Turbo Machinery Manual

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T.
, Bhusawal
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
TO STUDY THE STEAM TURBINE SYSTEM
Department of Mechanical Engineering
S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal
DATE:-
EXPERIMENT No. 1
TITLE :
TO STUDY THE STEAM TURBINE SYSTEM

In order to reduce rotor speed, varies method are employed. All these
keyed to common shaft and steam pressure or jet volume observed in stages as it
flows over rotor blade. This is known as compounding.
Following are three methods commonly employed for reducing motor
speed.
1) Velocity
2) Pressure
3) Pressure and velocity
a) VELOCITY COMPOUNDING:
In velocity compounding impulse turbine expansion of steam take place in
a nozzle or a set of nozzle from boiler pressure to condenser pressure the impulse
wheel carries 2-3 row of moving blade.
The steam after expanding through nozzle enter 1st ring of moving blade at
high velocity. A portion of this high velocity is observed by blading and
remaining by passed automatically next ring of fixed blade. The curved of
velocity and pressure on a base next ring of fixed blade.
The curved of velocity and pressure on a base reciprocating of turbine are
shown in fig. IT may be noted that no. of pressure drop occur either in moving or
fixed blade. All pressure drops occur in nozzle. This turbine for same pressure
drop and diagram of wheel.
b) PRESSURE COMPOUNDING
In this compounding of impulse turbine rings of moving blade fixed

nozzle are keyed to turbine but it is divided equally arranged all nozzle. Steam boiler
is passed through nozzle ring where only small pressure drop occur within increase
in velocity steam how directed on 1 st moving blade ring where pressure of steam
does not over but velocity decrease. This contribute one stage consist of a fixed ring.
Steam from 1st nozzle ring enters second nozzle ring where its pressure is further
reduced. A little consideration will show that pressure drop per stage in nozzle ring
is not same but the no. of heat unit covered into velocity energy in each stage is
same. The pressure is repeated into remaining ring unit condenser pressure is
repeated.
C) PRESSURE VELOCITY COMPOUNDING:
The pressure velocity compounding of impulse turbine both the previous two
method are utilized. Total pressure drop of steam is divided into two stages and
velocity obtained two stages also compounded. A little consideration will show that
pressure velocity compound impulse turbine allows higher pressure. Hence less
stage is required.
The curve for pressure and velocity of this turbine in fig. It may be noted that
diameter of turbine is increased and each stage of low pressure. A ring of nozzle is
fixed at commencement of each stage. A cartio turbine is an example P.V.
compounding.
GOVERNERING OF STEAM TURBINE:
Through there are many method of governing of steam turbine throttle
governing is important.
a) THROTTLE GOVERING:
It is a method of controlling turbine o/p by varying quality if steam entering
into turbine. This method is also known as servomotor method.
The centrifugal governor is driven from main shaft of turbine by turbine belt
or gear arrangement. The control valve control direction of flow of oil enter in pipe
AA or BB servomotor or relay valve has a piston where motor is connected to needle
which move inside the nozzle. The central vertical bar Centrifugal governor caring
down of fly balls wheel also bring down the sleeve. This increase in area of
flow wheel increase of flow system turbine. As a result of turbine wheel comes to its
normal stage flywheel move up now sleeve as well as control valve rod will occupy.
It normal and turbine wheel run at this normal speed.
IT may be noted that when load on turbine decreases it will increases in it
speed as a result. IF this fly ball will go up and sleeve also go up. This will push
control valve rod downward which result in opening mouth of B.B. This under
pressure is more piston of spear to works right which will occupy its normal position
of turbine will run at its normal speed. These are several factor which at the
performance of steam turbine. These entire factors which reduce o/p of turbine are
also known as internal losses.
NOZZLE GOVERNING:
The efficiency of steam turbine is considerably reduced if
throttle governing is carried out at Low loads. An alternative, and
more efficient form of governing is by means of nozzle control. In
this method of governing, the nozzles are grouped together 3 to 5
or more group and supply of steam to each group is controlled by
regulating valves. Under full load conditions the valves conditions
the valves remain fully open.
When load on the turbine becomes more or less than the
design value, the supply of steam to a group of nozzles may be
varied accordingly so as to restore the original speed.
Nozzles control can only be applied to the first stage of a
turbine. It is suitable for simple impulse and larger units which
have an impulse stage followed by an impulse turbine. In pressure

compounded impulse, there will be some drop in pressure at the
entry to second stage when some of the first stage nozzles are cut
out.
BY-PASS GOVERNING:
The steam turbines are designed to work at economic load it
is desirable to have full admission of steam in the high pressure
stages. At the maximum load, which is greater than the economic
load, the additional steam required could not pass through the first
stage since additional nozzle are not available. By-pass regulation
allows for this in a turbine which is throttle governed, by means of
second by-pass valve in the first stage nozzle. Steam is by-pass
through the second valve to a lower stage in the turbine. When bypass operates it is under the control of the turbine governor. The
secondary and tertiary supplies of the steam in the lower stage
increase the work output in these stages, but there is loss
efficiency and a curving of the Willians line.
In reaction turbines, because of the pressure drop required in
the moving blades, nozzles control governing is not possible, and
throttle governing plus by-pass governing, is used.
NOZZLE LOSSES:
IT is important loss in impulse turbine which occurred when steam flow
through nozzle. These losses take places due to friction of S/F of blades. Friction
relatively velocity of system is reduced while gliding over the blades.
MECHANICAL LOSSES:
It is the important loss in both turbine which occur due to friction between
shaft and wheel bearing also regarding the valve. This can be reduced by lubrication
pumps.
WHEEL FRICTION LOSSES:
It can important losses in both turbine which occurs when turbine wheel rotate
in steam. This loss takes places due to resistance offered by steam. Moving turbine
blades wheel.
RESIDUAL VELOCITY LOSSES:
It is a loss on both turbines which occur due to C.E. of system as it leaves
turbine wheel. It can be reduced by using multistage wheel.
MOISTURE LOSSES:
It is the loss in both turbines which take place due to moisture pressure in the
steam. The velocity of water partial is less that in steam.
RADIATION LOSSES:
It is the loss in both the turbine which takes place due to difference in
temperature between turbine and atmosphere.
Discovery of the beneficial effect of lubrication must have forwarded crossed
upon most primitive control it is would have been quickly recognized.
Signature with Date
Subject In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
STUDY OF GAS TURBINE
DATE:Department of Mechanical Engineering
EXPERIMENT No. 2
TITLE:
STUDY OF GAS TURBINE
INTRODUCTION:
The working principle of gas turbine is improving version of wind
mill. In order to achieve an efficient working of turbine movement of gas properly
controlled is defected on blade fixed in turbine runner. The air wind pressure is
supplied by an air compressor which runs by turbine itself.
In this turbine compressed air from atmosphere. Is passed to
combustion chamber where it is heated. This air when forced over moving blade
imparts rotational motion at runner. Hence air supplied is expanded and finally to
atmosphere. The power developed by turbine to mainly use for driving compressor
and remaining for doing external work.
CLASSIFCATION:
1) According to path working substance
a) Closed Type Cycle
b) Open Cycle
c) Semi closed cycle
2) According to process at heat combustion
a) Constant pressure gas turbine
b) Constant volume gas turbine
THEORY:
a)
CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE:

It consists of compressor, heating chamber gas turbine which
drives generator and compressor and cooling chamber. The air compressor
isentropically pressed into the heating chamber compressed air is heated using
external source and forced over turbine blade where it get expanded. Then in cooling
chamber it is cooled at constant pressure with circulating water to original
temperature and air again forced to compressor. It cools on Joules and Brayton cycle
as shown in fig.
Operation 1-2: The air is compressed isentropically from the lower pressure p 1 to
the upper pressure p2, the temperature rising from T1 to T2, No heat
flow occurs.
Operation 2-3: Heat flow into the system increasing the volume from V 2 to V3. and
temperature from T2 to T3 whilest the pressure remains constant at p2
Heat received = mcp (T3 - T2)
Operation 3-4: The air is expanded isentropically from p 2 to p1 , the temperature
falling from T3 to T4 . No heat flow occurs.
Operation 4-1: Heat is rejected from the system as the volume decreases from V 4 to
V1 and the temperature from T4 to T1 whilst the pressure remains
constant at p1
Heat rejected = mcp (T4 T1)
b)
OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE:

The fundamental gas turbine unit is one operating on theb open cycle
in which a rotary compressor and a turbine are mounted on a common shaft. Air is
drawn into the compressor and after compression passes to a combustion chamber.
Energy is supplied in the combustion chamber by spraying fuel into the air stream,
and the resulting hot gases expand through the turbine to the atmosphere. In order to
achieve the net work output from the unit, the turbine must develop more gross work
output than is required to drive the compressor and to overcome mechanical losses
in the drive. The products of combustion coming out from the turbine are exhausted
to the atmosphere as they cannot be used any more. The working fluids (air and fuel)
must be replaced continuously as they are exhausted into the atmosphere.
If pressure loss in the combustion chamber is neglected, this cycle may
be drawn on a T-s diagram as shown
1-2 represents-
irreversible adiabatic compression
2-3 represents-
constant pressure heat supply in the combustion chamber
3-4 represents -
irreversible adiabatic expansion
1-2 represents -
ideal isentropic compression
3-4 represents-
ideal isentropic expansion
GAS TURBINE WITH INTERCOOLING:

Major part of power is developed by gas turbine is utilized by
compressing air in two stages within intercoolers between them and compredded or
efficiency of gas turbine. First air is compressed in lower pressure compressor as a
result pressure and temperature of air is increased. Now air passes over the
intercoolers then compressed air is again compressed in high pressure compressor.
Then this air is passed through heating chamber and then through turbine. Finally air
cooled in cooling chamber and pass to low pressure compressor. The process consist
of
1-2 constant Pressure Heating of air
2-3 isentropic expansion of air in turbine
3-4 cooling at constant pressure in cooling chamber
4-5 compression in low pressure chamber
5-6 cooling of air in intercoolers at constant pressure
6-1 compression in high pressure compressor
workinput (with intercooling)
= Cp (T2 T1) + Cp (T4 T3 )
workinput (without intercooling)

Cp (TL T1) = Cp (T2 T1) + Cp (TL T2 )
Work Ratio = Net work output

Gross work output
Heat supplied with intercooling
= Cp (T5 T4)
Heat supplied without intercooling = Cp (T5 TL)
GAS TURBINE WITH REHEATING:

The output of gas turbine is improved by expanding hot air in two
stages with reheater. The air is first compressed into first turbine. After cooling
stage chamber it is again passed to compressor. The process consist of
1-2 heating of air in 1st heating chamber
2-3 isentropic expansion in 1st turbine
3-4 heating of air in heating chamber
4-5 isentropic expansion in 2nd turbine
5-6 Constant pressure cooling in intercooler
6-1 Compression of air in compressor
Neglecting mechanical losses the work output of the H.P. turbine must be exactly
equal to the work input required for the compressor
Cpa (T2 T1) = Cpg (T3 T4)
Work output with reheating
= Cpg (T5 T6)
Work output without reheating = Cpg (T4 TL)

Heat supplied
= Cpg (T3 T2) + Cpg (T5 T4)
REGENERATION:
The exhaust gases from a gas turbine carry a large quantity of
heat with them since their temperature is far above the ambient
temperature. They can be used to heat the air coming from the
compressor thereby reducing the mass of fuel supplied to the
combustion chamber. The corresponding T-s diagram as shown in
fig. 2-3 represents the heat flow into the compressed air during its
passage through the heat exchanger and 3-4 represents the heat
taken in the from the combustion of fuel. Point 6 represents the

temperature of hot gases at discharge from the heat exchanger.
The maximum temperature to which the air could be heatedin the
heat exchanger is ideally that of exhaust gases, but less than this
is
obtained in practice because a temperature gradients must exist

for an unassisted transfer of energy.
USES OF GAS TURBINE:
1. For generation of electric power.
2. It is used to drive air compressor in turbo projects they are used to drive air
compressor and turbine in turbo propeller engine.
3. They are used to drive supercharging fitted agitation and gasoline engine.
4. They are having extensive use in the field of railway engine.
5. Gas turbines are also used in machine engine. They does not require B water
storage tank.
LOCATION:
In India there are few gas turbine power plants working such as in Assam
State. It has power capacity of 70 MW and gas turbine having capacity of 240 MW.
Signature with Date
Subject In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
TO STUDY THE OPERATION OF FRANCIS

TURBINE
DATE:-
EXPERIMENT No. 3
AIM:
TO STUDY THE OPERATION OF A FRANCIS TURBINE.
INTRODUCTION:
Francis Turbine, named after James Bichens Fransis, is a reaction
type of turbine for medium high to medium low heads and medium small to
medium large quantities of water. The reaction turbine operates with its
wheel submerged in water. The water before entering the turbine has
pressure as well as kinetic energy. The moment on the wheel is produced by
both kinetic and pressure energies. The water leaving the turbine has
still some of the pressure as well as kinetic energy.
THEORY :
Originally the Francis turbine was designed as a purely
radial flow type reaction turbine but modern Francis turbine is a mixed
flow type in which water enters the runner radially inwards towards the
centre and discharges out axially. It operates under medium heads and
requires medium quantity of water.
DESCRIPTION:
The present set-up consists of a runner. The water is fed to the
turbine by means of Centrifugal Pump, radially to the runner. The runner is
directly mounted on one end of a central SS shaft and other end is connected
to a brake arrangement. The circular window of the turbine casing is
provided with a transparent acrylic sheet for observation of flow on to
the runner. This runner assembly is supported. by thick cast iron pedestal.
Load is applied to the turbine with the help of brake arrangement so that
the efficiency of the turbine can be calculated. A draught tube is fitted on
the outlet of the turbine. The set-up is complete with guide mechanism.
Pressure and vacuum gauges are fitted at the inlet and outlet of the
turbine to measure the total supply head on the turbine.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1.
Electricity Supply: 3 Phase, 440 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 kW with earth connection.
2.
Water supply (200 liters.)
3.
Drain required.
1.
Floor Area Required: 2 m x 1m
2.
Tachometer to measure RPM
3.
Mercury for manometer, 250 gm.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
STARTING PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
Clean the apparatus and make tank free from Dust.
Close the drain valve provided.

3.
Fill Sump tank 3/4 with Clean Water and ensure that no foreign
particles are there.
4.
Fill manometer fluid i.e. Hg. in manometer by opening the valves

of manometer and one PU pipe from pressure measurement point of
pipe.
5.
Connect the PU pipe back to its position and close the valves of
manometer.
6.
Ensure that there is no load on the brake drum.
7.
Switch ON the Pump with the help of Starter.

8.
Open the Air release valve provided on the Manometer, slowly to

release the air from manometer. (This should be done very
carefully.)
9.
When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves.
1.
Now turbine is in operation.
2.
Apply load on hanger and adjust the spring balance load by

hand wheel just to release the rest position of the hanger.
3.
Note the manometer reading, pressure gauge reading and vacuum

gauge reading.
4.
Measure the RPM of the turbine.
5.
Note the applied weight and spring balance reading.
6.
Repeat the same experiment for different load.
7.
Regulate the discharge by regulating the guide vanes position.
8.
Repeat the experiment for different discharge.
CLOSING PROCEDURE:
1. When the experiment is over, first remove load on dynamometer.
2. Open the by-pass valve.
3. Close the ball valves provided on manometer.
4.
Switch OFF Pump with the help of starter.
5.
Switch OFF main power supply.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

DATA:
g
9.81 m/sec2
1000 kg/m3
13600 kg/m3
Cv
0.98
0.08 m
dB
0.2 m
dR
W
W
3
4
0.012 m
0.350 kg
0.096 kg
OBSERVATION TABLE :SR.

NO
.
N,
(RPM)
Pd,
3
kg/m
Ps
h1
h2
mm of
Hg
cm
cm
kg
kg
CALCULATIONS:
H=10
Pd + P s
760
m of water
=
Q= V x A ,
=
=
m3 / sec
A = /4 d2
=
h = h1 h2
100
V = Cv 2gh * { m / w - 1 }
=
=
m/s
Ei =
wgQH
1000
=
=
Kw
T = [ W 1 + W 2 + W 3 + W 4 ] * g * Re
=
=
N m
Re = dB + 2dR
2
Eo =
2NT
601000
t =
Kw
Eo
Ei
* 100
=
=
NOMENCLATURE :
A
Cross-sectional area of pipe, m2
Cv
Co-efficient of pitot tube
Diameter of pipe, m
dB
Diameter of brake drum, m
dR
Diameter of rope, m
Ei
Input power, kW
E0
output power, kW
g
H
=
=
Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2

Total head, m
Differential pressure of manometer, m
hi,h2
Manometer reading at both points, cm
RPM of runner shaft
Pd
Delivery pressure, kg/cm2
PS
Suction pressure, mmHg
Discharge, m3/sec
Re
Equivalent Radius, m
Torque/ N m
Velocity of water, m/s
W1
Applied weight, kg
W2
Dead weight (obtain from spring balance), kg
W3
Weight of hanger, kg
W4
Weight of rope, kg
PW
Density of water, kg/m3
PM
Density of Manometer fluid i.e. Hg, kg/m3
Turbine efficiency %
PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1.
Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 390 volts and above 420
volts
2.
To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.

3. Always use clean water.
1. Drain the apparatus completely after experiment is over.
2. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
TROUBLESHOOTING:
1.
If pump does not lift the water, the revolution of the motor may
be reverse. Change the electric connection to change the revolutions.
2.
If panel is not showing input, check the main supply.
Signature with Date
Subject In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
TO STUDY THE HYDRAULIC TURBINE
DATE:-
EXPERIMENT No. 4
AIM: -
TO STUDY THE HYDRAULIC TURBINE.
INTRODUCTION
Turbines are defined as the hydraulic machine which are able to convert
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in running
an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. The electric
power which is obtained from the hydraulic energy is known as hydro-electric
power.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES:It is classified according to the type of energy available at the inlet of
the turbine, direction of the flow through the valves head at the inlet of the turbine
and specific speed of the turbine.
1. According to the type of energy at inlet
a. Impulse Turbine
b. Reaction Turbine
2. According to the direction of flow through runner
a. Tangential Flow Turbine

b. Radial Flow Turbine
c. Axial Flow Turbine
d. Mixed Flow Turbine
3. According to Head at inlet of Turbine
a. Higher Head Turbine
b. Medium Head Turbine
c. Low Head Turbine
4. According to Specific Speed of the Turbine
a. Low Specific Speed Turbine

b. Medium Specific Speed Turbine
c. High Specific Speed Turbine
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE:It is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the bucket
along the tangential of the runner. This turbine is used for runner of high head .
The layout of the pelton wheel in a hydroelectric power plant is shown .
The waiter from a reservoir flow through the penstock at the outlet at which nozzle
is fitted.
Main parts is the Pelton Wheel Turbine
1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement
2. Runner and Buckets
3. Casing
4. Breaking Jet
1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement :
The amount of water striking the bucket of the runner is controlled by
providing a spear in the nozzle. When the spear is forward into the nozzle, the
amount of water striking the runner is reduced. If the spear is pushed back, the
amount of water striking the runner increases.
2. Runner with bucket :
It consist of a circular disc on the periphery of which a runner of
buckets which are evenly spaced are fixed. The shape of the bucket is of a double
hemispherical cup. Each bucket is shaped in such a way that jet gets deflectd
through 160 to 170 0
3. Casing :
The function of the casing is to prevent the splashing of water and to
discharge all water at the tail race.
4. Breaking Jet :When the nozzle is complete closed to push the spear in the forward
direction the amount of water striking the reduces to zero.
To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which
directs the jet of water in the back of the vanes, this jet of water is called as
Breaking Jet
RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE:
These turbines in which water flow into the radial direction. The water
may flow radially from outward to inward called as inward radial turbine as from
inward to outward direction called as outward radial turbine.
Main parts of a Radial Flow Reaction Turbine:
1. Casing
2. Guide mechanism
3. Runner
4. Draft Tube
1. CASING:The water from the penstock enters the casing completely, surrounding
the runner of the turbine such that the water may enter the runner at axial velocity
throughout the circumference of the runner. It is made of concrete plate steel.
2. GUIDE MECHANISM:It consists of a stationary wheel all around the runner of the turbine.
The stationary guides vanes are fixed on the guide vane are fixed on the guide
mechanism. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes fixed on the runner,
without shock at inlet.
3. RUNNER:It is a circular wheel and which radial covered vanes are fixed. The
radial curved vanes are such shaped that the water enters and leaves the runner
without shock. They are keyed to the shaft.
4. DRAFT TUBE:A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used. For discharging
water from exit of turbine to the tail race. This tube of increasing area is called the
Draft Tube
FRANCIS TURBINE:The inward flow turbine having radial discharging at outlet is known as
Francis Turbine. In modern Francis, the water enters the runner of the turbine in
the radial direction of outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of runner.
Thus it is mixed flow turbine.
AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE:It the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the
turbine is known as axial flow turbine and if the head at the inlet and the turbine is
sum of pressure energy and K.E. revolving the flow of water through runner, a part
and pressure energy is converted in K.E. the turbine is known as Reaction Turbine .
For axial flow turbine the shaft is made longer which is known as hub.
1. Parallel Turbine :When the vanes are fixed to the hub they are not adjustable, that are
known as parallel turbine.
2. Kaplan Turbine :When the vanes on the hub are adjustable, the turbine is known as
Kaplan Turbine. It is suitable for larger quality of watch at low heads. It consist of
a hub, adjustable vanes are fixed.
Main Parts of Kaplan Turbine:1. Scroll Casing
2. Quick Vanes mechanism
3. hub with or runner of the turbine
4. Draft Tube
Signature with Date
Subject In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
TO STUDY VARIOUS JET PROPULSION

DEVICES
DATE:-
DATE:Department of Mechanical Engineering
EXPERIMENT No. 5
AIM: -
TO STUDY VARIOUS JET PROPULSION DEVICES
INTRODUCTION
The principal of Jet Propulsion involves imparting momentum to a
mass of fluid in such a manner that the reaction of imparted momentum provides a
propulsive force. It may be achieved by expanding the gas, which is at high
temperature and pressure, through a nozzle due to which a high velocity jet of hot
gases is produced (in the atmosphere) that gives a propulsive force. For jet
propulsion the open cycle gas turbine is most suitable.
The propulsion system may be classified as follows:
1. Air stream jet engines (Air breathing engines)
a. Steady Combustion Systems; Continuous Air Flow
1. Turbo Jet
2. Turbo Prop
3. Ram-Jet
b. intermittent Combustion System ; intermittent Flow
1. Pulse Jet or Flying Bomb
2. Self Contained Rocket Engines (Non-air Breathing Engines)
1. Liquid Propellent
2. Solid Propellent
In air stream jet engines the oxygen necessary for the combustion
is taken from the surrounding atmosphere whereas in a rocket engine the fuel and the
oxidizer are contained in the body of the unit which is to be propelled.
TURBO JET:
It consists of diffuser at the entrance which shows down the air (entering at
velocity equal to plant speed) and the part of K.E. of the air stream is
converted into pressure; this type of compression is called as ram

compression.
The air is further compressed to a pressure of 3 to 4 bar in a rotary
compressor (usually of axial flow type)
The compressed air is then enters the combustion chamber (C.C.) where
fuel is added. The combustion of fuel takes place at sensible constant
pressure and subsequently temperature rises rapidly.
The hot gases then enter the gas turbine where partial expansion takes
place. The power produced is just sufficient to drive the compressor, fuel
pump and other auxiliaries.
The exhaust gases from the gas turbine which atr at a higher pressure than
atmosphere are expended in a nozzle and a very high velocity jet is
produced which provides a forward motion to the air-craft by the jet
reaction
At the higher speeds the turbo-jet gives higher propulsion efficiency.
The turbo-jets are most suited to the air craft traveling above 800 km /hr
The overall efficiency of a turbo-jet is the product of the thermal
efficiency of the gas turbine plant and the propulsive efficiency of the jet.
ADVANTAGE OF TURBO-JET ENGINES:1. Construction much simpler
2. Engine vibration absent.
3. Much higher speeds possible (more than 3000 km/h acieved)
4. Power supply is uninterrupted and smooth.
5. Weight to power ratios superior.
6. Rate of climb higher.
7. Requirement interference much less.
8. Radio interference much less.
9. Maximum altitude ceiling as compared to turbo-prop and conventional piston

type engines.
10. Frontal area smaller.
11. Fuel can be burnt over a large of mixture strength.
DISADVANTAGE OF TURBO-JET ENGINES:1. Less efficient.

2. Life of the unit comparatively shorter.
3. The turbo-jet becomes rapidely inefficient below 550 km/h.
4. More noisy.
5. Materials required are quite expensive.
6. Require longer strip since length of take-off is too much.
7. At take-off the thrust is low, this effect is overcome by boosting.
TURBO-PROP:
In turbo-prop the expansion of gases takes place partly in turbine (80 %) and
partly (20 %) in the nozzle. The power developed in the turbine is consumed in
running the compressor aand the propeller. The propeller and jet produced by the
nozzle gives the forward motion to the aircraft.
The turbo-prop entails the advantages of turbo-jet(i.e., low specific weight and
simplicity in design) and propeller (i.e., high power for take-off and high propulsion
efficiency at speeds below 600 km/h). The overall efficiency of the turbo-prop is
improved by providing the diffuser before the compressor as shown. The pressure
rise takes place in the diffuser. This pressure rise takes place due to conversion of
kinetic energy of the incoming air (equal to aircraft velocity) into pressure energy by
the diffuser. This type of compression is known as ram effect .
RAM-JET:
Ram-jet is also called athodyd, Lorin tube or flying stovepipe. Ram jet
engines have the capability to fly at supersonic speeds.
The ram jet engine consists of a diffuser (used for compression),
combustion chamber, and nozzle.
The air enters the ram jet plant with supersonic speed and is slowed
down to sonic velocity in the supersonic diffuser, consequently the pressure
suddenly increases in the supersonic diffuser to the formation of shock wave. The
pressure of the air is further increased in the subsonic diffuser increasing the
temperature of the air above the ignition temperature.
In the combustion chamber, the fuel is injected through injection
nozzles. The fuel air mixture is then ignited by means of a spark plug and
combustion temperatures of the order of 2000 k are attained. The expansion of gases
towards the diffuser entrance is restricted by pressure barrier at the after end of the
diffuser and as a result the hot gases are constrained to move towards the nozzle and
undergo expansion; the pressure energy is converted into the kinetic energy. The
high velocity gases leaving the nozzle provide forward thrust to the unit.
The best performance of ram jet engine is obtained at flight speed of
1700 km/h to 2000 km/h.
ADVANTAGE OF TURBO-JET ENGINES:The ram-jet engine possesses the following advantage over other types of jet engine
1. No moving parts.
2. Light in weight.
3. Wide variety of fuels may be used.
SHORTCOMINGS/ LIMITATIONS:
1. It cannot be started of its own. It has to be accelerated to a certain flight
velocity by some launching device. A ram-jet is always equipped with a small
turbo-jet which starts the ram jet.
2. The fuel consumption is too large at low and moderate speeds.
3. For successful operation, the diffuser needs to be designed carefully so that
kinetic energy associated with high entrance velocities is efficiently converted
into pressure.
4. To obtain steady combustion. Certain elaborate devices in form of flame
holders or pilot flame are required.
PULSE-JET ENGINE:
A pulse-jet engine is an intermittent combustion engine and it operates
on a cycle similar to a reciprocating engine, whereas the turbo-jet and ram-jet
engines are continuous in operation and are based on Brayton cycle. A pulse-jet
engine like an athoyd, develops thrust by a high velocity of jet of exhaust gases
without the aid of compressor or turbine. Its development is primarily due to the
inability of the ram-jet to be self starting.
The incoming air is compressed by ram affecting the diffuser section
and the grid passages which are opened and closed by V-shaped non-return valves.
The fuel is then injected into the combustion chamber by fuel injectors
(worked from the air pressure from the compressed air bottles). The combustion is
then initiated by a spark plug (once the engine is operating normally, the spark is
turned off and the residual flame in the combustion chamber is used for
combustion).
As a result of combustion (of mixture of air and fuel) the temperature
and pressure of combustion products increases. Because the combustion pressure is
higher than the ram pressure, the non-return valves get closed and consequently the
hot gases flows out of the tail pipe with a high velocity and in doing so give a
forward thrust to the unit.
With the escape of gases to the atmosphere, the static pressure in the
chamber falls and the high pressure air in the diffuser force the valves to open and
fresh air is admitted for combustion during a new cycle.
ADVANTAGE:
1. Simple in construction and very inexpensive as compared to turbo-jet engine.
Well adapted to pilotless aircraft.
2. Capable of producing static thrust and thrust in excess of drag at much low
speeds.
SHORTCOMINGS:
1. High intensity of noise
2. Severe vibrations
3. High rate of fuel consumption and low thermodynamics efficiency.
4. Intermittent combustion as compared to continuous combustion in a turbo-jet
engine.
5. The operating altitude is limited by air density consideration.
6. Serious limitation to mechanical valve arrangement
ROCKET ENGINES:
Similar to jet propulsion, the thrust required for rocket propulsion is
produced by the high velocity jet of gases passing through the nozzle. But the main
difference is that in case of jet propulsion the oxygen required for combustion is
taken from the atmosphere and fuel is stored whereas for rocket engine, the fuel and
oxidizer both are contained in a propelling body and as such it can function in
Vaccum.
1. According to the type of peopellents:

i.
Solid propellent rocket.
ii.
Liquid propellent rocket.
2. According to the number of motors :

i.
Single stage rocket (consists of one rocket motor)
ii.
Multi-stage rocket (consist of more than one rocket motor)
It consist of fuel tank FT, an oxidizer tank O, two pumps P1, P2 , a steam
turbine ST and a combustion chamber C.C. . The fuel tank contains alcohol and
oxidizer tank contains liquid oxygen. The fuel and the oxidizer are supplied by the
pumps to the combustion chamber where the fuel is ignited by electrical means. The
pumps are driven with the help of a stream turbine. Here the stream is produced by
mixing a very concentrated hydrogen peroxide with potassium permanganate. The
products of combustion are discharged from the combustion chamber through the
nozzle N. So the rocket moves in the opposite direction. In some modified form, this
type of rocket may be used in missile
REQUIREMENT OF AN IDEAL ROCKET PROPELLNENT:
An ideal rocket propellent should have the following characteristics/ properties ;
1. High heat value.
2. Reliable smooth ignition.

3. Stability and ease of handling and storing.
4. Low toxicity and corrosiveness.
5. Highest possible density so that it occupies less space.
APPLICATION OF ROCKETS:
The fields of application of rockets are as follows:
1. Long range artillery.
2. Lethal weapons.
3. Signalling and firework display
4. Jet assisted take-off
5. For satellites
6. For space ships
7. Research
Signature with Date
Subject In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
STUDY AND TRIAL ON KAPLAN TURBINE
DATE:-
EXPERIMENT No. 6
TITLE:STUDY AND TRIAL ON KAPLAN TURBINE
DESCRIPTION:Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction & it is suitable for low head &
high discharge. Actually it is propeller turbine in which runner blade are made
adjustable hence it maintain high efficiency even under part load A Kaplan
turbine runner usually four or six blades
APPARATUS:Kaplan turbine, flow measuring devices tachometer spring balance &
weight.
THEORY:For Kaplan turbine flow measuring devices guide vanes arranged is
same way as for the Francis turbine & produced a tangential component Before
entering runner .The steam turns through out the duct since there is no outward
torque acts. On fluids & its path of outlet of guide vanes to inlet runner. The
angular moment of fluid is converted & it is the same for any steam turbine.
The velocity of blade being directly proportional to radial & tangential

component being inversely .proportional to radius .The blade angle vary with
radius consequently the blade vary & become flatter then that of the hub .As in
core of Pelton wheel the relative velocity of flow in Kaplan turbine is high &
changes slightly measuring the blades are relatively flat & are designed with
very little chamber so that cavitations is add.
CAVITATIONS IN KAPLAN TURBINE :Since there is direct relation between pressure & velocity. As velocity
increase pressure decrease when pressure reaches to vapour press. The water
press begin to full to tends the formation of vapour bubble .These vapour bubble
combed into the region of sufficient pressure .To cause condensation & hence the
surrounding liquid reaches to fill the hole causing impulsion on the walls. The
entire phenomenon refers as cavitations .Cavitations is harmful because it needs
to produce.
A: A change flow pattern resulting in low efficiency.
B: A high freq. functions of press. Combination instability &
component noise & vibration.
The primary nature this phenomenon of cavitations in addition to the
design
Cavitations depend upon
1)
Vapour pressure or barometric pressure due to location of the

turbine above mean sea level
2) Solution press at which height of runner outlet above tolerance level

3) Effective dynamic suction head & absolute velocity of water at
runner exit
PROCEDURE:-
Supply the water to turbine at constant head for diff. gate for each.
opening measure the speed of turbine with the help of tachometer for diff. loading
& tabulated the reading
FORMULA :TC = Cavitation factor = ( Hb- Hs) /H
Hb = Barometric press. Head in term of meter of water = ( HA-HV)
Ha = Ave .press in m of water
HV = Suction press head in m of water
H = Working head of turbine
Maximum permissible speed ( Specific)
Ns = 562 Hb- Hs / H
Q=
CD q1 q2 2hwQ
x Cd
q12 - q22
INPUT POWER ( P input ) = QH

P input =
2N(T1 T2) * R * 9.81
OUTPUT POWER
=
60 * 1000
EFFICIENCY ( )
O/P
I /P
Unit discharge (Qunit) = Q / H
Unit Speed (Nunit)
= N/H
Unit Power (Punit )
= P / (H3/4)
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr.
Gate
Mano. Diff
Press.
Vaccum Breakdrum
Speed
No.
Opening
Kg/Cm2
Guage
Guage
(Rpm)
(h1-h2)
Reading(P) Reading
(V)
Reading
T1 Spring
T1-T2
Balance
1
2
3
4
5
Sr.
Gate
Mano. Diff
Press.
Vaccum Break drum
Speed
No.
Opening
Kg/Cm2
Guage
Guage
(Rpm)
(h1-h2)
Reading(P) Reading
(V)
Reading
T1 Spring
T1-T2
Balance
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATION:1) Venturimeter const. = 0.0561

2) Center dist. Between pressure gauge and vaccum guage = 0.35m
P = QH
For Reading No.1
Q = Cd * K * H
=
=
m3/sec
INPUT POWER ( P input ) = QH

=
=
kw
2N(T1 T2) * R * 9.81
OUTPUT POWER
=
=
60 * 1000
kw
EFFICIENCY ( )
O/P
I /P
=
=
=
Unit discharge (Qunit) = Q / H

m3/sec
Unit Speed (Nunit)
= N/H
=
Unit Power (Punit )
= P / (H3/4)
Specific Speed : - (Ns) = N P

H5/4
=
rpm
RESULT TABLE:SR.
GATE
NO
OPENI
HEAD I/P
Qact
%N
Qunit
Nunit
Punit
Ns
NG
1
2
3
4
5
SR.
GATE
HEAD I/P
NO
OPENING
Qact
%N
Qunit
Nunit
Punit
Ns
1
2
3
4
5
CONCLUSION:1) Discharge increases with increase in speed
2) Efficiency increases with the increase in unit speed upto a

certain root
That decreases
Signature with Date
Subject In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
TO STUDY THE OPERATION ON A PELTON

WHEEL.
DATE :
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
AIM :-
TO STUDY THE OPERATION OF A PELTON TURBINE.

INTRODUCTION:A turbine is a machine which converts the fluid energy into

mechanical energy which is then utilized to run the electric generator of a
power plant. Fluid used can be water or steam. The Pelton wheel is a
tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the bucket along the
tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only
kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is
atmosphere, The turbine is used for high head.
THEORY :Pelton turbine is a impulse turbine. In an impulse turbine, all the
available energy of water is converted into kinetic energy or velocity
head by passing it through a contracting nozzle provided at the end of the
penstock. The water coming out of the nozzle is formed into a free jet, which
strikes on a series of buckets of the runner thus causing it to revolve. The
runner revolves freely in air. The water is contact with only a part of the
runner at a time, and throughout its action on the runner.
DESCRIPTION:The set up consists of centrifugal pump, turbine unit, and sump tank,
arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as re-circulating water
system. The centrifugal pump supplies the water from sump tank to the
turbine. The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum
connected with weight balance. The turbine unit can be visualize by a large
circular transparent window kept at the front. A bearing pedestals rotor
assembly of shaft, runner and brake drum, all mounted on suitable cast iron
base plate.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1. Electricity Supply: Three Phase, 420 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 kW with earth

connection.
2. Water supply (Initial fill).
3. Drain Required.
4. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m.
5. Mercury (Hg) for manometer: 250 gms.
6. Tachometer for RPM measurement.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
1.
Close all the valves provided.

31 1h
4
2. Fill sump tank
with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
3. Fill manometer fluid i.e. Hg. in manometer by opening the valves of
manometer and one PU pipe from pressure measurement point of pipe.
4.
Connect the PU pipe back to its position and close the valves of
manometer.
5.
Open the by-pass valve and ensure that there is no load on the brake drum.
6.
Switch ON the pump with the help of starter.
7.
Close the by-pass valve.
8.
Open pressure measurement valves of the manometer.
9.
Open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release
the air from manometer. (This should be done very carefully)
10. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves.
11. Now turbine is in operation.
12. Load the turbine with the ,help of hand wheel attached on the top of
weight balance.
13. Note the manometer reading and pressure gauge reading.

14. Measure the load applied and RPM of the turbine.
15. Repeat the experiment at different load.
Repeat the experiment for different discharge by regulating the nozzle position
by the hand wheel provided for same.
Closing Procedure:
1. When the experiment is over, first of all remove the load on dynamometer.
2.
Open the by-pass valve.
3.
Close the ball valves provided on manometer.
4.
Switch OFF Pump with the help of starter.
5.
Switch OFF main power supply.
6.
Drain the sump tank by the drain valve provided.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:
DATA:
G
9.81 m /sec2
1000 kg / m3
13600 kg/m3
Cv
0.98
0.052 m
Db
0.2 m
dR
0.012 m
W3
0 . 1 2 9 kg
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
P, kg /cm2 h1 ,cm
h2, cm
W1 , kg
W2, kg
No.
1
2
3
4
C A L C U L ATI O N S :
H = 1 0 * P,
A =
=
V = Cv
m2
D =
h1h 2
100
h=
= =
2 gh{
m
1 }
w
=
=
Q = V * A=
m/sec
m3/sec
Ei =
wgQH
1000
Re=
d B+2 d R
2
T = (W1 + W3 W2) * g * Re
=
Nm
E0 =
2NT
601000
t =
Eo
Ei
* 100
N O M E N C L ATU R E :
A
Cross-sectional area of pipe, m2.
Cv
Co-efficient of pitot tube.
Diameter of pipe, m.
dB
Diameter of brake drum, m.
dR
Diameter of rope, m.
Ei
Input power, kW.
Eo
Output power, kW.
Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2.
Total head, M.
Manometer difference, m.
hj,h2
Manometer reading at both points, cm.
N
P
=
=
RPM of runner shaft.

Pressure gauge reading, kg/cm2.
Re
Equivalent Radius, m.
Discharge, m3/sec.
Torque, N m.
Velocity of water, m/sec.
W1
Spring balance weight, kg.
W2
Adjustable weight, kg.
W3
Weight of Rope, kg.
D e n s i t y o f Wat e r, k g / m 3 .
Density of Manometer fluid i.e. Hg, kg/m3.
Turbine efficiency.
PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1.
Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 390 volts and
above 420 volts.
2.
To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a

fortnight.
3.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
TROUBLESHOOTING:
1. If pump does not lift the water, the revolution of the motor may be
reverse. Change the electric connection to change the revolutions.
2. If panel is not showing input, check the main supply.
Signature with Date
Subject In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
STUDY OF STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT
DATE :
EXPERIMENT No. 8
TITLE:
STUDY OF STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT
INTRODUCTION:
The steam power plant converts the chemical energy of fossil fules
(coal, oil,
gas) into mechanical energy / electrical energy. This is achived by
raising the steam in the boiler expanding the through the turbine and coupling the
turbine to the generator which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
The steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the
steam is transfer to kinetic energy and later in its turn is transferred into the
mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine is directly or with the
help of reduction gearing is connection with the driven mechanism a steam turbine
may be utilized in most diverse field of industry for power generation and for
transportation. Transportation of the potential energy of steam into mechanical
energy of the rotation of the shaft is brought about by different means.
WORKING:
The steam turbine plant consists of a water pump to continuous supply
of water into the boiler. The water is pumped by pump into a low pressure heater
after passing it through the heat of waste product of combustion so that water get
slightly heated and then this water is made to pass through the H.P. heater and then
be economiser.
The arrangement is usually taken up in order to heat the water before it
enter the boiler so that in boiler the water will be soon converted into steam and in
combustion chamber less fuel will be required resulting in increase efficiency of

plant.
The water enters the boiler and is heated by burning the fuel in
combustion chamber. Water get heated and converted into steam. This high
temperature. Steam i.e. Supper heated steam is expanded in a steam turbine. The
shaft of turbine is directly coupled to compressor and generator.
As the steam passes through the turbine the pressure gauge increasing
and the steam get expanded. As the steam flows or passes through the steam turbine
the steam turbine rotates and since it is coupled to the generator.
WATER SUPPLY:
The power plant has separate water treatment unit. The water is
supplied from river TAPI water is mainly used for
1. Steam Generation in boiler
2. FOR condensing the steam in steam condenser
It is also used for winding coolers of generates and consumption is 400-465 tons.
MAIN CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT:
Each unit of power plant consists of following plant auxiliary.
a) Coal Handling Plant (C.H.P):
The main function of this plant is to feed coal in turbine of coal milk
when rail round wagons shifted at side. Then there are unloaded with the help of
wagons triples further the big lumps of coal are crush per required size and then it
is fed into bankers into conveyors belts.
b)
Coal Mills:
There are size six coal mills for each boiler of capacity 33 tons coal
from banker is fed to the coal mills through the coal feeders which control the mills
in every minute.
c)
Generators :
It is a device which converts mechanical power into electrical power.
The generator produces electrically of 15.75 kw in 210 M plant and 13.8 KW in 62.5
MW plant with stand frequency 50 HZ. The generator is center make.
d)
Condenser:
Exhaust steam from the turbine at low pressure is entered into the
condenser where it is condensed into water and is supplied back to increase the
efficiency of the system. The condenser used is of surface type.
e)
Cooling Tower:
It is used ot the coal the water which is usual in the condenser to
condensed the exhaust steam from the turbine. As the condenser always required coil
water and due to limitation of natural resources. We have to reverse the water again
and again the hot cooling water is cooled by cooling tower.
f)
Boiler:
It is the heart of the plant contains water tube furnace and duel nozzle and
ignitors. This power plant is tangentially fixed balance draught. There are 100 tubes
which carries water through boiler has refractory lining.
1.
Furnace: It is rectangular chamber surrounded by a

water tube and get heated and burner water flowing through tubes around
furnace and get heated and forms steam.
2.
Super heater: The steam so generated is at 350 0 C is

further superheated to 5400 C by using exhaust flue gases.
3.
Reheated: In this comparatively cooler steam from H.P.

turbine is heated back to 5400 C and fed to the L.P. tribune.
4.
Blowers: Purpose of using root blower is to clean F/C

valve of superheated and economizer surface which is left uncleaned
would effect the efficiency of the plant.
5.
Preheated: In this steam is cooler from H.P. turbine and

is heated back to 5400 C and fed to L.P. turbine.
Turbine: Steam at a temperature of 5400 C and pressure
6.
at about 140 Kg/Cm2 is left from boiler is passed to H.P. cylinder and is
again passed to boiler for superheating.
ADMINISTATION OF POWER PLANT:

Belonging technical section there are various department like CHP,
Boiler turbine, Generators etc. There are well qualified and efficient persons for
production. of first unit 210 MW it requires 0.8 kg of coal which forms 0.32 kg of
ash. Thus order guidance of engineers of power plant and professors we have
conducted our visit
ADVANTAGE OF STEAM TURBINE OVER STEAM ENGINE:
1. The thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is much higher than that of a
steam engine
2.
The power generation in the steam turbine is at a uniform rate therefore

necessary to use a flywheel (as in case of steam engine) is not felt.
3.
Much higher speed and greater range of speed is possible than in case of
steam engine.
4.
In large thermal section, where as need higher outputs the steam turbine
power very suitable as these can be made in big size.
5.
With the absences of reciprocating parts (as in steam engine) the

balancing problem is minimized.
6.
No internal lubrication is required as there are no rubbing parts in steam

turbine.

7.
In a steam turbine there is no loss due to initial condensation of steam.
8.
It can utilize high vacuum very advantageously.
9.
Considerable overload can be carried at the expense of

slightly reduction in overall efficiency.
Signature with Date
Subject In charge

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S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T.

TO STUDY THE STEAM TURBINE SYSTEM

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

TO STUDY THE STEAM TURBINE SYSTEM

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

In this compounding of impulse turbine rings of moving blade fixed

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

have an impulse stage followed by an impulse turbine. In pressure

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Signature with Date

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

STUDY OF GAS TURBINE

DATE:Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

STUDY OF GAS TURBINE

CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE:

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE:

irreversible adiabatic compression

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

constant pressure heat supply in the combustion chamber

irreversible adiabatic expansion

ideal isentropic compression

ideal isentropic expansion

GAS TURBINE WITH INTERCOOLING:

workinput (without intercooling)

Work Ratio = Net work output

Heat supplied without intercooling = Cp (T5 TL)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

GAS TURBINE WITH REHEATING:

= Cpg (T5 T6)

Work output without reheating = Cpg (T4 TL)

= Cpg (T3 T2) + Cpg (T5 T4)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

taken in the from the combustion of fuel. Point 6 represents the

obtained in practice because a temperature gradients must exist

Signature with Date

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.S.G.B.C.O.E. & T., Bhusawal