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Fault Level Analysis of Power Distribution System

Kadam Sandeep Ratnadeep


Department of Electrical Engineering
Rajambapu Institute of Technology
Islampur, Dist-Sangli, Maharashtra, India
sandeepkadam300@gmail.com

Y.N.Bhosale

Abstract Fault level analysis in power distribution system is


important issue in power system protection study. Demand of
power increases day to day. So, continuous power supply to the
consumer is necessary without any interruption. Fault analysis in
power distribution system is necessary for selection of proper
protective devices such as relays and circuit breakers. So that
fault is cleared as early as possible and equipments in the
substation are protected from heavy short circuit current. In this
paper, fault level analysis of 33/11 KV power distribution
substation is studied.
Keywords- fault level analysis; power distribution system; protective
devices;

I.

INTRODUCTION

In power system protection, selection of protective devices


of correct rating is necessary. Fault analysis for power
distribution system is important for proper selection of
protective devices and it is useful for safety of person working
in the substation. With the help of fault analysis, we can
calculate fault currents for different types of faults in a
substation. Fault analysis is also necessary for determining
fault MVA and voltage at the time of fault at fault location.
Different types of short circuits are single phase to ground
short circuit, double phase to ground short circuit, phase to
phase short circuit and three phase short circuit. Most
commonly occurring fault is single line to earth fault and most
dangerous fault is three phase fault.
Fault analysis of multiphase power distribution system is
necessary [1]. Power distribution system is radial or meshed.
Fault analysis of these types of system is required for
determining fault current at different location [2].
Determination of the three-phase short circuit currents in
medium-voltage electrical installations have studied in [3].
Maximum fault currents necessary to be find out because they
determine the rating required for the protective equipment in
the power system. Fault analysis is also required for
calculating maximum and minimum fault current. It is used for
determining breaking capacity and making capacity of the
circuit breakers. There are different new methods of fault
analysis of distribution network [4][5]. These methods are
more accurate, fast and reliable than conventional fault
analysis methods. Different simulation softwares are used for
fault analysis and fault location of power distribution system
[6][7][8]. New techniques for fault location in distribution
network are presented in [9][10][11]. Sometimes, there are
errors occur in distribution network fault analysis [12].

978-1-4673-6150-7/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

Shrihari Kulkarni

Department of Electrical Engineering


Rajambapu Institute of Technology
Islampur, Dist-Sangli, Maharashtra, India

II.

Junior Engineer,
Testing Division,MSEDCL,
Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India.

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION

A. Different Fault Current Parameters


International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) system
specifies various fault current parameters which are useful in
fault level analysis [13].
These parameters are given below[13] Available (prospective) fault current
Steady-state fault current
Peak fault current
Symmetrical fault current
Asymmetrical fault current
IEC Standards for Short-circuit current calculation in threephase a.c. system are mentioned below
IEC Standard 60909 Part 0 describes calculation of
fault currents in low-voltage and high-voltage threephase a.c. systems.

IEC Standard 60909 Part 1 describes factors for the


calculation of fault currents in three-phase a.c.
systems according to IEC Standard 60909 Part 1.
IEC Standards 60909 part 2 describes electrical
equipment data for fault current calculations in
accordance with IEC 60909.

IEC Standards 60909 part 3 describes currents


during two separate simultaneous single-phase lineto-ground faults and partial short-circuit currents
flowing through ground.

IEC Standard 60909 Part 4 shows examples for the


calculation of fault currents.
B. Factors Affecting on Faults in Power System
Type of fault
Duration of fault
Sources of fault
Location of fault
Selection of protective devices
Operating time of protective devices for clearance of
fault.
C. BasicAssumption for Fault Current Calculation

Shunt capacitance of distribution line is neglected.


Shunt admittance of distribution transformer is
neglected.

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III.

The emfs of the generators are in phase. That is all


the generators are in synchronism before occurrence
of short circuit.
During L-L-L fault, the short circuit current is occurs
simultaneously on all three lines.
During the short circuit, the number of phases
involved does not change,
For the entire duration of the fault, the voltages and
the fault impedance remains same.
All zero-sequence impedances are considered.
Inductive reactance of electrical system is taken into
account.
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

A. Overhead Lline Conductor Detail


Conductor

Panther

R1 / Km

X1 / Km

R0 / Km

X0 / Km

Z1 / Km

Z0 /
Km

0.15510

0.40690

0.34460

1.33840

0.43546

1.38
205

Here
R1 is positive sequence resistance of line, R0 is zero sequence
resistance of line
X1 is positive sequence reactance of line, XO is zero sequence
reactance of line
Z1 is positive sequence impedance of line, Z0 is zero sequence
impedance of line
B. Impedance Matrix
Z bus is calculated by using step by step method.
Zero sequence impedance matrix
Zz=[0.2298+j0.8923 0.1148+j0.4461;
0.1148+j0.4461 0.2298+j0.8923]

IV.

RESULTS FOR FAULT AT BUS 33 KV

A. By using symmetrical component method


TABLE I

Type of
Fault

Single
line
to
ground
fault
Double
line
to
ground
fault
Line
to
line fault
Three
phase
fault

Fault current at
phase A

Fault current at
phase B

Fault current at
phase C

0.5822 - j1.9136

-2.9730 - j0.3836

2.6013 + j1.7410

-2.7872 - j1.0623

2.7872 + j1.0623

1.2266 - j3.2184

-3.4004 + j0.5468

2.1739 + j2.6715

TABLE II
Type of
Fault

Single line
to
ground
fault
Double line
to
ground
fault
Line to line
fault
Three phase
fault

Fault voltage at
phase A

0
1.2966 +j 0.0198
1
0

Fault voltage at
phase B

Fault voltage at
phase C

-0.9206 - j0.9059

-0.9207
j0.8261

1.9018e^-005
+j2.8973e^-007

1.9018e^-005
+j2.8973e^-007

-0.5000

-0.5000

All values are in per units and prefault system voltage


assumed 1 Per unit. Here we are assuming fault resistance is 0.
B. By using Matlab simulation

Positive sequence impedance matrix


Zp=[0.1034+j0.2713 0.0517+j0.1356;
0.0517+j0.1356 0.1034+j0.2713]
C. Load Connected
RLC Series LoadCurrent - 262.43 Ampere
Voltage 11 KV
Active Power- 4.25 MW
Inductive Reactive Power- 2.63 Mvar
Capacitive Reactive Power 0
D. Transformer Detail
5 MVA , 33/11 KV Delta- Star Connected
Percentage Impedance is 7.15
Fig. 1. 33 KV bus fault level analysis for single line to ground fault.

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Fig. 2. 33 KV bus fault level analysis for double line to ground fault.

Fig. 5. 11 KV bus fault level analysis for single line to ground fault.

Fig. 3. 33 KV bus fault level analysis for line to line fault .

Fig. 6.

Fig. 4. 33 KV bus fault level analysis for three phase fault.

Fig. 7. 11 KV bus fault level analysis for line to line fault.

11 KV bus fault level analysis for double line to ground fault.

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V.

Fig. 8. 11 KV bus fault level analysis for three phase fault.

FUTURE SCOPE

Fault analysis is very important study at the time of


installation of power distribution substation. Fault analysis is
also necessary for design of distribution substation with
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and without RES. Now a
day different new methods are used for fault level analysis
such as MVA method, step by step method and hybrid
compensation method. But in future, combination of these new
methods and combination of conventional methods such as per
unit method, symmetrical component method and percentage
impedance method will be used for fault analysis of power
distribution system. Different types of circuit breakers with
different breaking capacities and making capacities can be
selected for protection of distribution network. Numerical
relays with neural network and fuzzy logic will be used for
protection of power distribution system against different types
of faults. Fault level analysis of power distribution substation
with penetration of hybrid RES is also important.

VI.
CONCLUSION
Fault level analysis is very important type of power system
analysis for power distribution system protection. It is used for
balance and unbalance fault analysis. Fault level analysis of
power distribution network is required for selection of
protective devices such as relays and circuit breakers. It is also
useful for finding out current and voltage at the time of fault.
In this paper, fault level analysis of 33/11 KV power
distribution substation is carried out by using symmetrical
component method. Matlab simulation of 33/11 KV substation
is also done.
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Fig. 9. Layout of 33/11 KV power distribution substation.

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