1

CHAPTER 12
12.1 Flow balances can be used to determine
Q01 = 6
Q25 = 1
Q34 = 8

Q15 = 3
Q23 = 1
Q44 = 12

Q12 = 4
Q54 = 2

Q31 = 1
Q55 = 2

Q03 = 8
Q24 = 2

Mass balances can be used to determine the following simultaneous equations,

7 0 1 0 0 c1 240
4 4 0 0 0 c 2 0
0 1 9 0 0 c3 80
0 2 8 12 2 c 0
3 1 0 0 4 c4 0
5
The solution and the matrix inverse can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,
>> A=[7 0 -1 0 0;
-4 4 0 0 0;
0 -1 9 0 0;
0 -2 -8 12 -2;
-3 -1 0 0 4];
>> B=[240;0;80;0;0];
>> C=A\B
C =
36.1290
36.1290
12.9032
20.6452
36.1290
>> inv(A)
ans =
0.1452
0.1452
0.0161
0.0591
0.1452

0.0040
0.2540
0.0282
0.0722
0.0665

0.0161
0.0161
0.1129
0.0806
0.0161

0
0
0
0.0833
0

0
0
0
0.0417
0.2500

1
1
12.2 The relevant coefficients of the matrix inverse are a13
0.018868 and a 43
0.087479.
Therefore a 25% change in the input to reactor 3 will lead to the following concentration
changes to reactors 1 and 4:

c1 0.018868(0.25 160) 0.754717

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c 4 0.087479(0.25 160) 3.499142

These can be expressed as percent changes,

c1
0.754717
100%
100% 6.56%
c1
11.50943
c 4
3.499142
100%
100% 20.59%
c4
16.99828
12.3 Because of conservation of flow:
Q01 Q03 Q44 Q55

12.4 Mass balances can be used to determine the following simultaneous equations,

8 0 3 0 0 c1 50
4 4 0 0 0 c 2 0
0 2 10 0 0 c3 160
0 0 7 10 3 c 4 0
4 2 0 0 6 c 0
5
The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,
>> A=[8 0 -3 0 0;
-4 4 0 0 0;
0 -2 10 0 0;
0 0 -7 10 -3;
-4 -2 0 0 6];
>> B=[50;0;160;0;0];
>> C=A\B
C =
13.2432
13.2432
18.6486
17.0270
13.2432

12.5 Flow balances can be used to determine

Q01 = 5
Q25 = 0
Q34 = 3

Q15 = 3
Q23 = 7
Q44 = 10

Q12 = 0
Q54 = 0

Q31 = 2
Q55 = 3

Q03 = 8
Q24 = 7

Mass balances can be used to determine the following simultaneous equations,

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5 0 0 0
0 7 7 0
2 0 10 0
0 7 3 10
3 0 0 0

0
0
0
0
3

c1
c2

c3
c4
c
5

50
0
160
0
0

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[5 0 0 0 0;
0 7 -7 0 -1;
-2 0 10 0 0;
0 -7 -3 10 0;
-3 0 0 0 3];
>> B=[50;0;160;0;0];
>> C=A\B
C =
10.0000
18.0000
18.0000
18.0000
10.0000

12.6 Mass balances can be written for each of the reactors as

500 Q13 c1 Q12 c1 Q21 c 2 0
Q12 c1 Q21c 2 Q23 c 2 0
200 Q13 c1 Q23 c 2 Q33 c3 0
Values for the flows can be substituted and the system of equations can be written in matrix
form as

130 30 0
90 90 0
40 60 120

c1 500

c2 0
c3 200

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[130 -30 0;-90 90 0;-40 -60 120];
>> B=[500;0;200];
>> C=A\B
C =
5.0000
5.0000
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4
5.8333

12.7 Mass balances can be written for each of the lakes as

Superior, c1:
Michigan, c2:
Huron, c3:
Erie, c4:
Ontario, c5:

180 67c1
710 36c 2
740 67c1 36c 2 161c3
3850 161c 3 182c 4
4720 182c 4 212c 5

The system of equations can be written in matrix form as

0
0
0
0
67
36
0
0
0
0
67 36 161
0
0
0
0 161 182
0
0
0
0 182 212

c1 180
c 2 710

c3 740
c 4 3850
c5 4720

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[67 0 0 0 0;
0 36 0 0 0;
-67 -36 161 0 0;
0 0 -161 182 0;
0 0 0 -182 212];
>> B=[180 710 740 3850 4720]';
>> C=A\B
C =
2.6866
19.7222
10.1242
30.1099
48.1132

12.8 (a) The solution can be developed using your own software or a package. For example,
using MATLAB,
>> A=[13.422 0 0 0;
-13.422 12.252 0 0;
0 -12.252 12.377 0;
0 0 -12.377 11.797];
>> W=[750.5 300 102 30]';
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5
>> AI=inv(A)
AI =

0.0745
0.0816
0.0808
0.0848

0
0.0816
0.0808
0.0848

0
0
0.0808
0.0848

0
0
0
0.0848

>> C=AI*W
C =

55.9157
85.7411
93.1163
100.2373

(b) The element of the matrix that relates the concentration of Havasu (lake 4) to the loading
1
of Powell (lake 1) is a 41
0.084767. This value can be used to compute how much the
loading to Lake Powell must be reduced in order for the chloride concentration of Lake
Havasu to be 75 as

W1

c 4
1
a 41

100.2373 75
297.725
0.084767

(c) First, normalize the matrix to give

0
1
[A] 1 0.91283
0 0.9899
0
0

0
0

0
0

1
0
1 0.95314

The column-sum norm for this matrix is 2. The inverse of the matrix can be computed as

1
0
0
0

1
.
095495

1
.
09549
0
0

1
[ A]

1.084431 1.08443
1
0
1.137747 1.13775 1.049165 1.04917
The column-sum norm for the inverse can be computed as 4.317672. The condition number
is, therefore, 2(4.317672) = 8.635345. This means that less than 1 digit is suspect
[log10(8.635345) = 0.93628]. Interestingly, if the original matrix is unscaled, the same
condition number results.
12.9 For the first stage, the mass balance can be written as
F1 y in F2 x 2 F2 x1 F1 x1
Substituting x = Ky and rearranging gives
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F
F
1 2 K y1 2 Ky 2 y in
F1
F1

Using a similar approach, the equation for the last stage is

F
F
y 4 1 2 K y 5 2 xin
F1
F1

For interior stages,

F
F
y i-1 1 2 K y i 2 Ky i 1 0
F1
F1

These equations can be used to develop the following system,

9 8 0 0 0 y1 0.1
1 9 8 0 0 y 2 0
0 1 9 8 0 y3 0
0 0 1 9 8 y 4 0
0 0 0 1 9 y 0
5
The solution can be developed in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,
>> format long
>> A=[9 -8 0 0 0;
-1 9 -8 0 0;
0 -1 9 -8 0;
0 0 -1 9 -8;
0 0 0 -1 9];
>> B=[0.1;0;0;0;0];
>> Y=A\B
Y =
0.01249966621272
0.00156212448931
0.00019493177388
0.00002403268445
0.00000267029827

Note that the corresponding values of X can be computed as

>> X=4*Y
X =

0.04999866485086

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7
0.00624849795722
0.00077972709552
0.00009613073780
0.00001068119309

Therefore, yout = 0.0000026703 and xout = 0.05. In addition, here is a logarithmic plot of the
simulation results versus stage,

12.10 Steady-state mass balances for A in each reactor can be written as

Qin c A,in Qin c A,1 k1V1 c A,1 0

Qin c A,1 Q32 c A,3 (Qin Q32 )c A, 2 k 2V2 c A, 2 0

(Qin Q32 )c A, 2 Q 43 c A, 4 (Qin Q43 )c A,3 k 3V3 c A,3 0
(Qin Q 43 )c A,3 (Qin Q 43 )c A, 4 k 4V 4 c A, 4 0

Steady-state mass balances for B in each reactor can be written as

Qin c B ,1 k1V1 c A,1 0

Qin c B ,1 Q32 c B ,3 (Qin Q32 )c B , 2 k 2V 2 c A, 2 0

(Qin Q32 )c B , 2 Q43 c B , 4 (Qin Q43 )c B ,3 k 3V3 c A,3 0
(Qin Q 43 )c B ,3 (Qin Q43 )c B , 4 k 4V 4 c A, 4 0

Values for the parameters can be substituted and the system of equations can be written in
matrix form as

0
0
0
0
0
0
11.875 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.875 10
10
0
26.25
0
5
0
0
0
0
10 11.25 15
0
5
0
0
0
0
15
0
53
0
3 0
0
0
0
15 40 13
0
3
0
0
0
0 13 0 15.5 0
0
0
0
0
0 13 2.5 13

c A,1
c 10
B,1 0
c A, 2 0
c B,2 0
c 0
A, 3 0
c B ,3 0
c A, 4 0
c
B,4

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The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[11.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
-1.875 10 0 0 0 0 0 0;
-10 0 26.25 0 -5 0 0 0;
0 -10 -11.25 15 0 -5 0 0;
0 0 -15 0 53 0 -3 0;
0 0 0 -15 40 13 0 -3;
0 0 0 0 -13 0 15.5 0;
0 0 0 0 0 -13 -2.5 13];
>> B=[10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]';
>> C=A\B
C =

0.8421
0.1579
0.3400
0.9933
0.1010
1.8990
0.0847
1.9153

Therefore, to summarize the results

reactor
inflow
1
2
3
4

1
0.842105
0.340047
0.101036
0.084740

0
0.157895
0.993286
1.898964
1.915260

Here is a plot of the results:

12.11 Assuming a unit flow for Q1, the simultaneous equations can be written in matrix form as

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2
0
0
1
0
0

1 2
0 2
0 0
1 0
1 1
0 0

0 0
1 2
0 2
0 0
1 0
1 1

0
0
3
0
0
1

Q2 0
Q3 0
Q 0
4
Q 1
5 0
Q6 0
Q7

These equations can then be solved. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[-2 1 2 0 0 0;
0 0 -2 1 2 0;
0 0 0 0 -2 3;
1 1 0 0 0 0;
0 1 -1 -1 0 0;
0 0 0 1 -1 -1];
>> B=[0 0 0 1 0 0 ]';
>> Q=A\B
Q =
0.5059
0.4941
0.2588
0.2353
0.1412
0.0941

12.12 The mass balances can be expressed in matrix form as

cG1
0
0
0
0 0.8 0
0
0
0 c 200
2.8
0
0
0
0 0.8 0
0
0 G2 0
2 2.8
0
2 2.8
0
0
0
0 0.8 0
0 cG 3 0
0
0
2 2.8
0
0
0
0 0.8 0 cG 4 0
0
0
0
2 2.8
0
0
0
0 0.8 cG 5 0
0.8 0
0
0
0
1.8
1
0
0
0 c L1 0
0 0.8 0
0
0
0
1.8
1
0
0 c 0
0
0 0.8 0
0
0
0
1.8
1
0 cL2 0
0
0
0 0.8 0
0
0
0
1.8
1 L3 0
0
0
0
0 0.8 0
0
0
0
1.8 c L 4 10

c L5
These equations can then be solved. The results are tabulated and plotted below:
Reactor
0

Gas
100

Liquid

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10
1
2
3
4
5
6

95.73328
90.2475
83.19436
74.12603
62.46675

85.06649
76.53306
65.5615
51.45521
33.31856
10

12.13 Let xi = the volume taken from pit i. Therefore, the following system of equations must
hold

0.55 x1 0.25 x 2 0.25 x3 4800

0.30 x1 0.45 x 2 0.20 x3 5800
0.15 x1 0.30 x 2 0.55 x3 5700
These can then be solved for x1 = 2416.667, x2 = 9193.333, and x3 = 4690.
12.14 We can number the nodes as
1
F1
H2

F2

F3
F5
F4

4
V2

V3

Node 1:
FH 0 F1 cos 30 F5 cos 45 F3 cos 45 1200
FV 0 F1 sin 30 F5 sin 45 F3 sin 45 600
Node 2:
FH 0 H 2 F2 F1 cos 30
FV 0 F1 sin 30 V2
Node 3:
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11
FH 0 F4 F3 cos 45
FV 0 V3 F3 sin 45
Node 4:
FH 0 F2 F4 F5 cos 45
FV 0 F5 sin 45 500
These balances can then be expressed in matrix form as

0.866 0 0.707 0 0.707 0

0 0.707 0 0.707 0
0.5
0.866 1
0
0
0
1
0.5 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.707 1
0
0
0
0 0.707 0
0
0
0
1
0
1 0.707 0
0
0
0
0 0.707 0

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

F1
F2 1200
F 600
3 0
F4 0
F 0
5 0
H2 0
V2 500

V3

This system can be solved for

F1 = 292.82
F5 = 707.1068

F3 = 1348.58
V2 = 146.4102

F2 = 1453.59
H2 = 1200

F4 = 953.5898
V3 = 953.5898

Note that the horizontal reactions (H2 = 1200) and the vertical reactions (V2 + V3 = 146.4102
+ 953.5898 = 1100) are equal to the negative of the imposed loads. This is a good check that
the computation is correct.
12.15 We can number the nodes as
500
F7
H5

100

F1
1

F3

F6
V5

F2

F4

F5
4

V3

Node 1:
FH 0 F1 F5 cos 45 F7 cos 45
FV 0 F5 sin 45 F7 sin 45 500
Node 2:
FH 0 F1 F2 cos 30 F4 cos 60
FV 0 F2 sin 30 F4 sin 60 100
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12
Node 3:
FH 0 F2 cos 30 F3
FV 0 V3 F2 sin 30
Node 4:
FH 0 F3 F4 cos 60 F5 cos 45 F6
FV 0 F4 sin 60 F5 sin 45
Node 5:
FH 0 F6 F7 cos 45 H 5
FV 0 F7 sin 45 V5
These balances can then be expressed in matrix form as

0
1
0
0

1 0.866

0.5
0
0
0.866

0
0

0
0

0.5
0
0
0
0

0.707

0.707

0
0
0
1

0
0.5
0.866
0

0.707
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0.707
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
1 0
1 0.5
0.707
1
0
0
0
0 0.866 0.707 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0.707 0 1
0

0.707

F1
F
2
F3

F4

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
500

100
0

F5

F
6

F7

V3

V5

F2 = 351.666
F7 = 599.863

F3 = 304.5517
V3 = 175.833

F4 = 87.56443
H5 = 0

F5 = 107.244
V5 = 424.167

12.16 The first two columns of the inverse provide the information to solve this problem
F1
F2
F3
H2
V2
V3

F1H
0.866025
0.250000
0.500000
1.000000
0.433013
0.433013

This system can be solved for

F1 = 348.334
F6 = 424.167

0
0
0
0

F1V
0.500000
0.433013
0.866025
0.000000
0.250000
0.750000

F1 = 2000(0.866025) 2500(0.5) = 482.0508

F2 = 2000(0.25) 2500(0.433013) = 1582.532
F3 = 2000(0.5) 2500(0.866025) = 3165.06
H2 = 2000() 2500(0) = 2000
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13
V2 = 2000(0.433013) 2500(0.25) = 241.025
V3 = 2000(0.433013) 2500(0.75) = 2741.025
12.17

F y 0

V 2 V3 1000

M 0
Geometry

1000(cos30) L1 V3 L2
cos30 L1 cos60 L3 L2

Since V2 = 250 and V3 = 750,

866 L1 750 L2 0
0.866 L1 0.5L3 L2

Therefore,

L3

L2 0.866 L1
0.5

12.18 We can number the nodes as

1
F1

500
F3

F2

250

3
F6

H4

F5
F7

V4

F4

5
V5

Node 1:
FH 0 F1 cos 45 500
FV 0 F1 sin 45 F3
Node 2:
FH 0 F1 cos 45 F2 F5 cos 60 F6 cos 30
FV 0 F1 sin 45 F5 sin 60 F6 sin 30
Node 3:
FH 0 F2 250
FV 0 F3 F4
Node 4:
FH 0 F6 cos 30 F7 H 4
FV 0 F6 sin 30 V4
Node 5:
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14
FH 0 F7 F5 cos 60
FV 0 F4 F5 sin 60 V5
These balances can then be expressed in matrix form as

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.866
0
0
0
0

0
0
0.866
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.866 1 1 0
0

0
0
0
0.5
0
0 1 0

0
0
0.5
0
1
0
0
0

0 1 0.866
0
0
0
0 1

0
0.707
0.707
0

0.707 1

0.707 0

0
1

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

F1
F2
F3
F4

500
0

0
250

F5

F6

F7

H4

V4

V5

0
0
0
0

This system can be solved for

F1 = 707.107
F6 = 899.519

F2 = 250
F7 = 29.00635

F3 = 500
H4 = 750

F4 = 500
V4 = 449.7595

F5 = 58.0127
V5 = 449.76

12.19 We can number the nodes as

1

F1
H4

F2

F5

F3

F8

3
F6
F7
6

4
V4

F4

F9

V6

5000

Node 1:
FH 0 F1 cos 60 F2 F5 cos 60
FV 0 F1 sin 60 F5 sin 60
Node 2:
FH 0 F2 F3
FV 0 F8
Node 3:
FH 0 F3 F6 cos 45 F7 cos 45
FV 0 F6 sin 45 F7 sin 45
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15
Node 4:
FH 0 F1 cos 30 F4 H 4
FV 0 F1 sin 60 V4
Node 5:
FH 0 F4 F5 cos 60 F7 cos 45 F9
FV 0 F5 sin 60 F8 F7 sin 45 5000
Node 6:
FH 0 F6 cos 45 F9
FV 0 F6 sin 45 V6
Note that F8 = 0. Thus, the middle member is unnecessary unless there is a load with a
nonzero vertical component at node 2. These balances can then be expressed in matrix form
as

0.5
0.866

1
0
1
0

0.5
0.866

0
0

0
0

0
0

0.5

0
0
0.866
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0

1
0
0
0.707 0.707
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0.707
0.707
0
0
0 0

0 1
0
0
0
0 1 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 0

0
1
0.5
0
0.707 1 0
0 0

0
0 0.866
0
0.707 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0.707
0
1
0
0 0

0
0
0
0.707
0
0
0
0 1
0

F1
F2

F3

F2 = 3660.25
F7 = 2588.19

F3 = 3660.25
F9 = 1830.13

F4 = 1830.127
H4 = 0

0
0

F4

F5
0

F6
0

F7
0

F9
0

H4
5000

V4
0

V6
0

This system can be solved for

F1 = 3660.25
F6 = 2588.19
V6 = 1830.13

F5 = 3660.25
V4 = 3169.87

12.20 (a)
Room 1:
0 Wsmoker Qa c a Qa c1 E13 (c3 c1 )
Room 2:
0 Qb c b (Qa Qd )c 4 Qc c 2 E 24 (c 4 c 2 )
Room 3:

0 Wgrill Qa c1 E13 (c1 c 3 ) E 34 (c 4 c 3 ) Qa c 3

Room 4:
0 Qa c 3 E 34 (c 3 c 4 ) E 24 (c 2 c 4 ) Qa c 4
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16

Substituting the parameters yields

0
25
0 c1 1400
225
0
175
0
125 c 2 100

225
0
275 50 c3 2000

25 250 275 c 4 0
0
These can be solved for

c1 8.0996
c 12.3448
2

c3 16.8966
c 4 16.4828
(b) The matrix inverse can be determined as

0.004996 0.0000153
[ A] 0.003448 0.006207
0.004966 0.000138
0.004828 0.00069
1

0.000552
0.003448
0.004966
0.004828

0.000107
0.003448
0.000966
0.004828

The percent of the carbon monoxide in the kids section due to each source can be computed
as
(i) the smokers
1
c 2,smokers a 21
Wsmokers 0.003448(1000) 3.448
% smokers

3.448
100% 27.93%
12.3448

(ii) the grill

1
c 2,grill a 31
Wgrill 0.003448(2000) 6.897
% grill

6.897
100% 55.87%
12.3448

(iii) the intakes

1
1
c 2,intakes a 21
Qa c a a 22
Qb c b 0.003448( 200)2 0.006207(50)2 1.37931 0.62069 2
% grill

2
100% 16.20%
12.3448

(c) If the smoker and grill loads are increased by 1000 and 3000 mg/hr, respectively, the
concentration in the kids section will be increased by
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17
1
1
c 2 a 21
Wsmoker a 23
Wgrill 0.003448( 2000 1000) 0.003448(5000 2000)

3.448 10.3448 13.7931

(d) If the mixing between the kids area and zone 4 is decreased to 5, the system of equations
is changed to

0
25
0 c1 1400
225
0
155
0
105 c 2 100

225 0
275
50 c 3 2000

5 250 255 c 4 0
0
which can be solved for

c1 8.1084
c 12.0800
2

c3 16.9760
c 4 16.8800
Therefore, the concentration in the kids area would be decreased 0.26483 mg/m 3 or 2.145%.
12.21 The coordinates of the connection points are
D: (0, 0, 2.4)
A: (0.8, 0.6, 0)
B: (0.8, 0.6, 0)
C: (0, 1, 0)
The lengths of the legs can be computed as
DA

0.8 2 0.6 2 2.4 2 2.6

DB

0 .8 2 0 .6 2 2 .4 2 2 .6

DC

0 2 12 2.4 2 2.6

Assume that each leg is in tension, which mean that each pulls on point D.

20 kN
D
A

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18

The direction cosines of the vectors A, B and C can be determined as

3
12
4
,
,

13
13
13
4
3
12

,
,

B:
13
13
13
5
12

C: 0, ,
13
13

A:

Force balances for point D can then be written as

F
F

4
4
A
B0
13
13

3
3
5
A
B
C 0
13
13
13

12
12
12
A
B
C 20 0
13
13
13

Thus, the solution amounts to solving the following system of linear algebraic equations

0.30769 A 0.30769 B
0
0.23077 A 0.23077 B 0.38462C 0
0.92308 A 0.92308 B 0.92308C 20
These equations can be solved with Gauss elimination for A = 6.7708, B = 6.7708, and C =
8.125.
12.22 The solution can be generated in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,
>> A=[1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0;
0 1 0 3/5 0 0 0 0 0 0;
-1 0 0 -4/5 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 -1 0 0 0 0 3/5 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 -1 0 -4/5 0 0 0;
0 0 -1 -3/5 0 1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 4/5 1 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 -1 -3/5 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 4/5 0 0 1];
>> B=[0 0 -74 0 0 24 0 0 0 0]';
>> x=A\B
x =
37.3333
-46.0000
74.0000
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19
-46.6667
37.3333
46.0000
-76.6667
-74.0000
-37.3333
61.3333

Therefore, in kN
AB = 37.3333
DE = 46

BC = 46
AD = 74
CE = 76.6667 Ax = 74

BD = 46.6667
Ay = 37.33333

CD = 37.3333
Ey = 61.3333

12.23 The simultaneous equations are

1
0
0 0 i12 0
1 1
1 1 0 i52 0
0 1 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 i32 0
0 0
0
0
1 1 i65 0
0 5 15 0 5 2 i 0
10 5 0 25 0 0 54 200
i 43
This system can be solved in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,
>> A=[1 1 1 0 0 0;
0 -1 0 1 -1 0;
0 0 -1 0 0 1;
0 0 0 0 1 -1;
0 5 -15 0 -5 -2;
10 -5 0 -25 0 0];
>> B=[0 0 0 0 0 200]';
>> I=A\B
I =

5.1185
-4.1706
-0.9479
-5.1185
-0.9479
-0.9479

i21 = 5.1185

i52 = 4.1706

i32 = 0.9479

i65 = 5.1185

i54 = 0.9479

i43 = 0.9479

Here are the resulting currents superimposed on the circuit:

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20

5.1185

0.9479

12.24 The current equations can be written as

i 21 i 23 i52 0
i 23 i35 i 43 0
i 43 i54 0
i35 i52 i 65 i54 0

Voltage equations:

i 21

V2 10
35

i54

V5 V 4
15

i 23

V 2 V3
30

i35

V3 V5
7

i 43

V 4 V3
8

i52

V5 V 2
10

i65

150 V5
5

0
0

0
1

1 1 0
0 1 1

0
0

0
0

0
0

35

0
1

0
0

30

0
0

15

0
0

0
10

7
0

0
0

0
0

1 1
0
1

0
0

i 21
i
23

0
0

i52
0

i35
0
10
0 1 0
0
0 i 43

0 1 1
0
0 i54 0
0
0 0
1 1 0 i65

0 0
0
1 1 V 2
0

0 0 1 0
1 V3
0
0
0 1
0
0 1 V 4

5 0
0
0
1 V5
150
0
0

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21

This system can be solved for

i21 = 2.9291
i54 = 0.1507
V5 = 135.3543

i23 = 0.6457
i65 = 2.9291

i52 = 2.2835
V2 = 112.5196

i35 = 0.4950
V3 = 131.8893

i43 = 0.1507
V4 = 133.0945

12.25 The current equations can be written as

i32 i 25 i12 0
i32 i34 i63 0
i34 i 47 0
i 25 i65 i58 0
i 76 i63 i 65 0
i 47 i76 i97 0
i58 i89 i80 0
i89 i97 0

Voltage equations:
20i 25 10i 65 5i 63 5i32 0
5i63 20i76 5i47 20i34 0
50i58 15i89 0i97 20i 76 10i 65 0
120 20i 25 50i58 40

1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0

1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20

1 0
0 0
0
0 1 1 0
0
0 1
0 1 0
0 0
0 0
1
0 0 1 0 1
0 0
0 1
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
5 0 10
0 20 5 5 0
0 0
0 0 10
0 0
0 0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0
0
1
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 20
50 20
50 0

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
15
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

i32
i25 0
i 0
12 0
i34 0
i63 0
i 47 0
i 0
65 0
i58 0
i76 0
i97
i 0
89 80
i80

This system can be solved for

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22
i32 = 2.5670
i47 = 1.2287
i89 = 2.4299

i25 = 1.0449
i65 = 0.1371
i80 = 3.6119

i12 = 3.6119
i58 = 1.1820

i34 = 1.2287
i76 = 1.2012

i63 = 1.3384
i97 = 2.4299

12.26 Let ci = component i. Therefore, the following system of equations must hold
15c1 17c 2 19c 3 3890
0.30c1 0.40c 2 0.55c 3 95
1.0c1 1.2c 2 1.5c 3 282

These can then be solved for c1 = 90, c2 = 60, and c3 = 80.

12.27 First, we can number the loops and assume that the currents are clockwise.
R1
R4

V1

R3

R2

i1

R5
i2

i3

+
V2

Kirchhoffs voltage law can be applied to each loop.

V1 R1i1 R 4 (i1 i 2 ) 0
R 4 (i 2 i1 ) R2 i 2 R5 (i 2 i3 ) 0
R5 (i3 i 2 ) R3 i3 V2 0
Collecting terms, the system can be written in matrix form as

20 15 0
15 50 25
0 25 45

i1 80

i2 0
i3 50

This can be solved with a tool like MATLAB,

> A=[20 -15 0;-15 50 -25;0 -25 45];
>> B=[80;0;-50];
>> I=A\B
I =

4.9721
1.2961
-0.3911

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23
Therefore, I1 = 4.9721, I2 = 1.2961, and I3 = 0.3911.
12.28 This problem can be solved by applying Kirchhoffs voltage law to each loop.

20 4(i1 i 2 ) 2(i1 i3 ) 0
4(i 2 i1 ) 6i 2 8(i 2 i3 ) 0
8(i3 i 2 ) 5i3 2(i3 i1 ) 0
Collecting terms, the system can be written in matrix form as

6 4 2 i1 20
4 18 8 i 2 0
2 8 15 i3 0
This can be solved with a tool like MATLAB,
> A=[6 -4 -2;-4 18 -8;-2 -8 15];
>> B=[20;0;0];
>> I=A\B
I =

5.1759
1.9095
1.7085

Therefore, I1 = 5.1759, I2 = 1.9095, and I3 = 1.7085.

12.29 This problem can be solved directly on a calculator capable of doing matrix operations or
on MATLAB.
>>
>>
>>
>>

b=[-200;-250;100];
a=[55 0 -25;0 -37 -4;-25 -4 29];
b=[-200;-250;100];
x=a\b

x =
-2.7278
6.5407
1.9989

Therefore, I1 = 2.7278 A, I3 = 6.5407 A, and I4 = 1.9989 A

12.30 This problem can be solved directly on a calculator capable of doing matrix operations or
on MATLAB.
>> a=[60 -40 0
-40 150 -100
0 -100 130];
>> b=[200
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24
0
230];
>> x=a\b
x =

7.7901
6.6851
6.9116

Therefore, I1 = 7.79 A, I2 = 6.69 A, and I3 = 6.91 A.

12.31 At steady state, the force balances can be written as
4kx1 3kx 2
m1 g
3kx1 4kx 2 kx3 m 2 g
kx 2 kx3 m3 g
Substituting the parameter values

120 90 0
90 120 30
0 30 30

x1 19.6

x 2 29.4
x3 24.5

The solution is x1 = 2.45, x2 = 3.049, and x3 = 3.866.

12.32 At steady state, the force balances can be written as

30 20 0 x1 98
20 30 10 x 2 34.3
0 10 10 x3 19.6
The solution is x1 = 15.19, x2 = 17.885, and x3 = 19.845.
12.33 The force balances can be written as

0
0 x1 0
k1 k 2 k 2
k 2 k 2 k3 k3
0 x2 0

0
k 3 k 3 k 4 k 4 x3 0

0
k4
k 4 x4 F
0
Substituting the parameter values

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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25

0
0
150 50
0
50 130 80
0 80 280 200
0
0 200 200

x1
0
x2
0
x
0
3
1500(9.8)

x4

The solution is x1 = 147, x2 = 441, x3 = 624.75, and x4 = 698.25.

12.34 The equations can be solved in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,
>> A=[100 1 0;50 -1 1;25 0 -1];
>> B=[519.72;216.55;108.27];
>> x=A\B
x =

4.8259
37.1257
12.3786

Therefore, a = 4.8259, T = 37.1257, and R = 12.3786.

12.35 In order to solve this problem, we must assume the direction that the blocks are moving.
For example, we can assume that the blocks are moving from left to right as shown

Force balances can be written for each block:

T

392(sin 30o)
= 196

392(cos 30o)0.2 = 67.896

40 9.8 = 392

196 67.896 + T = 40a

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26
R

T
98(cos 30o)0.5 = 42.435
98(sin 30o)
= 49

10 9.8 = 98

49 T + R 42.435 = 10a
R

73.5

424.352

50 9.8 = 490

424.352 73.5 R = 50a

Therefore, the system of equations to be solved can be written in matrix form as

40 1 0 a 263.8964
10 1 1 T 91.43524
50 0 1 R 350.852
The solution is a = 0.044792, T = 262.1047, and R = 353.092.
Note that if we had assumed that the blocks were moving from right to left, the system of
equations would have been

40 1 0
10 1 1
50 0 1

a 128.1036
T 6.564755
R 497.852

The solution for this case is a = 3.63184, T = 273.3772, and R = 316.2604.

12.36 In order to solve this problem, we must assume the direction that the blocks are moving.
For example, we can assume that the blocks are moving from right to left as shown
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27

Force balances can be written for each block:

T

83.16
103.94
15 9.8 = 147

103.94 T 83.16 = 15a

R

13.86
69.3
T

10 9.8 = 98

T + 69.3 R 13.86 = 10a

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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28
R

8 9.8 = 78.4

R 78.4 S = 8a
S

5 9.8 = 49

S 49 = 5a
Therefore, the system of equations to be solved can be written in matrix form as

15 1 0 0
10 1 1 0
8 0 1 1
5 0 0 1

a 20.789
T 55.437
R 78.4
S 49

The solution is a = 1.347, T = 40.989, R = 109.893, and S = 42.267.

Note that if we had assumed that the blocks were moving from left to right, the system of
equations would have been

15 1 0 0 a 187.1005
10 1 1 0 T 83.15576
8 0 1 1 S
78.4

5 0 0 1 R
49

The solution for this case is a = 3.759374, T = 130.7098, R = 176.27186, and S = 67.79687.
12.37 This problem can be solved in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,
%prob1237.m
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29

k1=10;k2=30;k3=30;k4=10;
m1=2;m2=2;m3=2;
km=[(1/m1)*(k2+k1),-(k2/m1),0;
-(k2/m2),(1/m2)*(k2+k3),-(k3/m2);
0,-(k3/m3),(1/m3)*(k3+k4)]
x=[0.05;0.04;0.03]
kmx=km*x
>> prob1237
km =
20
-15
0

-15
30
-15

0
-15
20

x =
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
kmx =
0.4000
0
0

Therefore, x1 = 0.4, x 2 = 0, and x3 = 0 m/s2.

12.38 (a) Substituting the parameters gives
d 2T
h' (Ta T ) 0
dx 2
An analytical solution can be derived in a number of ways. One way is to assume a solution
of the form
T A Be x Ce x

Differentiating twice gives

T"

Be x

2 Ce x

Substituting these into the original differential equation yields

2 Be x 2 Ce x h' (Ta A Be x Ce x ) 0
Equating like terms yields

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30
2 Be x h' Be T
2 Ce x h' Ce T
h ' Ta h ' A

The first two equations give h'. The equation third gives A = Ta. Therefore, the
solution is
T Ta Be

h'x

Ce

h 'x

The unknown constants can be evaluated from the boundary conditions

40 20 B C
200 20 Be

0.02 (10 )

Ce

0.02 (10 )

These simultaneous equations can be solved for B = 45.25365 and C = 25.25365. Therefore,
the analytical solution is
T 20 45.25365e 0.141421x 25.25365e 0.141421x

(b) Substituting the parameters into the finite-difference equation gives

Ti 1 2.08Ti Ti 1 1.6

An analytical solution can be derived in a number of ways. A nice approach is to employ L

This equation can be written for each node to yield the following system of equations,

0
0
2.08 1
0
1 2.08 1
0
1 2.08 1
0
0
1 2.08

T1 41.6
T2 1.6
T 1.6
3 201.6

T4

These can be solved for T1 = 61.0739, T2 = 85.4338, T3 = 115.0283, and T4 = 152.2252. A plot
of the results is shown below (circles). In addition, the plot also shows the analytical solution
(line) that was developed in (a):

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31

12.39 Substituting centered difference finite differences, the Laplace equation can be written for
the node (1, 1) as

T21 2T11 T01

x

T12 2T11 T10

y 2

Because the grid is square (x = y), this equation can be expressed as

0 T21 4T11 T01 T12 T10

The boundary node values (T01 = 100 and T10 = 75) can be substituted to give
4T11 T12 T21 175

The same approach can be written for the other interior nodes. When this is done, the
following system of equations results

4 1 1 0 T11 175
1 4 0 1 T12 125
1 0 4 1 T21 75
0 1 1 4 T 25
22
These equations can be solved using the Gauss-Seidel method. For example, the first iteration
would be

T11

175 T12 T21 175 0 0

43.75
4
4

T12

125 T11 T22 125 43.75 0

42.1875
4
4

T21

75 T11 T22 75 43.75 0

29.6875
4
4

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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32

T22

25 T12 T21 25 42.1875 29.6875

24.21875
4
4

The computation can be continued as follows:

iteration
1

unknown
x1
x2
x3
x4
x1
x2
x3
x4
x1
x2
x3
x4
x1
x2
x3
x4
x1
x2
x3
x4

value
43.75
42.1875
29.6875
24.21875
61.71875
52.73438
40.23438
29.49219
66.99219
55.37109
42.87109
30.81055
68.31055
56.03027
43.53027
31.14014
68.64014
56.19507
43.69507
31.22253

maximum a

100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
29.11%
20.00%
26.21%
17.88%
7.87%
4.76%
6.15%
4.28%
1.93%
1.18%
1.51%
1.06%
0.48%
0.29%
0.38%
0.26%

100.00%

29.11%

7.87%

1.93%

0.48%

Thus, after 5 iterations, the maximum error is 0.48% and we are converging on the final
result: T11 = 68.64, T12 = 56.195, T21 = 43.695, and T22 = 31.22.
12.40 Find the unit vectors:

1
i

12

2i

12

1
j

4k

4k

0.218i

0.436

0.87

0.436i

0.218
j

0.87

Sum moments about the origin:

M
M

ox

50( 2) 0.436 B ( 4) 0.218 A( 4) 0

oy

0.436 A(4) 0.218 B (4) 0

Solve for A and B using equations 9.10 and 9.11:

In the form

a11 x1 a12 x 2 b1
a 21 x 2 a 22 x 2 b2

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

33

0.872 A 1.744 B 100

1.744 A 0.872 B 0
Plug into equations 9.10 and 9.11:

a 22 b1 a12 b2
87.2

22.94 N
a11 a 22 a12 a 21 3.80192

a11b2 a 21b1
174.4

45.87 N
a11 a 22 a12 a 21 3.80192

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.