MATLAB Fundamentals-An Overview UGC ASC Burdwan Univ Sept2013

MATLAB
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Fundamentals:
An Overview
by
Dr. Amitava Chatterjee

Dr
Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation Laboratory,
Electrical Engineering Department,
J d
Jadavpur
University,
U i
it Kolkata,
K lk t India.
I di
URL: http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/profile.php?uid=322
Short Term Course on

Computational Tools and Open Source Software,
UGC-Academic Staff College, Burdwan University, Burdwan, India.
02/09/2013
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MATLAB1 A Birds Eye View

Wh t is
What
i MATLAB??
MATLAB is an interactive software package which was developed

to perform numerical calculations on vectors and matrices.
The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB was
written originally to provide easy access to matrix software
developed by the LINPACK (linear system package)
and EISPACK (Eigen system package) projects matrices.
This software package has been commercially available since 1984
and is now widely accepted as a standard tool at most universities
and industries worldwide.
In recent times, MATLAB has evolved as an excellent tool for
teaching and research.
1MATLAB
is a registered trademark of MathWorks, Inc.
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MATLAB A Birds Eye View

Wh MATLAB??
Why
MATLAB facilitates easy handling of many of the computations

involved.
In fact, the general feeling is that MATLAB should not be viewed
as another complicated programming language, but more as a
powerful calculator.
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is
y that does not require
q
dimensioning.
g
an array
It has powerful built-in routines that enable a very wide variety of
computations.
p
applications
pp
are collected in packages
p
g referred to as
Specific
toolbox.
It contains a wide variety of toolboxes which allow it to perform
a wide range of applications from science and engineering. The
toolboxes range from statistics to simulation, to control systems,
to signal processing, to optimization, and so on.
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MATLAB Fundamentals
The graphical interface to the MATLAB workspace.
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MATLAB Fundamentals
St
Starting
ti MATLAB
THE COMMAND WINDOW
THE COMMAND HISTORY

THE WORKSPACE
THE CURRENT DIRECTORY
Some Useful Commands to Get Started

>> demo
>> help <command>

>> doc <command>
>> lookfor <command>
MATLAB Fundamentals
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Simple
p Arithmetic Operations
p
Use it as a calculator:
>> 4.23*6.8 + 25/6
You can enter 345 as:

>> 3^45
You can enter a complex number 4 + 6i in MATLAB as:

>> 4 + 6i or >> 4 + 6*i
Write on MATLAB command:

>> x = 4 + 5*7
Change the previous command:

>> x = 4 + 5*7;
Whatisthedifference??
Th iissue th
Then
the command:
d
>> disp(x)
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Vector and Matrix Operations

p
Create a Row Vector (one dimensional array):

>> ur = [[5 7 9 5 18 5];
]
Verify the size of the Row Vector:

>> size(ur)
Create a Column Vector (one dimensional array):

>> uc = [12; 8; 21; 6; 35; 67];
Verify the size of the Column Vector:

>> size(uc)
Perform Matrix Multiplication:

>> um1 = ur*uc
or >> um2 = uc*ur
V if th
Verify
the size
i off the
th Matrix:
M ti
>> size(um1) or >> size(um2)
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Create a 5-by-3 Matrix:
>> m1 = [5 7 9; 5 18 5; 6 23 56; 54 6 70; 21 4 65]
Extract only the first row of Matrix m1:

>> row1 = m1(1,:)
Extract only the second column of Matrix m1:

>> col2 = m1(:,2)
Extract a submatrix of m1 comprising elements from 2nd and

3rd rows and 1st and 2nd columns only:
>> subm1 = m1(2:3,1:2)
Transpose m1:
>> m1t = m1
Create a 5-by-5 Matrix comprising all zeros or all ones:

>> xz = zeros(5,5)
or xo = ones(5,5)
Some
Elementary
Commands
and
S
El
t
C
d for
f Matrices
M t i
d Arrays
A
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MATLAB Fundamentals
Matrices and Arrays: Operations and Manipulation
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MATLAB Fundamentals
Matrices and Arrays: Matrix Analysis and Linear Equations
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MATLAB Fundamentals
MATLAB Fundamentals
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Variables and Numbers
MATLAB does not require any type declarations or dimension statements.

When MATLAB encounters a new variable name, it automatically creates
the variable and allocates the appropriate amount of storage.
In MATLAB, X and x are not the same variable.
MATLAB by default displays only 4 decimals in the result of the

calculations, but it actually performs numerical calculations in double
precision, i.e. in 15 digits.
Issue the command: >> xx = 125.6578
Study how the format command changes the display:

>> format long
g
Then issue the next command: >> xx
: Again revert back the display format : >> format short

Then verify the display of the same variable: >> xx
Study the commands, whos and who. Is there any difference ??
MATLAB Fundamentals
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The Colon Operator

p
The colon (:) is one of the most important MATLAB operators. It occurs in
several different forms.
If you want to create a row vector of integers with unit
spacing, issue the command: >> var1 = 1:10
If you want a similar array with nonunit spacing
spacing, specify the
increment (either positive or negative). Study the commands:
>> var2 = 3:6:33 or >> var3 = 33:-6:3
The spacing can be floating point numbers too:
>> var4 = 5:0.25:15 or >> var5 = 15:-0.25:5 or >> var6 = 0:pi/6:pi
You can delete a row or a column from a matrix using : and

[ ]. You can delete the second column of a matrix as:
>> Xd = m1
>> Xd(:,2) = [ ]
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Some Useful
f Commands
C
To clear the Command Window, type clc
To abort a MATLAB computation,

p
, type
yp ctrl-c
To continue a line, type . . .
To delete a variable X, type clear X
To delete all variables from the work space, type clear all
To erase any statement from the command line, type ctrl-u
To turn WARNINGS issued by MATLAB on/off,

on/off type warning on/off
MATLAB Fundamentals
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Save and Load Commands
Workspace variables do not persist upon exiting MATLAB. So

one needs to store data for later use using save command. You
can save the entire workspace as a binary MAT file:
>> save myworkspace.mat
Next time when you re-open MATLAB, you can load the entire
workspace
k
previously
i
l stored:
t
d
>> load myworkspace.mat
Save a variable as a MAT file:

>> save var1
Load this variable from the MAT file:

>> load var1
Similarly save a variable in a file in ASCII format and load a file,

already stored in ASCII format, in MATLAB workspace:
>> save var1.dat var1 -ascii and >> load var1.dat
MATLAB Fundamentals
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Plot Commands (two-dimensional)
Plot the graph of e-0.2xsin(x) over the domain 0 to 6.
>> x = 0:pi/20:6*pi;
p ( , p(
)
( ), ),g
>> plot(x,exp(-0.2*x).*sin(x),'r'),grid
>> axis([0 20 -0.4 0.8])
>> xlabel('time') >> ylabel('amplitude')
>> title(
title('Plot
Plot of the Exponentially Damped Sine Function
Function'))
Plot of the Exponentially Damped Sine Function
0.8
0.6
amplitude
0.4
02
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
10
time
12
14
16
18
20
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Plotting multiple data sets (or functions) in one plot.

>> x = 0:pi/20:6*pi;
>> y1 = 5*cos(x);
>> y
y2 = 0.5*sin(x);
( );
>> y3 = 2.5*cos(x);
>> plot(x,y1,'r--',x,y2,'b-',x,y3,'k:')
>> axis([0 18 -5 5])
>> xlabel('0 \leq x \leq 6\pi')
>> ylabel(
ylabel('Cosine
Cosine functions')
functions )
>> legend('5*cos(x)','0.5*sin(x)','2.5*cos(x)')
>> title('Typical example of multiple plots')
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Plotting multiple data sets (or functions) in one plot.

>> x = 0:pi/20:6*pi; >> y1 = 5*cos(x); >> y2 = 0.5*sin(x);
>> y3 = 2.5*cos(x); ..
>> title('Typical example of multiple plots')
Typical example of multiple plots
5*cos(x)
0 5*sin(x)
0.5
sin(x)
2.5*cos(x)
4
3
Co
osine functionss
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
8
10
0 x 6
12
14
16
18
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Plotting multiple data sets (or functions) using subplot.

>> x = 0:pi/20:6*pi;
>> y1 = 5*cos(x);
>> y2 = 0.5*sin(x);
>> y3 = 2.5*sqrt(x);
>> y4 = 12*exp(-0.5*x);
>> subplot(2,2,1), plot(x,y1,'r--')
>> subplot(2,2,2),
subplot(2 2 2) plot(x,y2,
plot(x y2 'b-')
b )
>> subplot(2,2,3), plot(x,y3,'k:')
>> subplot(2,2,4), plot(x,y4,'m-.')
>> subplot(2,2,1), axis([0 18 -5 5])
>> subplot(2,2,1), xlabel('0 \leq x \leq 6\pi')

p ( , , ), ylabel('Cosine
y
(
function'))
>> subplot(2,2,1),
>> subplot(2,2,1), legend('5*cos(x)')
>> subplot(2,2,1), title('Typical example of a subplot-1')
MATLAB Fundamentals
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Plotting multiple data sets (or functions) using subplot.

>> x = 0:pi/20:6*pi; >> y1 = 5*cos(x); >> y2 = 0.5*sin(x);
>> y3 = 2.5*sqrt(x); >> y4 = 12*exp(-0.5*x);
>> subplot(2,2,1), plot(x,y1,'r--') >> subplot(2,2,2), plot(x,y2,'b-')
Typical example of a subplot-1
10
15
0 x 6
2.5*sqrt(x)
10
0 x 6
15
-0.5
10
0.5*sin(x)
Sine function
5*cos(x)
-5
Square
e root function
0.5
Expone
ential function
Cosine function
C
n
10
15
0 x 6
12*exp(-0.5*x)
10
10
0 x 6
15
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Plot Commands (three-dimensional)

Plot the Mexican Hat.
>> [x y] = meshgrid(-8:0.5:8);
>> r = sqrt(x.^2
q (
+ y.^2)+eps;
y ) p ;
>> z = sin(r)./r;
>> mesh(z)
0.5
-0.5
40
30
40
30
20
20
10
10
MATLAB Fundamentals
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Plot Commands (three-dimensional)

Plot the Mexican Hat.
>> [x y] = meshgrid(-8:0.5:8);
>> r = sqrt(x.^2
q (
+ y.^2)+eps;
y ) p ;
>> z = sin(r)./r;
>> surf(z), shading flat
or
>> figure, surf(z), shading flat
0.5
-0.5
40
30
40
30
20
20
10
10
Programming in MATLAB
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Scripts
p and Functions
A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of MATLAB

statements. Script files are called M-files and they have .m in their
filename extension
extension.
Scripts do not accept input arguments or return output arguments.
They operate on data in MATLAB workspace.
workspace
M-files can also be written in form of functions that can accept input
arguments and return output arguments
arguments. Internal variables remain
local to the function. If you want more than one function to share a
single copy of a variable, simply declare the variable as global in all
the functions
functions.
It is easy to edit a script file if we wish to remove any error(s) and
then the sequence of statements can be executed whenever desired
by typing the <file name> in MATLAB command line in the command
window.
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How to Write and Execute Script

p M-files
f ??
Let us consider that we wish to write the Mexican Hat

program as an M-file.
Use the MATLAB editor to create a new file:
File
New
Script (or M-file)
E t th
Enter
the series
i off MATLAB statements:
t t
t
[x y] = meshgrid(-8:0.5:8);
r = sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2)+eps;
z = sin(r)./r;
mesh(z)
Save the file, for example, as mexhat.m.
Run the file, in the command line, by typing:

>> mexhat
When the execution completes, the variables remain in the

workspace. Verify this by typing: >> whos
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M-file
f Functions
Let us consider that we wish to write an M-file function that

will calculate squares and cubes of the sum of two numbers.
Use the MATLAB editor to create a new function:
File
New
Function
E t th
Enter
the series
i off MATLAB statements:
t t
t
function [outp1 outp2] = sqre_cube(inp1,inp2)

outp1 = inp1^2 + inp2^2+ 2*inp1*inp2;
outp2 = inp1
inp1^3
3 + inp2
inp2^3
3+3
3*inp1*inp2*(inp1
inp1 inp2 (inp1 + inp2);
end
Save the file as sqre_cube.m.
Run the file, in the command line, by typing:

>> [x y] = sqre_cube(5,4)
R
Run
th
the fil
file again,
i iin th
the command
d li
line, b
by ttyping:
i
>> [x y] = sqre_cube(6,7)
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Control Flow and Operators

p
MATLAB has several flow control constructs:

The if end structure
The if else end structure
The if elseif else end structure

The for end loop
The while end loop
The break
Th
b
k statement
t t
t ((can b
be used
d tto tterminate
i t a while
hil loop
l
or to exit a for loop).
The continue statement (can be used to exit a for loop to
pass immediately to the next iteration of the loop, skipping
the remaining statements in the loop).
The return
return statement, the switch
switch statement etc.
One can study the syntax by typing the help command (e.g.
help for)
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p
IF
Conditionally execute statements.
The general form of the if statement is:

IF expression
statements
ELSEIF expression
statements
ELSE
statements
END
FOR
Repeat statements a specific number of times.
The general form of a for statement is:
FOR variable = expression, statement, ..., statement END
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Arithmetic Operators and Special Characters
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p
Array Operators
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p
Relational and Logical Operators
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p
Operator Precedence
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fprintf
fp f Statement for
f Displaying
p y g Output
p on the Screen
In MATLAB, the command fprintf can be utilized both for
displaying the output on the screen as well as for writing the
output
t t to
t a file.
fil
A script M-file
M file that executes a sequence of statements and
displays the result on the screen:
x_array
x
array = [5.5
[5 5 8.7
8 7 12
12.4
4 34
34.7
7 67
67.9
9 -3.2
-3 2 6
6.8];
8];
fprintf('\nmaximum value = %8.4f', max(x_array));
fprintf('\nminimum value = %8.4f', min(x_array));
fprintf('\naverage value = %8.4f', mean(x_array));
fprintf('\n');
One can easily

O
il change
h
the
th format
f
t off display
di l
if he/she
h / h wishes
i h
to.
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fprintf
fp f Statement for
f Savingg Output
p to a File
One can save the results of some computation to a file in text

format, using the following steps:
Open a file using fopen
Write the output using fprintf

Cl
Close
the
th file
fil using
i
f l
fclose
Change
g the previous
p
script
p M-file as shown below and
execute it in the command prompt:
x_array = [5.5 8.7 12.4 34.7 67.9 -3.2 6.8];
outp = fopen('array.txt','wt');
fprintf(outp,'\nmaximum value = %8.4f', max(x_array));
fprintf(outp,'\nminimum value = %8.4f', min(x_array));
fprintf(outp,'\naverage
fprintf(outp,
\naverage value = %8.4f
%8.4f',, mean(x
mean(x_array));
array));
fprintf(outp,'\n');
fclose(outp);
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Some Useful Workspace and File Commands
Some Predefined Variables and Math Constants
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MATLAB/Simulink
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Introduction to Simulinkk
Simulink is a user-friendly environment created in MATLAB

platform, essentially for the purpose of graphical, modelbased simulation of dynamic systems.
The key features of Simulink are:
Graphical editor for building and managing hierarchical block
diagrams
Libraries of predefined blocks for modeling continuous-time
and discrete-time systems
g
with fixed-step
p and variable-step
p ODE
Simulation engine
solvers
Scopes and data displays for viewing simulation results
Project and data management tools for managing model files
and
d data
d t
Model analysis tools for refining model architecture and
increasing simulation speed
MATLAB Function block for importing MATLAB algorithms into
models
.
MATLAB/Simulink
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How to Start Simulinkk
Type simulink in command prompt.
or
click here
to start
simulink
choose
current
directory
MATLAB/Simulink
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Simulinkk Libraryy Browser
Library
y
Browser
gives
access
to
various standard or
additional
blocks
that can be utilized
to build complicated
models.
MATLAB/Simulink
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Creatingg a New Simulinkk Model
From the Simulink Library Browser Menu, select:

File
New
Model. An empty model opens in the
Simulink Editor.
MATLAB/Simulink
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Creating a New Simulink Model
Edit the blank model by dragging and dropping blocks from the library
browser, adding appropriate sources and sinks, and making suitable
connections to build your own model.
drag and drop from the

Sources in the Library
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MATLAB/Simulink
double click the sine block to

change its parameter values
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MATLAB/Simulink
add another block in your model
source 1
source 2
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MATLAB/Simulink
sink
(oscilloscope)
connector
MUX
The Complete Model
set the configuration parameters before running the simulation
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MATLAB/Simulink
MATLAB/Simulink
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click here to start simulation
total simulation time
autoscale
double click on the

bl k
block
t
to
scope
display
output
waveform
scope
parameters
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Saving the Simulink Model
the
simulink
model
created is saved, for
future use, as sim1.mdl
in
your
chosen
directory
Reusing an Existing Simulink Model
double
click
sim1.mdl
to
open
p
this
simulink model
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MATLAB/Simulink
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

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Creatingg GUIs
G
In MATLAB, one can use GUIDE, the MATLAB Graphical User

Interface Development Environment to create GUIs.
A GUI is essentially a graphical display which allows a user to
pictorially interact with a program. It comprises the following
basic elements:
Components Push buttons, sliders, radio buttons, check

boxes etc., which enable the user to interact with a
program.
Figure A graphical window which houses all these

components.
Callbacks Code modules that are used to enable user

interaction with the program.
To write a GUI, type in the command prompt:

>> guide
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Creatingg GUIs
G
Select this and click OK to create a blank, new GUI.

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The Layout Editor
The blank GUI is displayed in the Layout Editor, which acts as the
control panel for all of the GUI Tools.
Layout Area
Component
Palette

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The Layout Editor
Lay out your GUI, by dragging components like Slider, Edit Text, Check
Box, Push Button etc. from the Component Palette into the Layout Area.
Layout Area

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The Layout Editor
Layout Area

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The Layout Editor
Layout Area

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An Example
Design a GUI in MATLAB to determine square root of a number, using

Newtons method. In the GUI, enter the number to be square-rooted, press the
Start button, and the GUI should show the result in an iterative manner.
Right click anywhere in

the Layout Area to reach
the
figures
Property
Inspector.

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An Example
Click the figure

s
figures
Property
Inspector and set
the figures Name
property
to
Newton.
An Example
Make
the
GUI
Resizable.
Click
Tools
GUI
Options.
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An Example
Under
Proportional
when the window
is resized, the
GUI components
also get resized.
Place
a
Static Text
control.
Right click
to reach its
Property
Inspector.
p
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An Example

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An Example
Change
its
String property
to Enter the
number
to
square
root
and
Press
Start. The Tag
of
this
component is
text1.

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An Example
Add
an
Edit
Text
control. Set
its
String
property to
blank. The
Tag of this
component
is edit1.

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An Example
Next, activate the figure using Editor in View option and saving it as
Newton.fig.
An Example
This automatically opens the application M-file Newton.m.
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An Example
Add
another
Static
Text
control. Set its
String property
to Output and
its
HorizontalAlig
nment to left.
The Tag of this
component is
text2.

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An Example
Add a Push
Button. Set its
String property
to Start. The
Tag
of
this
component is
pushbutton1.

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An Example
Now, activate the figure again using Editor in View option, to update
Newton.m. Then the pushbutton1_Callback sub function is programmed as:

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An Example
Save your work and activate the figure again to test it. Then Run the figure.

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An Example
Save your work and activate the figure again to test it. Then Run the figure.
An Example
The GUI Newton.fig shows the following result.
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MATLAB in Image Processing

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Useful Images Processing Commands
Read an image using imread command in command line:

>> img1 = imread('pout.tif');
Check the row and column dimensions of the image:

>> [img_rows, img_cols] = size(img1)
Display the image using imshow command in command line:

>> imshow(img1)
pout.tif

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Images are written to disc using the function imwrite:

>> imwrite(img1, 'pout_test.tif');
Obtain an image file details using the command imfinfo:

>> imfinfo pout_test.tif
Create a histogram to view the intensity distribution:

>> figure, imhist(img1)
Histogram
of pout.tif

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Improve the contrast of this image using the function histeq which performs
histogram equalization:
g = histeq(img1);
( g )
>> img2
Display the histogram equalized image in a new figure window:

>> figure, imshow(img2)
Histogram equalized
pout.tif

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View the intensity distribution of the histogram equalized version of pout.tif:

>> figure, imhist(img2)
Histogram of
histogram
equalized
version
of
pout.tif

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Read a new grayscale image moon.tif and display this image:

>> img_moon = imread('moon.tif');
>> imshow(img
imshow(img_moon)
moon)
Use the command imadjust to perform intensity adjustment for moon.tif:

>> img_moon1 = imadjust(img_moon, [0.5 0.75], [0 1], 2);
>> figure,
fi
iimshow(img_moon1)
h (i
1)
moon.tif
Intensity
adjusted
version of
moon.tif

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To perform image segmentation of moon.tif, use function graythresh that

automatically computes an appropriate threshold:
>> thr_intensity = graythresh(img_moon);
Use the command im2bw to convert grayscale moon.tif into a binary image using
thresholding and display the thresholded image:
>> img_moon_bw = im2bw(img_moon,thr_intensity);
>> figure, imshow(img_moon_bw)
moon.tif
Automatic
thresholding
based
segmented
moon.tif

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An example of linear spatial filtering:
>> img_pepper = imread('peppers.png');
>> figure, imshow(img_pepper)

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>> img_pepper_gr
= rgb2gray(img_pepper);
i
b2
(i
)
>> figure, imshow(img_pepper_gr)

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>> img_pepper_gr
= rgb2gray(img_pepper);
i
b2
(i
)
>> figure, imshow(img_pepper_gr)
>> img_pepper_grn = imnoise(img_pepper_gr,'gaussian',0,0.01);
imshow(img_pepper_grn)
pepper grn)
>> figure, imshow(img

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>> figure,
fi
i h (i
)
>> H_mask1 = fspecial('average');
>> H_mask2 = fspecial('gaussian');
img pepper grf1 = imfilter(img_pepper_grn,H_mask1,
imfilter(img pepper grn,H mask1,'replicate');
replicate );
>> img_pepper_grf1
>> img_pepper_grf2 = imfilter(img_pepper_grn,H_mask2,'replicate');
>> figure, imshow(img_pepper_grf1)

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>> figure,
fi
i h (i
)
>> H_mask1 = fspecial('average');
>> H_mask2 = fspecial('gaussian');
img pepper grf1 = imfilter(img_pepper_grn,H_mask1,
imfilter(img pepper grn,H mask1,'replicate');
replicate );
>> img_pepper_grf1
>> img_pepper_grf2 = imfilter(img_pepper_grn,H_mask2,'replicate');
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References
L
i
MATLAB 7,
7 Release14,
R l
14 MATLAB & Si
li k
Learning
Simulink
Student Version, The MathWorks, Inc., 2005.
Ed Overman,
Overman A MATLAB Tutorial,
Tutorial Department of
Mathematics, The Ohio State University, 2012.
David Houcque, Introduction to MATLAB for Engineering

Students, Northwestern University, 2005.
Simulink Getting
g Started Guide,, R2013a,, MATLAB &
Simulink, The MathWorks, Inc., 2013.
MATLAB/Simulink Tutorial, ECEN 2060, Colorado
University, 2008.
R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, and S. L. Eddins, Digital Image

P
Processing
i
using
i
MATLAB,
MATLAB Pearson
P
Ed
Education,
ti
2005
2005.
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MATLAB Fundamentals-An Overview UGC ASC Burdwan Univ Sept2013

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MATLAB

Dr. Amitava Chatterjee

Short Term Course on

MATLAB1 A Birds Eye View

MATLAB is an interactive software package which was developed

is a registered trademark of MathWorks, Inc.

MATLAB A Birds Eye View

MATLAB facilitates easy handling of many of the computations

The graphical interface to the MATLAB workspace.

THE COMMAND WINDOW

THE COMMAND HISTORY

THE CURRENT DIRECTORY

Some Useful Commands to Get Started

>> help <command>

>> lookfor <command>

You can enter 345 as:

You can enter a complex number 4 + 6i in MATLAB as:

Write on MATLAB command:

Change the previous command:

Vector and Matrix Operations

Create a Row Vector (one dimensional array):

Verify the size of the Row Vector:

Create a Column Vector (one dimensional array):

Verify the size of the Column Vector:

Perform Matrix Multiplication:

or >> um2 = uc*ur

Vector and Matrix Operations

>> m1 = [5 7 9; 5 18 5; 6 23 56; 54 6 70; 21 4 65]

Extract only the first row of Matrix m1:

Extract only the second column of Matrix m1:

Extract a submatrix of m1 comprising elements from 2nd and

Create a 5-by-5 Matrix comprising all zeros or all ones:

Vector and Matrix Operations

Matrices and Arrays: Operations and Manipulation

Vector and Matrix Operations

Matrices and Arrays: Matrix Analysis and Linear Equations

Vector and Matrix Operations

Variables and Numbers

MATLAB does not require any type declarations or dimension statements.

MATLAB by default displays only 4 decimals in the result of the

Study how the format command changes the display:

Then issue the next command: >> xx

: Again revert back the display format : >> format short

Study the commands, whos and who. Is there any difference ??

The Colon Operator

The spacing can be floating point numbers too:

>> var4 = 5:0.25:15 or >> var5 = 15:-0.25:5 or >> var6 = 0:pi/6:pi

You can delete a row or a column from a matrix using : and

To clear the Command Window, type clc

To abort a MATLAB computation,

To delete a variable X, type clear X

To erase any statement from the command line, type ctrl-u

To turn WARNINGS issued by MATLAB on/off,

Save and Load Commands

Workspace variables do not persist upon exiting MATLAB. So

Save a variable as a MAT file:

Load this variable from the MAT file:

Similarly save a variable in a file in ASCII format and load a file,

Plot Commands (two-dimensional)

Plot the graph of e-0.2xsin(x) over the domain 0 to 6.

Plot Commands (two-dimensional)

Plotting multiple data sets (or functions) in one plot.

>> xlabel('0 \leq x \leq 6\pi')

Plot Commands (two-dimensional)