and losses in the devices to operate at high switching frequency to
further reduce the size of magnetics and energy storage elements. Bidirectional acdc converters
consist of basic converters normally used in inverters such as pushpull, half-bridge, voltagesource inverters, current-source inverters employing MOSFETs for low-power, IGBTs for
medium-power, and GTOs for high-power converters. These acdc converters are extensively
employed for adjustable-speed drives used to drive active loads.
1.4 TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE:Now-a-days, due to huge applications of electronic equipments has resulted in a huge variety of
electronic devices requiring mains supply. These devices have rectification circuits, which is the
prominent reason of harmonic distortion. These devices convert AC to DC power supply which
causes current pulses to be drawn from the ac network during each half cycle of the supply
waveform. Even if a single device for example, a television may not draw a lot of reactive power
nor it can generate enough harmonics to affect the supply system significantly, but within a
particular phase connection, there may exist several such devices connected to the same supply
phase resulting in production of a large amount of reactive power flow in the lines. Which results
nonlinearlty in the current waveform because of distortions. Which also results poor power factor
of the circuit. Due to poor power factor losses are increased, efficiency of the system reduced,
harmonic distortions increased. So that by improving the power factor of the circuit nearer to
14
unity the traditional inductive loads can behave as resisitive loads so that the amount of active
power delivery can be increased, better voltage regulation, higher energy efficiency, less power
consumptions all these factors can be achieved.
So, our objective is to make the input line current follow the input line voltage waveform so that
to improve the input power factor of the conventional AC to DC converter circuit by using buck
converter between bridge rectifier and DC loads with proper control strategy. Our project work
makes the use of Buck Converter in the Power Factor Correction circuit so as to improve the
power factor. Our project work starts with the description of Power Factor and other performance
parameters associated with it in detail and then with the study and analysis of Buck Converter
and with the advantages of using Buck Converter for Power Factor Correction.
We started our project work with the study and analysis of power factor of a system by doing
simulation using full wave rectifier in the beginning. After studying and analyzing the input
current and voltage waveforms and the power factor of the system using Rectifier circuit, we
introduced a Buck Converter in the circuit and then analyzed its effect in improving the power
factor of the system.
1.5 IMPACT OF THE PROJECT WORK:In this section the impact of load power factor control in global context ,economic context,
environmental context and social context is discussed.
1.5.1- GLOBAL CONTEXT:Many electrical and electronic devices operate in low power, functional and non-functional
modes, in readiness for an externally activated signal. Applications include Desktop PC,
Laptophotebook, TV, VCR, DVD and set-top box, to name a few. Typically, external signals
can be activated by remote control, network connections, keyboard or mouse and, more
recently, voice activation. A device waiting in low load , anticipating an external wake-up signal
is said to be operating in the standby mode. Such devices and modes of operation have
increased significantly over the last decade, as users require devices that can be made always
available and can be remotely activated. Devices operating in standby mode are always on and
consequently, they dissipate power even when the output power or load is zero. The national
and global effects of standby power are causing concern. Typically standby power accounts for
15
around 10% of all residential power, accounting for 20 to 60W consumed in each household,
in the developed world. With this contributing around 1 %
of carbon emissions, it is no
surprise that governments and environmental bodies are trying to initiate change. So there is a
need of improved input power factor.
1.5.2- ECONOMIC CONTEXT:Improving the power factor of the system contributes enormously according to economic context
of view. In India there is a power loss of 40% to 50% of power from generation unit to
consumption unit .so by improving the power factor of the system we can somehow minimize
the power loss.so by minimizing the power loss we can reduce the use of sources for power
generation and thus helps in economics of India by reserving the energy sources. By improving
the power factor of the system resulting from the connection can compensate for the reactive
power required by the load. This ensures that only a small amount of reactive power is drawn
from the supply. By installing power factor correction equipment and ensuring that the average
power factor is better than 0.95 lagging under all load conditions, no excess reactive power is
consumed. Smaller capacitor stages ensure that these charges are avoided under almost all load
conditions. This means that all excess Reactive Power charges can be avoided ,Which is also
very advantageous for the generating stations in economical point of view. Also as the power
quality improved the load on the cables and switches are reduced, so that their sizes can be
reduced and life is also can be extended. The supply can be available for additional loads which
is always useful to an expanding company. The charges made by electricity company can be
reduced.
1.5.3- ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT:The demand for energy is constantly increasing, which is pushing the limitations of the current
grid, increasing reliance on fossil fuels, and increasing CO2 emissions. These concerns have
renewed interest in discovering ways to reduce power demand on the grid through renewable
energy, building automation, direct current (DC) distribution, and more. The result has led to fast
implementation of photovoltaic (PV) power systems.With the majority of electronics and
appliances operating on DC and renewable energy systems, such as PV power systems,
generating DC power, energy usage can potentially be reduced by having DC sources and
appliances directly connected. This savings in energy is achieved by reducing the number of
16
conversions between DC to and alternating current (AC). So by improving power factor we can
have sufficient power to meet the demands of consumers which can result reduction in
production of emission CO2 by 146kg and uses of fossil fuels and thus helps in keeping
environment healthy and balanced.
1.5.4- SOCIAL CONTEXT:Improving in power factor is also advantageous to social context. Most people associate
electricity and energy with kilowatts (kW). Infact, kW only makes up a part ofthe overall energy
usage in a home,commercial building or an industrial manufacturing plant. Utilities have several
different rate structures that may be used for billing. kVA Billing straight charges for all
apparent power consumed,kVAr Billing additional charges for reactive power ,Power Factor
Penalty charges based on the customers actual power factor ,Adjusted kW Demand the real
power demand is adjusted by a formula and is based on the customers actual power factor In all
cases, the power factor of a customer will become a direct or indirect factor in the utility bill.
Power bills may be reduced by introducing capacitors to the facility, which can reduce the need
for kVAr required from the utility. Also improved voltage levels can be achieved for customers
so that voltage dip or fluctuations across the loads can be reduced. So that the customers in the
societies can also be benefited.
1.6- COTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MODERN GLOBAL CONTEXT:The Contemporary issues of PFC in modern global context is described as below
1.6.1- DESCRIPTION:In this project the total description of input power factor correction of AC to DC converter using
buck converter is described .The rise in the industrial, commercial and residential applications of
electronic equipments has resulted in a huge variety of electronic devices requiring mains supply.
These devices have rectification circuits, which is the prominent reason of harmonic distortion.
These devices convert AC to DC power supply which causes current pulses to be drawn from the
ac network during each half cycle of the supply waveform. Even if a single device for example, a
television may not draw a lot of reactive power nor it can generate enough harmonics to affect
the supply system significantly, but within a particular phase connection, there may exist several
17
such devices connected to the same supply phase resulting in production of a large amount of
reactive power flow in the lines. With improvement in the field of semiconductors, the size and
weight of control circuits have drastically reduced. This has also affected their performance and
thus power electronic converters have become increasingly popular in industrial, commercial and
residential applications. However this mismatch between power supplied and power used cannot
be detected by any kind of meter meant for charging the domestic consumers, and hence, results
in direct loss of revenues.
1.6.2- DISTINCTION:Since different streets are supplied with different phases, a 3-phase unbalanced condition may
also arise within a housing scheme. The unbalance current flows in the neutral line of a star
connected network causing undesirable heating and burning of the conductor .This pulsating
current contains harmonics which results in additional losses and dielectric stresses in capacitors
and cables, increasing currents in windings of rotating machinery (e.g., induction motors) and
transformers and noise emissions in many equipments. The rectifier used in the AC input side is
the prime source of this problem. Thus, in order to decrease the effect of this distortion, power
factor correction circuits are added to the supply input side of equipments used in industries and
domestic applications to increase the efficiency of power usage.
1.6.3- EVALUATION:Buck converter with average current control method is implemented to observe the effect of the
active power factor corrector on the power factor. The advantage of using Buck Converter in
power factor correction circuits is that better line regulation is obtained with appreciable power
factor.
Chapter-3 is all about system modeling. Which introduces design parameters, specifications of
the power factor correction circuits. The value of switching frequency, inductor, capacitor etc are
calculated there. Then simulations of passive and active PFC circuit is implemented. First a
passive PFC circuit using a inductor in AC side is implemented, then a LC filter is used in AC
side. Finally our active PFC circuit using buck converter is implemented.
Chapter-4 is result analysis. Results obtained from the above circuits , waveforms are analysed in
this section and finally a better power factor nearer to unity is obtained.
Chapter-5 is related to conclusion, which we concluded after completion of our project. Which
also includes the works which can be done in future in this topic.
19
20
Real Power
Apparent Power
Or P.F=
P
Vrms Irms
PHASE DISPLACEMENT:
21
It is a measure of the reactance of the impedance of the input. The presence of reactance be it
capacitance or inductance will cause displacement of the input current waveform with respect to
the input voltage waveform.
Power factor can also be defined as the phase displacement of the voltage and current, which is
expressed as the cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and current waveform.
P.F = Cos
The amount of displacement between the voltage and current gives us the idea about the degree
to which the load is reactive.
So, if reactance contributes a small part to the impedance of the load, the phase displacement will
be small. Also, filtering of alternating line current will produce phase displacement [1].
HARMONIC DISTORTION:
It is a measure of the non-linearity of the impedance of the input. If there is variation in the input
impedance, which varies as a function of the input voltage, then there will be distortion of the
input current and hence, this distortion will lead to poor power factor.
Distortion increases the RMS value of the current without increasing the total power being used
or consumed or drawn. So, a non-linear load will have a poor power factor, since the value of the
RMS current is high, but the total power delivered is small.
If the non-linearity is high or large, the harmonic distortion is large.
The active power factor correction units may have harmonic distortion effects from several
sources like the feed-forward signals, the feedback loops, the output capacitor, inductor and the
input rectifiers [1].
The effect of Total Harmonic Distortion on power factor can be seen to be inversely related.
Total Harmonic Distortion can be measured by Harmonic Factor which is defined as:Harmonic factor H.F=
Is2Is12
2
Is 1
If the supply voltage is undistorted sinusoidal then only the fundamental component of
input current would contribute to mean power.
Therefore P.F=
VI 1 cos 1
VI
current
Input power factor is very important as it decides how much volt-amperes is required by the
system. So, for a certain power demand of a system, if the power factor is very poor, then more
or large amount of volt-amperes and thus, large value of current are drawn from the supply.
It is defined as cos 1
or D.F= cos 1
H.F=
I 2I n2
I 12
In
2
I1
I1
I 0 + ( 2 I n sin (nt + n) )
n =1
I0 is the DC component
The Fourier Coefficients an and bn are:
24
I0=
1
idt
T 0
an=
2
i cos nt dt
T 0
bn=
2
i sin nt dt
T 0
In=
a n2bn2
2
1 an
=tan
n
And
bn
( )
2.2-Need of PFC:The rise in the industrial, commercial and residential applications of electronic equipments has
resulted in a huge variety of electronic devices requiring mains supply. These devices have
rectification circuits, which is the prominent reason of harmonic distortion. These devices
convert AC to DC power supply which causes current pulses to be drawn from the ac network
during each half cycle of the supply waveform. Even if a single device for example, a television
may not draw a lot of reactive power nor it can generate enough harmonics to affect the supply
25
system significantly, but within a particular phase connection, there may exist several such
devices connected to the same supply phase resulting in production of a large amount of reactive
power flow in the lines.
With improvement in the field of semiconductors, the size and weight of control circuits have
drastically reduced. This has also affected their performance and thus power electronic
converters have become increasingly popular in industrial, commercial and residential
applications. However this mismatch between power supplied and power used cannot be
detected by any kind of meter meant for charging the domestic consumers, and hence, results in
direct loss of revenues [5-7].
26
Moreover, since different streets are supplied with different phases, a 3-phase unbalanced
condition may also arise within a housing scheme. The unbalance current flows in the neutral
line of a star connected network causing undesirable heating and burning of the conductor [5-7].
This pulsating current contains harmonics which results in additional losses and dielectric
stresses in capacitors and cables, increasing currents in windings of rotating machinery (e.g.,
induction motors) and transformers and noise emissions in many equipments. The rectifier used
in the AC input side is the prime source of this problem. Thus, in order to decrease the effect of
this distortion, power factor correction circuits are added to the supply input side of equipments
used in industries and domestic applications to increase the efficiency of power usage [5-7].
2.3-TYPES OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION :Power Factor Correction can be classified as two types:
1. Passive Power Factor Correction
2. Active Power Factor Correction
27
2.3.1.Passive Power Factor Correction(Passive PFC):In Passive PFC, in addition to the diode bridge rectifier, passive elements are introduced to
improve the nature of the line current. By using this, power factor can be increased to a value of
0.7 to 0.8 approximately. As the voltage level of power supply increases, the sizes of PFC
components increase. The idea of passive PFC is to filter out the harmonic currents by use of a
low pass filter and only allow the 50 Hz power frequency wave to increase the power factor [5],
[7].
The high frequency switching losses are absent and it is not sensitive to noises and
surges.
The equipments used in this circuit dont generate high frequency EMI [5], [7].
For achieving better power factor the size of the filter increases.
Due to the time lag associated with the passive elements it has a poor dynamic response.
Due to presence of inductors and capacitors interaction may take place between the
passive elements and the system resonance may occur at different frequencies.
Although by filtering the harmonics can be filtered out, the fundamental component may
get phase shifted thus reducing the power factor
The shape of input current is dependent upon what kind of load is connected [5],[ 7].
28
Switching takes place at low-order harmonics of the line-frequency and it is synchronized with
the line voltage.
The size is also smaller and a power factor value of over 0.95 can be obtained through
this method.
It is very expensive since it needs PFC control IC, high voltage MOSFET, high
voltage ultra-fast choke and other circuits [5], [7], [8].
2.4-BUCK CONVERTER:
It is a converter in which the output voltage is less than the input voltage. It is like a step-down
converter. In figure Fig 2.1, Va< Vs.
The circuit diagram of Buck Converter using a power BJT is as follows:-
31
Analysis:di
Voltage across inductor L = e1 = L dt
Suppose the inductor current rises linearly from I1 to I2 in time t1.
1. Vs Va= L
2. t1 =
I 2I 1
t1
I
= L t1
IL
VsVa
(1)
IL
Va
(2)
VsVa
L
t1=
Va t 2
L
32
5. Va=
Vs t 1
T
IL
IL
VsVa + Va
= t1+t2=
ILVs
Va (VsVa)
I=
(3)
i L =i c +i a
i0
7. IC =
i L =i c
t1 t2 T
+ =
2 2 2
I
4
v c ( capacitor voltage )=
1
i dt+ v c t=0
T c
v c =v c v c t=0=
Or
vc=
1 I
IT
dt=
C 0 4
8C
I
8 fC
Va( VsVa)
8 LC f 2 Vs
There are some conditions for the inductor current and capacitor voltage to be continuous
33
= kVs &
Vsk ( 1k )
fL
Vsk (1k )
= 2Ia
fL
( 1k ) R
2f
(4)
Va=
Vs t 1
=kVs
T
&
V =
C
Vsk (1k )
=2 Va=2 kVs
8 LC f 2
1k
16 L f 2
(5)
WAVEFORM
The waveforms of switching state, current and voltage during continuous conduction mode
(CCM) operation of Buck Converter are given below. In figure Fig 3.4, shown below
T on= ON period of transistor
T off = OFF period of transistor
V i= input voltage
V 0= output voltage
34
maximum value of
IL
I min=
minimum value of
IL
D=
duty cycle =
Vo
Vi
T on , V L =V iV 0
T off , V L =V 0
decreases.
35
The current loop is programmed by the rectified line voltage so that the input to the
converter will be approximately resistive.
The average amplitude of the current programming signal is changed to control the
output voltage.
An analog multiplier is used which multiplies the rectified line voltage with the output of
the voltage error amplifier to give the current programming signal(Imo) which has the
shape of the input voltage and an average amplitude to control the output voltage.
37
The multiplier input from the rectified line voltage is shown as a current signal rather
than a voltage one.
The voltage loop bandwidth is kept less than the input line frequency because if it is large
then it would modulate the input current to keep the output voltage constant thereby
39
Since the current is filtered the control is less sensitive to commutation noises unlike peak
current mode control.
The duty cycle is close to one near the zero crossing of the line voltage hence, better
input current waveforms are obtained than for the peak current control [1], [7], [11].
Disadvantages of ACMC :
Here a current error amplifier is required for which a compensation network has to be
designed for different converter operating points [1], [7], [11].
40
41
3.1- DESIGN PARAMETERS:For modeling a sample circuit for power factor correction, a power factor corrector of output
rated at 90W is taken. Even though the power stage design varies, the design process is the same
for all ratings.
3.1.2- Selection of Frequency:The switching frequency should be large enough to minimize the size of the power circuit and
reduce distortion. Moreover it should be less for higher efficiency. Hence, a switching
frequency of 100 KHz is chosen.
3.1.3-Inductor Selection:
The maximum peak current (Ipk) which flows through the inductor when the input voltage value
is minimum, is first obtained.
At maximum peak line current Ipk, Pin = Pout (max)
I pk =
Or
P
V / 2
I pk =
90
=0.5785 amps
220 / 2
V out
At
I pk
V ( RMS)
42
135
=0.87
220
2
V s D(1D)
=1.1 mH
Hence, inductance L is given by L =
I f
[1],[4]
I
=10 F
8 f V c
[4]
3.2- PASSIVE PFC CIRCUITS:Firstly, simulations are done using passive networks for different positions of filter
capacitors and inductors. For all the passive circuits, RLC load has been used and
the position of the filter has been shuffled to observe the variations in the input and
output voltages and currents and the amount of distortions present in them.
Further, improvement of power factor is taken care of in the subsequent circuits where feedback
loops are employed.
43
Fig 2.6- Circuit showing Passive PFC using an Inductor in the Input side having
L=30mh, R=50ohm L=5mh, C= 378uf
3.2.2- Passive PFC using a Rectifier with LC Filter in input side and R- load
44
Passive PFC using an inductor and capacitor together in AC side is represted here with simulated
waveforms.
Fig 2.8- Circuit showing rectifier circuit with LC filter used in input side where, La=30mH,
Ca=5uF ,Cf=500uF, and R=50 ohms.
45
Fig 2.9- Waveform showing input current and input voltage of rectifier circuit
46
47
Fig 3.1- Waveform showing input current (Iin) & input voltage (Vin)
As we have seen by using active pfc methods using buck converter here the input line current
waveform follows input line voltage waveform so that distortions in the current waveform is
degraded and also power factor is improved nearer to unity.
48
Firstly we took a passive PFC circuit with AC input side inductor to improve the input
power factor. An inductor at the AC-side of the diode bridge, in series with the line
voltage as shown in Fig. 2.6 and to create circuit conditions such that the line current is
zero during the zero-crossings of the line voltage. The maximum power factor obtained is
PF = 0.76 , with the theoretical assumption of constant DC output voltage. We should
note here that in reality, as explained later on in this chapter, the DC output voltage of the
PFC circuit has ripple at twice the line-frequency, ripple that is also dependent on the
load current.
Further, The shape of the line current can be further improved by using a combination
inductor and capacitor in AC side. Here an LC filter is introduced in-between the AC
source and the load, as shown in Fig. 2.8. the power factor maximum obtained is 0.79.
But in above two PFC circuits the input line current waveform is not purely sinusoidal as
input voltage. And power factor is not very close to unity. So there is distortion is the
current waveform. For further improvement we took an active PFC circuit in which buck
converter is used with average current mode control method to maximize the power
factor as fig-3. In fig 3.1 we can see the input current waveform is improved and became
a purely sinusoidal waveform as voltage. And power factor also very close to unity i.e
0.95 obtained.
Simulation Results for the Active Power Factor Correction Circuit:Specifications of the Active PFC Circuit:
NAME OF THE PARAMETERS
PARAMETER VALUES
Pout (max)
90Watts
180-230Volts (AC)
Line Frequency
50Hz
Output Voltage(Vout)(Rms)
110-140Volts (DC)
Load Resistance
10 Ohms
Output Capacitor
10uF
Inductor Value
1.1mH
Sl No
Power Factor
180
110.13
0.9775
190
117.14
0.9645
200
122.23
0.9620
208
127.11
0.9604
216
132.08
0.9558
220
134.45
0.9553
225
137.50
0.9549
230
140.5
0.9543
51
5.1- CONCLUSION:52
5.2 FUTURE WORK:Through this project work we have made an attempt to analyze Active Power Factor Correction
with the help of simulations. In future the hardware implementation of the PFC circuit can be
done and its results obtained in real time situations can be compared with the simulation results
obtained in the thesis.
topology for more better results. This project can be carried out in order to find
more efficient and effective result by comparing the different topologies and by
adopting new techniques. In this project the power factor correction is done at
input side which can be done by utility only not by consumers .so in lifelong
learning we can also improve the quality of current and can minimize the power
loss by improving power factor at load side ,which can be done by consumers also
by using static capacitor or synchronous condenser techniques. Since the objective
of improving power factor and maximum power transfer is consisting of numerous
topologies, techniques and technical skills so we can carry out this project as
lifelong learning also.
5.4 Techniques, skills & Modern tools used in accomplishment of the project
There are numerous techniques available to improve the power factor of input current .some of
the techniques include buck converter topology , boost, buck-boost, dual boost, static capacitor,
synchronous condenser etc. In this project the technique we have used for the Power Factor
Correction of AC to DC converter is Buck converter topology.
The modern tool we have used for the accomplishment of this project is Matlab Simulink. The
complexity of device models and switching nature of switching converters make simulation
difficult due to converge in Pspice. Simulink is a windows oriented dynamic modeling package
thai is an extension to Matlab. The advantage is that models are entered as block diagrams after
corresponding mathematical equations are developed for the target systems.
5.3 REFERENCES:[1] Vlad Grigore, Topological Issues in Single Phase Power Factor Correction , Dissertation
55
for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology, Helsinki University of Technology (Espoo,
Finland) , 30th of November, 2001
[2] Huai Wei, IEEE Member, and Issa Batarseh, IEEE Senior Member, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, Comparison of Basic Converter Topologies for Power Factor
Correction , 0-7803-4391-3/98/$10.00 1998 IEEE
[3] Control techniques for power factor correction, *L. Rossetto, **G. Spiazzi, **P. Tenti,
*Department of Electrical Engineering, **Department of Electronics and Informatics
University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/a, 35131 Padova ITALY
[4] A Review of Single-Phase Improved Power Quality AC-DC Converters, Bhim Singh, Brij N.
Singh, Ambrish Chandra, IEEE Transaction on industrial electronics, Vol 50, No. 5,October 2003
[5] Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits Devices and Applications, Pearson
Education, Inc., 2004
[6] Smruti Ranjan Samal and Sanjay Kumar Dalai, Power Factor Correction in a Single Phase
AC-DC Converter, N.I.T. Rourkela, 2010.
[7] Laszlo Huber, Member IEEE, Liu Gang, and Milan M. Jovanovic, Fellow, IEEE, Design
Oriented Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Buck PFC Front End, 0885-8993/$26.00,
2010, IEEE.
[8] Temesi Erno, Michael Frisch, PFC-Fundamentals, 2. Active Power Factor Correction
Principle of Operation, Tyco Electronics / Power Systems, Sept. 04
[9] B. Singh, K. Al. Haddad, and A. Chandra, A review of active filters for power quality
improvement, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 46, pp. 960971, Oct. 1999.
56
[10] N. Mohan, T. Udeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and
Design, 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 2005.
[11] H. Wei and I. Batarseh, Comparison of basic converter topologies for power correction, in
Proc. IEEE SOUTHEASTCON98, 1998, pp. 348353.
[12] H. Endo, T. Yamashita, and T. Sugiura, A high power-factor buck converter,
in Proc. IEEE PESC92, 1992, pp. 10711076.
[13] V. Grigore and J. Kyyra, A step-down converter with low ripple input current for power
factor correction, in Proc. IEEE APEC00, 2000, pp. 188194.
[14] G. Spiazzi, Analysis of buck converters used as power factor preregulators, in Proc. IEEE
PESC97, 1997, pp. 564570.
[15] R. Srinivasan, M. Palaniapan, and R. Oruganti, A single phase two switch buck type ACDC converter topology with inductor voltage control, in Proc. IEEE PESC97, 1997, pp. 556
563.
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