Cretaceous Research (1997) 18, 331 353

Fossil occurrences in the Upper Cenomanian

Lower Turonian at Ganuza, northern Spain:
an approach to Cenomanian / Turonian boundary
chronostratigraphy1
Marcos A. Lamolda, *Amalia Gorostidi, Ricard Martnez,
Gregori Lo pez and Danuta Peryt
* Facultad de Ciencias-UPV , Campus de Lejona , 48940 Lejona , Spain
Dept. de Geologia , Fac. de Ciencias , Univ. Autonoma , Campus de Bellaterra , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
Institute of Palaeobiology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
Revised manuscript accepted 22 January 1997

An Upper Cenomanian to Lower Turonian section has been sampled in the vicinity of Ganuza,
northern Spain. Ammonoids, inoceramids and microfossils including foraminifera and calcareous
nannofossils have been studied. We recognize three planktonic foraminiferal biozones: the Rotalipora
cushmani , Whiteinella archaeocretacea and Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Zones. We also characterize
the Eiffellithus turriseiffelii and Quadrum gartneri Zones, based on nannofossil biostratigraphy.
Macrofaunal occurrences are scarce but allow us to characterize the Metoicoceras geslinianum and
Mammites nodosoides Zones, and two inoceramid assemblages.
In the Rotalipora cushmani Zone the following sequence of biohorizons is recorded from bottom to
top: (a) last occurrence (LO) of Corollithion kennedyi ; (b) LO of Rotalipora greenhornensis ; (c) LO of
Axopodorhabdus albianus ; (d) first occurrence (FO) of Euomphaloceras septemseriatum , (e) LO of
Lithraphidites acutus ; (f) LO of Rotalipora cushmani.
In the Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone the sequence of events is as follows: (g) FO of Calycoceras
naviculare ; (h) LO of Microstaurus chiastius ; (i) FO of Quadrum intermedium ; (j) FO of
Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica ; (k) FOs of Kamerunoceras sp. and Mytiloides submytiloides ; (l) FO of
Mytiloides kossmati kossmati ; (m) FO of Kamerunoceras calvertense ; (n) FO of Quadrum gartneri ; (o) FO
of Mammites nodosoides ; (p) FO of Mytiloides mytiloides . The top of this zone is marked by the FO of
Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica. A possible Cenomanian-Turonian (C / T) boundary can be drawn
between FOs of Kamerunoceras sp. and Mytiloides submytiloides and the FO of Mytiloides kossmati
kossmati . Successive FOs of H. praehelvetica and Q. gartneri are also good proxies for the C / T
boundary.
1997 Academic Press Limited
KEY WORDS: Cenomanian / Turonian boundary; chronostratigraphy; planktonic foraminifera; nannofossils; inoceramids; ammonoids; northern Spain.

1. Introduction
The stratigraphic succession at Ganuza, northern Spain, is a composite section of
an expanded Cenomanian Turonian (C / T) transition where the Whiteinella
archaeocretacea Zone is about 45 50 m thick. It is located to the west of Estella, in
the eastern Bascocantabrian Region (Figure 1). There is no evidence of
stratigraphic gaps in the section which consists of an alternation of marl, marly
limestone and limestone, with marl becoming more common towards the top,
and some silty beds occurring towards the base. The sediments were deposited in
a middle-outer shelf environment, according to the ostracod and foraminifera
assemblages recovered (Colin et al ., 1982; Lamolda & Peryt, 1995). The
macrofauna, microfauna and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy allows us to
1

Contribution to IGCP Project 362: Tethyan and Boreal Cretaceous.

0195 6671 / 97 / 030331 1 23 $25.00 / 0 / cr970061

1997 Academic Press Limited

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M. A. Lamolda et al.

Figure 1. Location of the Ganuza section in northern Spain.

recognize several key events (according to Birkelund et al ., 1984) relating to C / T

boundary definition.
A summary of the stratigraphy and regional geology is given in Lamolda
(1982). Macrofaunal assemblages were described by Wiedmann (1980) and
Lamolda et al . (1989) from part of the Ganuza sections. Additional data on
inoceramids and ammonoids were provided by Lo pez (1990) and Santamara
(1991) respectively. Lamolda & Peryt (1995) described the detailed biostratigraphy of the Upper Cenomanian of the section, and noted that bottom water
conditions at the time of deposition of the uppermost part of Rotalipora cushmani
Zone were dysaerobic. This correlates with the worldwide Cenomanian /
Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE), which is also defined by nannofossil events
in the section studied (Lamolda & Gorostidi, 1996).
In a similar section at Menoyo, 70 km west of Ganuza, both nannofossil
assemblages and a d 13C excursion have been discussed (Paul et al ., 1994). The
Menoyo section provides a continuous sequence through the C / T transition in
outer shelf and upper bathyal facieslimestone and marl alternations, but it is
very poor in macrofauna. Lamolda (1978) noted occurrences of Inoceramus gr.
labiatus and Mammites sp. Recently, we have found inoceramid specimens
belonging to Mytiloides wiedmanni . All of the macrofauna is of Early Turonian
age, being recorded between the first occurrences (FOs) of Quadrum gartneri and
Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica .
The Ganuza section represents deposition on a subsiding platform, when more
than 2000 m of sediments accumulated during the Cenomanian and Turonian
(Lamolda, 1982). Last occurrences (LOs) of the planktonic foraminifera

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

333

Rotalipora greenhornensis and R. cushmani and the FO of the nannofossil species

Q. gartneri are events recognized worldwide and are commonly used for
correlation. Comparison of bed thicknesses between these events in the Ganuza
section with coeval sections elsewhere which are considered to be the most
expanded and complete record of the C / T boundary, has revealed that the
Ganuza succession is about five times thicker than that at Pueblo, Colorado
(USA), seven times that at Dover, southeast England (Lamolda & Peryt, 1995),
and twice that at Eastbourne, southern England (Lamolda et al ., 1996).
Therefore, the Upper Cenomanian and lowermost Turonian succession at
Ganuza is particularly complete. In addition, its rich macro- and microfossil
record makes this section especially suitable for characterizing the C / T boundary.
2. Material and methods
The section at Ganuza is exposed on both sides of the road, 200 300 m south of
Ganuza village. It is a composite section (Figure 2) whose lower and upper parts
could have some levels in common; they are separated by a small fault. The
succession comprises about 15 cycles of limestone and marl alternations. This
cyclicity is also found in sections at Menoyo (Paul et al ., 1994) and Dover
(Lamolda et al ., 1994).
The lower part of the section studied, G (Figure 2), consists of two marly / silty
and two calcareous sequences. At the bottom there is a 16.5-m-thick sequence of
siltstone and marl with interbeded limestone as thin layers and lenticular bodies.
The sequence is overlain by a 6.1-m-thick calcareous series composed mainly of
limestones and nodular limestones interbedded with thin marlstones and siltstones. Higher up the section there is a 3.1-m-thick series of marly siltstone with
irregular and scarce limestone interbeds. The top 4.3 m of the section comprises
limestone and marlstone alternations. GS is a similar section about 100 m to the
south of G. Both sections are on the east side of the road. The two uppermost G
units are partly present in the base of the lower part of the GZ succession (Figure
2), although an accurate correlation between G and GZ has not been possible.
The G sequence was dated as middle-late Late Cenomanian by means of
macrofauna and foraminifera (Wiedmann, 1980). Lamolda et al . (1989, fig. 2)
defined A and lower B units in the sequence, which were dated as Late
Cenomanian by means of planktonic foraminifera.
The GZ succession consists of 40 m of 10 or 11 cycles of marl and limestone
alternations. The GZ part was dated by Wiedmann (1980) as Early Turonian on
the basis of planktonic foraminifera. Neither he nor Lamolda et al . (1989) found
macrofauna in GZ, but in the upper part, we have found foraminiferal
assemblages characteristic of the Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone of probable
Early Turonian age according to its correlation with other neighbouring sections.
The first macrofaunal data from the upper part of GZ sequence were reported by
Lo pez (1990) and Santamara (1991).
Forty-three samples from a 70-m-thick sequence of the Ganuza section (the G
and GZ parts), were studied for foraminifera. Four to five hundred specimens
from the .100 m m size fraction were picked and for each sample all species were
identified. Forty-four samples in the GS and GZ parts were studied for
nannofossils using a light microscope at a magnification of 31000 and quantitative procedures described by Lamolda et al . (1994). Counting of 500
nannoliths per sample gives a 99% ( p , 0.01) confidence level of not overlooking

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Figure 2. Composite section at Ganuza to show lithology, location of micropalaeontological

samples, and macrofaunal occurrences.

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

335

any taxon present at 1% or more of the total population (Denisson & Hay, 1967).
The macrofaunal assemblages were checked bed by bed throughout the section.
Although generally sparsely distributed, some beds contain many fossils, such as
sample GZ 4, which records an inoceramid event, and G 22, GZ 5 and GZ 6,
which yield numerous ammonoids.
3. Nannofossil biostratigraphy
The abundance of nannoliths in the samples studied proved to be low, with only
1 nannolith per field of view (Nan. / FOV) or less. Their preservation is also poor.
54 species have been identified. The number of taxa per sample is between 15
and 30. The assemblages are dominated by six taxa: Eiffellithus turriseiffelii ,
Eprolithus floralis , Prediscosphaera spp., Retecapsa spp., Rhagodiscus achlyostaurion
and Watznaueria barnesae (Figure 3). Each of these comprises more than 5% of
the assemblages. W. barnesae comprises 40 50%.
In the uppermost Cenomanian several major assemblage changes are recognised. These include LOs of, from the base of the section upwards (Figures 3, 4),
Corollithion kennedyi (sample GS 12; 13.2 m), Axopodorhabdus albianus (GS 16;
15.7 m), Lithraphidites acutus (GS 18; 18.6 m) and Microstaurus chiastius (GZ 73;
6.3 m 5 approximately 13.4 m above GS 18). First occurrences of biostratigraphically important taxa include Quadrum intermedium (GZ a; 7.3 m), Eprolithus
octopetalus and Nannoconus multicadus (GZ 58; 14.6 m), and Q. gartneri (GZ 1;
16.5 m). Rhagodiscus asper occurs throughout the section and overlaps the range
of Q. gartneri , Eprolithus octopetalus and E. eptapetalus (Gorostidi, 1993, pp. 174,
175).
Nannofossils are less common in the lower part, with a minimum at the level of
the Rotalipora cushmani extinction, about 3 m above the LO of Lithraphidites
acutus (Figure 4). The assemblages recovered are similar to those reported from
Menoyo (Gorostidi & Lamolda, 1991; Paul et al ., 1994), southeast England
(Crux, 1982; Jarvis et al ., 1988; Lamolda et al ., 1994), and various localities in
Northern Europe and North America (Bralower, 1988). At Ganuza blooms of
Eprolithus floralis occur above the FO of Q. gartneri , comprising up to 32% of the
total assemblage, which is even greater than has been found in the Dover (10%)
and Menoyo (18%) sections.
We found Cruxs (1982) biozonation, established in southeast England, to be
appropriate for our assemblages (Lamolda & Gorostidi, 1996). Two biozones are
partly distinguished, the Eiffellithus turriseiffelii and Quadrum gartneri Zones. The
former is characterized by the association of Eiffellithus turriseiffelii , Eprolithus
floralis , Glaukolithus compactus , Prediscosphaera avitus , P. cretacea , Retecapsa spp.,
Rhagodiscus achlyostaurion , Tranolithus phacelosus , Watznaueria barnesae , W.
biporta and Zeugrhabdotus embergeri .
LOs of Corollithion kennedyi , Axopodorhabdus albianus , Lithraphidites acutus and
Microstaurus chiastius indicate that the Upper Cenomanian sequence is complete
and their order of disappearance is similar to those in other sections (Figures 3,
4) (Lamolda & Gorostidi, 1996). This sequence of bioevents is important for the
biostratigraphical characterization of the uppermost Cenomanian and the C / T
boundary. Furthermore, FOs of Quadrum intermedium (GZ a; 7.3 m) (Paul et al .,
1994), and Nannoconus multicadus (GZ 58; 14.6 m) (Deres & Ache rite guy, 1980;
Zeighampour, 1981; Crux, 1982), enhance correlation and completeness of this
C / T transition. In contrast the LO of Allemanites striatus , Rhagodiscus

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M. A. Lamolda et al.

Figure 3. Range chart for calcareous nannofossils from the Ganuza section. Abundance: C 5 1 10
Nan. / FOV; R 5 1 Nan. / 1 10 FOV. Preservation: F 5 fair; P 5 poor.

achlyostaurion , R. angustus , and R. asper cited by Crux (1982) in the English

Upper Cenomanian, are recorded from Lower Turonian or younger deposits in
northern Spain (Gorostidi, 1993).
The lower boundary of the Quadrum gartneri Zone is defined by the first
occurrence of the nominate taxon (sample GZ 1; 16.5 m), which overlies the FO
of Eprolithus octopetalus (GZ 58; 14.6 m), a good indicator of the C / T boundary

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

337

Figure 4. Ranges of planktonic foraminifera, ammonoids and inoceramids, and nannofossil event
locations.

(Varol, 1992). Its lower part is characterized by the taxa E. turriseiffelii , E. floralis ,
G. compactus , Nannoconus spp., P. cretacea , Retecapsa spp., R. achlyostaurion , T.
phacelosus , W. barnesae , W. biporta and Z. embergeri. The main differences from
the Eiffellithus turriseiffelii Zone assemblages are higher proportions of P. cretacea

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and Nannoconus spp., especially the latter, which is rare in the Upper Cenomanian and increases up to 3 9% of the total in Turonian assemblages, even higher
than at Menoyo (3%; Gorostidi, 1993, p. 232). Also, E. floralis is present in
higher proportions in this Turonian material, usually more than 10% (between 50
and 160 specimens counted per sample studied), whereas in the Upper
Cenomanian it is less than this (between 1 and 50 specimens per sample
studied). In contrast, P. avitus decreases in abundance from 5% to less than 1%.
The LO of R. asper has been cited as an important indicator of the C / T boundary
(Crux, 1982; Jarvis et al ., 1988; Lamolda et al ., 1994), but at Ganuza this species
occurs throughout the section, and at Menoyo its LO is in Lower Turonian
deposits (Paul et al ., 1994). The data from northern Spain agree better with the
probable events of Bralower (1988) and with results from Kalaat Senan in
Tunisia (Gartner in Robaszynski et al ., 1990). The LO of R. asper is probably
diachronous depending on paleolatitude. It can no longer be regarded as
biostratigraphically useful, but may have biogeographical and palaeoecological
significance (Lamolda & Gorostidi, 1996).
4. Foraminifera
The diversity of planktonic foraminifera is low to moderate. Abundances are
highly variable throughout the Ganuza section. In the Upper Cenomanian
(samples G 33 to GZ 54) their contribution to the total foraminiferal assemblage
varies from 12 80%; in the lowermost Turonian these values are very high and
almost stable at 72 88%.
The Late Cenomanian changes in planktonic / benthonic (P / B) ratio probably
reflect sea-level fluctuations and indicate an inner to outer shelf environment; the
high P / B ratio in the upper part of the section suggests a rise in sea level during
the latest Cenomanian and earliest Turonian to outer shelf depths.
In terms of palaeoecology the composition of the planktonic foraminiferal fauna
from the Ganuza section shows that the sampled interval can be divided into
three parts:
(1) A lower part from 4.2 25.8 m (samples G 33 to G 11; Figure 2)
characterized by mixed, diverse assemblages, with a high proportion of keeled
forms, such as the genera Rotalipora and Praeglobotruncana , and in the top part of
this interval, Dicarinella .
(2) A relatively short interval approximately 11.6 m thick (samples G 11 to GZ
56) characterized by a temporary, almost complete, disappearance of keeled
forms from the assemblages. Dicarinella spp. are very rare scarce. They may be
found with rare specimens of Praeglobotruncana spp. Low diversity planktonic
foraminiferal assemblages are dominated by non-keeled, globular formsmainly
hedbergellids. This interval corresponds to the benthic faunules III and IV of
Lamolda & Peryt (1995) which are characteristic of low-oxygen bottom waters.
(3) An upper part approximately 27.5 m thick (samples GZ 56 to GZ 8) in
which planktonic foraminifera diversify again and become very abundant; both
keeled and non-keeled forms occur. Within keeled morphogroups Dicarinella spp.
dominate.
The change in morphotypic composition of planktonic foraminiferal fauna,
e.g., the extinction of species of Rotalipora and almost complete disappearance
from assemblages of Dicarinella spp., probably reflect changes in palaeoceanographic conditions related to the CTBE.

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

339

The following planktonic foraminiferal events were identified in stratigraphic

order from bottom upwards: LO of Rotalipora greenhornensis , sample G 26
(13.6 m); FO of Dicarinella spp., sample G 19 (19.4 m); LO of Rotalipora
cushmani , sample G 14 (22.2 m); FO of Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica ,
sample GZ 53 (9.4 m 5 13.3 m above G 14); FO of Helvetoglobotruncana
helvetica , sample GZ 8 (38.8 m).
The studied interval comprises the uppermost part of the Rotalipora cushmani
Zone, which is characterized by occurrences of different species of Dicarinella ,
mainly Dicarinella algeriana (Figure 7s, t) and D. imbricata (Figure 7q, r), but also
D. elata (Figure 7i, j), D. hagni (Figure 7l n), D. oraviensis (Figure 6q, r),
Globigerinelloides bentonensis (Figure 5q, r), Guembelitria cenomana (Figure 5t),
Hedbergella delrioensis (Figure 7k), H. planispira (Figures 5g, h; 7o), H. simplex
(Figure 5a, b), Heterohelix moremani (Figure 5p), Praeglobotruncana aumalensis
(Figure 6d, h), P. delrioensis (Figure 7c, d), P. gibba (Figure 6k, l, o, p), P.
stephani (Figure 6s, t), Rotalipora greenhornensis (Figure 6a, c), and common taxa
such as Rotalipora cushmani (Figure 6e, g), Whiteinella aprica (Figure 5i, j), W.
archaeocretacea (Figure 5o), W. baltica (Figure 5k, l), W. brittonensis (Figure 5c,
d, m, n), and W. paradubia (Figure 5e, f), mainly in the upper part of the
Rotalipora cushmani Zone.
The Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone is dominated by the hedbergellids
Hedbergella spp. and Whiteinella spp., and a few Praeglobotruncana spp. Rare
Dicarinella spp. are also found in the lower and middle parts (uppermost
Cenomanian) of this zone. Main differences from the underlying zone are
occurrences of Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica (Trujillo) (Figure 6m, n) in
most samples from the GZ sequence (Figures 2, 4), and no occurrences
of rotaliporids, the LO of which marks the top of the Rotalipora cushmani
Zone.
The FO of the species Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica (Figures 6i, j; 7a, b), lies
in sample GZ 8, at the top of the section studied. Therefore, the Whiteinella
archaeocretacea Zone has a complete biostratigraphic record.

5. Inoceramids
Inoceramid faunas are not abundant in the C / T transition at Ganuza. No
characteristic Cenomanian inoceramid assemblages have been found. There are
five levels in the Turonian with a record of inoceramids, and a lowermost level
with Mytiloides submytiloides (Figure 8b) and Mytiloides sp. (sample GZ 56;
11.6 m), of doubtful age but very close to the C / T boundary. It is possible to
characterize two assemblages, the lower of which is a typical earliest Turonian
inoceramid association.

5.1. Mytiloides submytiloides Assemblage

This is the oldest inoceramid assemblage recognized at Ganuza. It is defined by
the first occurrence of the genus Mytiloides , and in particular of specimens of M.
submytiloides and Mytiloides sp. (sample GZ 56), and M. kossmati kossmati (GZ
57, 1 m above GZ 56; Figures 4; 8c). These species are associated with M.
wiedmanni (Figure 8d) and M. cf. kossmati kossmati 8.4 m higher up the section
(sample GZ 4; Figure 4), which records an inoceramid event.

Figure 5. a, b, Hedbergella simplex , G 26; c, d, Whiteinella brittonensis , G 26; e, f, W. paradubia , G

31; g, h, H. planispira (Tappan), G 31; i, j, W. aprica , GZ 8; k, l, W. baltica , GZ 8; m, n, W .
brittonensis , G 31; o, W. archaeocretacea , G 26; p, Heterohelix moremani , GZ 53; q, r,
Globigerinelloides bentonensis , G 23; s, H. sp., GZ 60; t, Guembelitria cenomana , G 23. Scale
bar 5 100m m.

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341

5.2. Mytiloides kossmati ganuzaensis Assemblage

The M. k. ganuzaensis Assemblage is defined by the FO of this subspecies.
Unfortunately, it has not been found in the section studied, but it is frequent in
nearby sections (Lo pez, 1994; Martnez et al ., 1996). By contrast, M . mytiloides
(Figure 8a), which is also characteristic of this assemblage, is present (samples
GZ 6 and GZ 6a, about 12 m above GZ 4; Figure 4). Therefore, the M. k.
ganuzaensis Assemblage is probably indicated in the section studied, despite the
absence of the nominate taxon. The uppermost inoceramid level with M.
hercynicus (Figure 8e) and M . cf. transiens (sample GZ 8, Figure 4) occurs about
7 m above the latter.
6. Ammonoids
Ammonites are rare in the section; only a few beds have yielded relatively rich
assemblages (Figures 2, 4). It is difficult to distinguish a biozonation.
Nevertheless, our data are of significance in the context of determining the C / T
boundary.
Typical Upper Cenomanian species are recorded between samples G 22 and G
12. The oldest species identified is Euomphaloceras septemseriatum (Figure 9b)
from sample G 22 (17.3 m) associated to Calycoceras sp. and Forbeciceras sp. In
sample G 12, 7.5 m above sample G 22, we found Protacanthoceras sp. and
Thomelites sp. aff. hancocki (Figure 9a). A specimen of Calycoceras naviculare , not
recorded in situ , was found about 10 m above the occurrence of E.
septemseriatum . This cosmopolitan species is typical of the Metoicoceras geslinianum Zone in Europe, North Africa, Angola, Madagascar, Middle East, South
India, Japan and the USA.
A specimen of Kamerunoceras sp. was identified in sample GZ 56, and another
specimen of Kamerunoceras calvertense (Figure 9c) in level GZ 57 / 58, 5 m and
2.5 m respectively below the FO of Q. gartneri (sample GZ 1), an index for the
C / T boundary according to the proposals of Birkelund et al . (1984). A specimen
of Spathites (Jeanrogericeras ) sp. was found in level GZ 59 (1 m below the FO of
Q. gartneri ).
All ammonites identified above the FO of Q. gartneri are clearly Turonian in
age. In sample GZ 3, 2.5 m above the FO of Q. gartneri , we found specimens of
Mammites nodosoides (Figure 9d) and Spathites (Jeanrogericeras ) obliquus . One
metre above this sample Watinoceras sp. is recorded (GZ 4), and 1 m higher,
there is a level with Kamerunoceras puebloense , Fagesia cf. pachydiscoides , F . aff.
rudra and Thomasites gr. gongilensis -koulavicus . A rich ammonite assemblage 11 m
above (samples GZ 6 and GZ 6a) was found to comprise Scaphites ? sp.,
Mammites ? sp., Pachydesmoceras linderi , F . cf. pachydiscoides , K. puebloense ,
Lecointriceras fleuriasianum (Figure 9f) and Fagesia sp. F. pachydiscoides and
Choffaticeras pavillieri (Figure 9 e) are recorded 1.8 m above this assemblage. At a
higher level still, 5 m above (GZ 8, at the top of the section studied), F . aff. rudra
and C. pavillieri have been found.
7. Discussion
Occurrences of relevant biostratigraphical indicators for the C / T transition in the
Ganuza section are summarized in Figure 10. LOs of the foraminifers R.
greenhornensis and R. cushmani , and the nannofossil A. albianus have been

Figure 6. a c, Rotalipora greenhornensis , G 26; d, h, Praeglobotruncana aumalensis , G 31; e g, R.

cushmani , G 26; i, j, Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica , GZ 8; k, l, P. gibba Klaus, G 31; m, n, H.
praehelvetica , GZ 8; o, p, P. gibba , GZ 8; q, r, Dicarinella oraviensis , GZ 8; s, t, P. stephani , GZ
8. Scale bar 5 100m m.

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

343

calibrated with d 13C curves from the literature and unpublished data from the
Ganuza G section (C. R. C. Paul, pers. comm.). The FOs of the nannofossil Q.
gartneri have also been calibrated with d 13C data provide by Paul et al . (1994;
following observations by Gale et al ., 1993). Lithostratigraphical correlation
between Anglo-Paris Basin localities have been used, especially within the Plenus
Marls.

7.1. Planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils

Planktonic foraminifera and nannofossil occurrences characterize the C / T
transition and its completeness (Lamolda et al ., 1994). Graphic correlation
between Menoyo and Dover (Shakespeare Cliff) revealed the completeness and
similar pattern of deposition in these localities (Paul et al ., 1994). This can be
extended to the Ganuza section studied because of its similarity with Menoyo
(Lamolda & Peryt, 1995; Lamolda & Gorostidi, 1996). Two of our bioevents,
LOs of R. cushmani and A. albianus , were used by Gale et al . (1993) to compare
bioevents and d 13C for Eastbourne and Pueblo, showing their usefulness on both
sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, LOs of both R. greenhornensis and R.
cushmani at Pueblo are younger than elsewhere (Figure 10). This rotaliporid
persistence continues with the record of endemic Anaticinella in the Western
Interior Basin (USA) during Late Cenomanian. This region was a refuge for
rotaliporids, which had disappeared by this time elsewhere. Successive LOs of L.
acutus , R. cushmani and M. chiastius , and FOs of Q. intermedium , H. praehelvetica and Q. gartneri , characterize sediments from Upper Cenomanian (Metoicoceras
geslinianum Zone) to lowermost Turonian (Watinoceras devonense Zone) All
occurred during the d 13C excursion of the C / T transition.
Unfortunately, these bioevents have not been well documented in the proposed
C / T boundary stratotype at the Rock Canyon Anticline section, Pueblo (Bengtson, 1996) which, by contrast, favours macrofaunal events.
7.2. Inoceramids
The first occurrence of the genus Mytiloides is useful for recognizing the C / T
boundary (Seibert, 1979; Tro ger, 1981; Birkelund et al ., 1984). On a broad
scale, the basal Turonian of North America and Europe is characterized by
occurrences of M. submytiloides . Tro ger (1989) cited his Zone 8 (Lower
Turonian) as the stratigraphical range of this species. This species has also been
found in southeast France (Jolet et al ., 1995) associated with M. kossmati
ganuzaensis , which is a Lower Turonian species. Nevertheless, some authors,
such as Harries et al . (1996), have considered that M. submytiloides may occur in
uppermost Cenomanian rocks.
M. wiedmanni is found in the GZ section at Ganuza just above the FO of M.
nodosoides (Figures 4, 10). In addition, we have recently also found some
specimens of M. wiedmanni in Lower Turonian rocks of the Menoyo section.
This species in the lowermost Turonian of Saumurois, western France was
referred to as Inoceramus hercynicus by Sornay (1982). Moreover, it has been
identified in Cassis, southeast France (Lo pez, in prep.) associated with M.
submytiloides , and in the lowermost Turonian of the Bohemian Basin (S. Cech,
pers. comm., 1995). M. wiedmanni is a widespread species and also occurs at
Pueblo (Bengtson, 1996), associated with M. hattini and very close to the LO of
Neocardioceras judii and the FO of Kamerunoceras sp.less than 1 m below Bed

Figure 7. a, b, Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica , GZ 8; c, d, Praeglobotruncana delrioensis , GZ a; e, f, P.

sp., G 31; g, h, P. sp., GZ a; i, j, Dicarinella elata , GZ 57a; k, Hedbergella delrioensis , GZ 7; l, p,
D. hagni , G 26; m, n, D. hagni , GZ 59; o, H. planispira , G 23; q, r, D. imbricata , GZ 7b; s, t, D.
algeriana , GZ 8. Scale bar 5 100m m.

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

345

Figure 8. a, Mytiloides mytiloides , right valve of the specimen PalUAB no. 38222; b, M.
submytiloides , left valve of the specimen PalUAB no. 38711; c, M. kossmati kossmati , right valve
of the specimen PalUAB no. 38847; d, M. wiedmanni , left valve of the specimen PalUAB no.
38764; e, M. hercynicus , left valve of the specimen PalUAB no. 38490. Scale bar 5 1 cm.

346

M. A. Lamolda et al.

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

347

86 of the proposed C / T boundary stratotype. Therefore, its range is from

uppermost Cenomanian to Lower Turonian (Figure 10).
The species M. k. kossmati had been found in the Ganuza section studied (GZ
57 and GZ 4; Figure 4) and in a neighbouring section ( 5 Inoceramus (Mytiloides )
goppelnensis goppelnensis ; Lamolda et al ., 1989, text-fig. 2). It is present in Lower
Turonian deposits at Bastide de Virac, Gard, southeast France (Lo pez, in prep.),
and at Cassis (Jolet et al ., 1995). Tro ger (1989) gave its stratigraphical range in
western Europe as lower Middle Turonian. This wider range is in agreement
with data reported by Lo pez (1992) and Walaszczyk (1992), and correlates with
middle and upper parts of the Watinoceras coloradoense Zone.
Therefore, sample GZ 57 should be of earliest Turonian age, and we can
conclude that M. submytiloides and M. wiedmanni associated with M. k. kossmati
in sample GZ 4, just above M. nodosoides , represents a Lower Turonian
assemblage. But the presence of only a few specimens of M. submytiloides in
sample GZ 56 (1 m below GZ 57) does not allow us to distinguish between
uppermost Cenomanian or lowermost Turonian in this bed.

7.3. Ammonites
Euomphaloceras septemseriatum and Calycoceras naviculare are largely known as
cosmopolitan species, characteristic of the Upper Cenomanian Metoicoceras
geslinianum Zone elsewhere (Wright & Kennedy, 1990, p. 294 and Kennedy &
Juignet, 1981, p. 38, respectively). The ammonite fauna from samples G 22 to G
12 should belong to this Upper Cenomanian ammonite zone.
The exact location of the C / T boundary cannot be identified by ammonites at
Ganuza, but we recognize its approximate position to be very close to the FO of
Kamerunoceras a specimen of Kamerunoceras sp. was recorded from sample GZ
56and level GZ 57 / 58, where Kamerunoceras calvertense occurs 2.5 m above.
Kamerunoceras is a typical Turonian taxon, although there are occurrences in
uppermost Cenomanian deposits, e. g., in bed 84 of the Bridge Creek Limestone
Member of the Pueblo section, just 1 m below the FO of Watinoceras devonense
(Kennedy & Cobban, 1991). Moreover, Kamerunoceras appears to have been
derived from typical Upper Cenomanian E. septemseriatum (Wright & Kennedy,
1981, p. 56), which is recorded from both the Pueblo and Ganuza sections below
the first occurrence of Kamerunoceras . The species K. calvertense , associated with
Pseudaspidoceras flexuosum in a condensed bed, is known only in west Texas, USA
and northern Chihuahua, Mexico (Kennedy et al ., 1987). These authors noted
its primitive characteristics, which are close to Upper Cenomanian
Acanthoceratinae.
Successive upwards occurrences of Kamerunoceras sp. and M. submytiloides (GZ
56), M. k. kossmati (GZ 57) and K. calvertense (GZ 57 / 58; Figures 4, 10) are
similar to those in the Pueblo sequence, where Kamerunoceras sp. is associated
with N. judii , and abundant Mytiloides (M. hattini ; Elder, 1991; M . wiedmanni ,
Bengtson, 1996), all below the FO of W. devonense , which is overlain by a P.

Figure 9. a, Thomelites sp. aff. hancocki , lateral view of the specimen PalUAB no. 47894, G 12; b,
Euomphaloceras septemseriatum , ventral view of the specimen PalUAB no. 12419, G 22; c,
Kamerunoceras calvertense , ventral view of the specimen PalUAB no. 12415, GZ 57-58; d,
Mammites nodosoides , lateral view of the specimen PalUAB no. 47860, GZ 3; e, Choffaticeras
pavillieri , lateral view of the specimen PalUAB no. 12122, GZ 6 top; f, Lecointriceras
fleuriasianum , lateral view of the specimen PalUAB no. 12116, GZ 6b. Scale bar 5 1 cm.

348

M. A. Lamolda et al.

Figure 10. Relative position of key bioevents associated with the C / T boundary according to several
authors. Vertical scale arbitrary (Ganuza, this paper; Shakespeare Cliff after Lamolda et al .,
1994; Dover after Jarvis et al ., 1988; Pueblo after Kennedy & Cobban, 1991 and Bengtson,
1996; Texas after Kennedy et al ., 1987; B 5 Boulonnais after Robaszynski et al ., 1980).

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

349

flexuosum assemblage, the latter recording the species K. calvertense in West

Texas (see above). Furthermore, in the Ganuza section (Figures 4, 10) Q.
gartneri and M. nodosoides occur above K. calvertense . Hence, the GZ 57 / 58 level
with K. calvertense should be lowermost Turonian, and GZ 56, 2.5 m lower with
Kamerunoceras sp. and M. submytiloides , should be uppermost Cenomanian; this
is consistent with the FO of M . k . kossmati between both levels (see 7.2 above).
Lower Turonian sediments can be identified by species such as M. nodosoides
and S . ( J .) obliquus . The latter species cannot be used for worldwide correlation
as it is endemic to the Bascocantabrian Region. It has been found in localities at
Arenillas and Soncillo, Burgos (Karrenberg, 1935, p. 136), Puentedey, Burgos
(Santamara, 1995, p. 47) as well as in the Ganuza section, but M. nodosoides is
characteristic of its nominate zone, from late Early Turonian (Chancellor et al .,
1994). Therefore, we have an interval in the lowermost Turonian with very few
ammonites, which is similar to Kalaat Senan, Tunisia (Robaszynski et al ., 1990),
central Tunisia (Chancellor et al., 1994) and Touraine, France (Hancock et al .,
1993). K. puebloense and C. pavillieri occur in the Pueblo section below the FO of
M. nodosoides (Figure 10), and C. pavillieri is recorded from the Thomasites
rollandi Zone in central Tunisia (Chancellor et al ., 1994), which is also below the
FO of M. nodosoides . The Turonian species Lecointriceras fleuriasianum has been
reported from several localities in Lower Turonian beds (Lamolda et al ., 1989).
We have not, therefore, recognized a definitive Middle Turonian ammonoid
assemblage.

8. Conclusions
The Cenomanian / Turonian boundary in the Ganuza section should lie within the
1-m-thick interval between samples GZ 56 and GZ 57. A good proxy for this
boundary is the FOs of both Mytiloides kossmati kossmati and Kamerunoceras spp.
Successive LOs of Lithraphites acutus , Rotalipora cushmani and Microstaurus
chiastius , and FOs of Quadrum intermedium , Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica
and Quadrum gartneri characterize the completeness of C / T transitions and may
be a good proxy for the C / T boundary.
The FO of H. praehelvetica in levels coeval with Kamerunoceras sp. and
Mytiloides submytiloides , and below FO of M. k. kossmati, is a good index for
characterizing the C / T boundary. Although earlier records of Q. gartneri might
have been overlooked, its FO is recorded below Mamnites nodosoides but above
Mytiloides submytiloides , H . praehelvetica , M. kossmati kossmati and Kamerunoceras
calvertense . It is, therefore, a good proxy for the C / T boundary.

Acknowledgements
We are indebted to David Batten, Chris Paul and an anonymous referee for their
critical remarks, which have improved this manuscript. The financial support for
this project to D. Peryt was provided by a research grant of the Programa de
Perfeccionamiento y Movilidad del Personal Investigador / 1994 of the Basque
Government. The SEM photographs of the foraminifera were taken in the
Institute of Palaeobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. This is a
contribution to the DGICYT project nos. PS90-91 and PB95-0505-C02, MEC.

350

M. A. Lamolda et al.

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Appendix
The fossils used in this study have been deposited in the collections of M.A. Lamolda (microfossils)
and the Departament de Geologia, Universita`t Autonoma de Barcelona (macrofauna).
List of species mentioned in text with authors and dates
Nannofossils
Allemanites striatus (Stradner), 1963 (Arkhangelskiella )
Axopodorhabdus albianus (Black), 1967 (Podorhabdus )
Braadurosphaera regularis Black, 1973
Broinsonia enormis (Shumenko), 1968 (Arkhangelskiella )
B. signata (Noel), 1969 (Aspidolithus )
Corollithion kennedyi Crux, 1981
C. signum Stradner, 1963
Cretarhabdus conicus Bramlette & Martini, 1964
Cribrosphaerella ehrenbergii (Arkhangelsky), 1912 (Cribrosphaera )
Discorhabdus ignotus (Gorka), 1957 (Tremalithus )
Eiffellithus turriseiffelii (Deflandre), 1954 (Zygolithus)
Eprolithus eptapetalus Varol, 1992
E. floralis (Stradner), 1962 (Lithastrinus )
E. octopetalus Varol, 1992
Gartnerago obliquum (Stradner), 1963 (Arkhangelskiella )
Glaukolithus compactus (Bukry), 1969 (Zygodiscus )
Haqius circumradiatus (Stover), 1966 (Coccolites )
Helicolithus traveculatus (Gorka), 1957 (Discolithus )
Lithraphidites acutus Verbeek & Manivit, 1977
L. carniolensis Deflandre, 1963
Loxolithus armilla (Black), 1959 (Cyclolithus)
Mannivitella pemmatoidea (Deflandre), 1965 (Cricolithus )
Microrhabdulus belgicus Hay & Towe, 1963
M. decoratus Deflandre, 1959
Microstaurus chiastius (Worsley), 1971 (Helenea )
Nannoconus elongatus Bro nnimann, 1955
N. multicadus Deflandre & Deflandre-Rigaud, 1959
N. truitti truitti Bro nnimann, 1955
Prediscosphaera avitus (Black), 1973 (Deflandrius )
P. cretacea (Arkhangelsky), 1912 (Coccolithophora )
P. ponticula Bukry, 1969
P. spinosa (Bramlette & Martini), 1964 (Deflandrius )
Quadrum gartneri Prins & Perch-Nielsen, 1977
Q. intermedium Varol, 1992
Raghodiscus achlyostaurion (Hill), 1976 (Parhabdolithus )
R. angustus (Stradner), 1963 (Parhabdolithus )
R. asper (Stradner), 1963 (Discolithus )
Rotelapillus laffittei (Noel), 1957 (Stephanolithion )
Stoverius achylosus (Stover), 1966 (Chiphragmalithus )
Tranolithus exiguus Stover, 1966
T. gabalus Stover, 1966
T. minimus (Bukry), 1969 (Zygodiscus)
T. phacelosus Stover, 1966
Watznaueria barnesae (Black), 1969 (Tremalithus )
W. biporta Bukry, 1969
W. ovata Bukry, 1969
Zeugrhabdotus acanthus Reinhardt, 1965
Z. elegans (Gartner), 1968 (Zygodiscus )
Z. embergeri (Noel), 1958 (Discolithus )
Foraminifera
Dicarinella algeriana (Caron), 1966 (Praeglobotruncana )
D. elata Lamolda, 1977

Fossils in the Upper Cenomanian Lower Turonian

D. hagni (Scheibnerova), 1962 (Praeglobotruncana )

D. imbricata (Mornod), 1949 (Globotruncana )
D. oraviensis (Scheibnerova), 1960 (Praeglobotruncana )
Globigerinelloides bentonensis (Morrow), 1934 (Anomalina )
Guembelitria cenomana Keller, 1935
Hedbergella delrioensis (Carsey), 1926 (Globigerina )
H. planispira (Tappan), 1940 (Globigerina )
H. simplex (Morrow), 1934 (Hastigerinella )
Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica (Bolli), 1945 (Globotruncana )
H. praehelvetica (Trujillo), 1960 (Rugoglobigerina )
Heterohelix moremani (Cushman), 1938 (Guembelina )
Praeglobotruncana aumalensis (Sigal), 1952 (Globigerina )
P. delrioensis (Plummer), 1931 (Globorotalia )
P. gibba Klaus, 1960
P. stephani (Gandolfi), 1942 (Globotruncana )
Rotalipora cushmani (Morrow), 1934 (Globorotalia )
R. greenhornensis (Morrow), 1934 (Globorotalia )
Whiteinella aprica (Loeblich & Tappan), 1961 (Ticinella )
W. archaeocretacea Pessagno, 1967
W. baltica Douglas & Rankin, 1969
W. brittonensis (Loeblich & Tappan), 1961 (Hedbergella )
W. paradubia (Sigal), 1952 (Globigerina )
Inoceramids
Inoceramus gr. labiatus (Schlotheim), 1813 (Ostracites )
Mytiloides hattini Elder, 1991
M. hercynicus (Petrascheck), 1903 (Inoceramus )
M. kossmati ganuzaensis Lo pez, 1992
M. kossmati kossmati (Heinz), 1933 (Striatoceramus )
M. mytiloides (Mantell), 1822 (Inoceramus )
M. submytiloides (Seitz), 1934 (Inoceramus )
M . cf. transiens (Seitz), 1934 (Inoceramus )
M. wiedmanni Lo pez, 1992
Ammonites
Calycoceras naviculare (Mantell), 1822 (Ammonites )
Choffaticeras pavillieri (Pervinquie`re), 1907 (Pseudotissotia )
Euomphaloceras septemseriatum (Cragin), 1893 (Scaphites )
Fagesia pachydiscoides Spath, 1925
F . aff. rudra (Stoliczka), 1865 (Ammonites )
Kamerunoceras calvertense (Powell), 1963 (Acanthoceras )
K. puebloense (Cobban & Scott), 1972 (Kanabiceras )
Lecointriceras fleuriasianum (DOrbigny), 1841 (Ammonites )
Mammites nodosoides (Schlu ter), 1871 (Ammonites )
Neocardioceras judii (Barrois & Guerne), 1878 (Ammonites )
Pachydesmoceras linderi (Grossouvre), 1894 (Pachydiscus )
Pseudaspidoceras flexuosum Powell, 1963
Spathithes (Jeanrogericeras ) obliquus (Karrenberg), 1935 (Mammites )
Thomelites sp. aff. T. hancocki Juignet & Kennedy, 1976
Watinoceras devonense Wright & Kennedy, 1981

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