College On Campus: American History Chapter 21

Chapter 21 Urban America and
the Progressive Era 19001917/Progressivism/ Urban

Politics/Immigration/Womens
Movement/Teddy
Roosevelt/Muckrackers/
Henry Street Settlement in Manhattan's Lower East Side was settlement for the poor
run by Lillian Wald similar to Jane Addams Hull House
Jane Addams
Chicago Hull House
similar to Henry
Settlement in New
York
Jane Addams imitated

Toynbee Hall with Hull House
Origins of
Progressivism
Unifying
Themes
Unifying Themes of Progressivism 1) Progressives shared an essential optimism

about the ability of citizens to improve social and economic conditions.
2) Progressives were reformers not revolutionaries
Emphasized social cohesion and common bonds as a way to understand how
modern society and economics actually worked
3) Rejected individualism: Success depended more than just character the
economy was more than merely a sum of individual calculations. Societys
problems were structural rather than just the result of individual failures.
4) Citizens need to intervene actively both politically and morally to improve
social conditions
5) More power of the state and federal government.
DeWitt in his 1915 book The

progressive Movement the
individual could not hope to
compete.. The word
Progressive came into
common use around 1910
as a ways of describing a
broad loosely defined
political movement of
individuals and groups who
hoped to bring about
change in American social
and political live.
Progressives could be
businessmen, politicians or
professionals.
Market Drive Economics

opposite of Progressivism
Muckrakers
An Urban Age, a Consumer

Society
Farms
and Cities
The Muckrakers
Intellectual
Trends Promoting
Reform
Socialist Lester Frank

Ward in Dynamic
Sociology offered an
important critique of
Social Darwinism,
Ward attacked Herbert
Spencer and William
Summer and stated
they were wrong in
applying evolutionary
theory to human
affairs.
Schools ought to be embryonic communities, miniature of society where

children were encouraged to participate actively in different types of
experience. By cultivating imagination and openness to new
experiences school could develop creativity and the habits required for
inquiry
Professor John Commons

worked at the University of
Wisconsin on the state of
industrial relations. Robert M.
Lafollette was governor.
Richard Ely and John Commons were Professors at

Wisconsin and helped with pragmatic answers for
the people of Wisconsin.
Fields was a judged that used the due process clause to strike down state laws
regulating business and labor conditions. The Supreme Court and state courts had
thus made the 14th Amendment a bulwark for big business an a foe of social welfare
measure.
Oliver Wendall Holmes is a highly

intelligent judge who believed that the
law had to take into account change
social conditions.
Court struck down a state law settling

a ten hour day for bakers decided by
Holmes
After the Lochner

vs. New York
Louis Brandeis
argued and won
that the state of
Oregon should
limit the
maximum hours
for women
working in a
laundry mat
Louis Brandeis was a Harvard

Grad and eventual Supreme
Court Justice won the Oregon
vs. Muller case limiting the
amount of hours of work.
Female
Domination
Addams a Rockford
College Grade was able to
be a progressive and help
people. The Hull House
was the facility which
helped people. Many
educated women wee
dissatisfied with the life
choices conventional
available to them, early
marriage and the traditional
fields of teaching, nursing
and library work.
Lillian Wald offered Henry

Street a place of refugee.
Poor people came to get
assistance and help.
Wald was a different type
of women. She broke the
mold.
Wald also helped the
NAACP formulate ideas in
Henry Settlement.
Kelly arriving at Hull

House found what
she describes as a
colony of efficient
and intelligent
women, In 1893 she
wrote a report
detailing the dismal
conditions in sweat
shops and the
effects of long house
on women and
children,
Womens place is Home, but home

is not contained within four walls of
and individual home, Home is the
community wrote reformer Rheta
Childe Dorr.
Julia Lathrop a alumna of Hull House

was the first women to head the
Bureau of United Stated Children
Florence Kelly wrote the book Hull House Maps and Papers the firs
scientific study of urban poverty in America, Kelly then moved to
Henry Street also to study the poverty conditions of New York.
TRIANGLE SHIRT FACTORY

OVER 150 DIED IN FIRE
The Politics of
Progressivism
Jane
Addams and Hull House

Spearheads for Reform
The Politics of
Progressivism
The
Idea of Economic Citizenship
Table 18.3 Percentage of Women 14 Years and Older
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Edgar Gardner Murphy and Alexander McKelway and drawing on the activism
of white club women reformers attacked child labor by focusing on the welfare
of children and their mothers and emphasizing the degradation of Anglo
Saxons
Progressive
Politics in Cities
and States
George Washington
Plunkitt a stalwart of
Tammany Hall
machine good
naturedly defended
what he called
honest Graft making
money from inside
information on public
improvements
Big Tim Sullivan

embodied the popular
machine style. Sullivan
risen desperate poverty
remained enormously
popular with his
constituents until his death
in 1913. Critics charged
that Sullivan controlled the
citys gambling and made
money from prostitution.
His real fortune came
through in investments in
vaudeville and early movie
business. Sullivans district
included the largest number
of immigrants.
Al Smith was the

candidate for
President. He was
an Irish Catholic
that help the
impoverished.
Progressive
Urban
Reformers
Table 18.1 Rise Of The City, 18801920

Thomas
Johnson Mayor
of Cleveland
1901-1908.
The Best
Location in the
Nation
Frederic Howe
states
Cleveland is a
location of
descent
existence.
Cleveland Public Square 1900
Arcade of Cleveland 1900
Cleveland, Ohio, Superior Avenue 1915
Slovak Village 1900s, Cleveland, Ohio
Government Building
in Cleveland
Downtown
Cleveland
1900s
notice the
street cars
Over 500 cities including Houston, Oakland, Kansas City,

Denver and Buffalo had adopted the commission form of
government. Galveston, Texas was the model of this form of
government. This break wall in Galveston, Texas was a
creation of Galveston City Commission.
Statehouse
Progressives
Robert LaFollette
believed in the
Wisconsin idea. Blend
university of Wisconsin
to practical ideas with
ideas such as the
railroad. Ordinary
consumers did not see
lower passenger fares or
reduced food prices. And
as commissioners began
to realize the national
reach of railroad limited
the effectiveness of state
regulation
Teddy Roosevelt as governor of New York held frequent press conferences to

communicate more directly with voters and gain support for progressive
legislation. Roosevelt strengthen state employees, raised teachers salaries,
placed a franchise tax on corporations controlling public utilities.
Roosevelt did help

the
environmentalism
in aiding parks. Mr.
Platt the market
man did not like
the apple stand
which stands for
more taxes.
In California, attorney Hiram

Johnson won a 1910 progressive
campaign for governor on the slogan
Kick the Southern Pacific Railroad
out of Politics
Varieties of Progressivism
Industrial
Freedom
The Politics of
Progressivism
Effective
Freedom
State and Local Reforms
Edgar Gardner Murphy and Alexander McKelway and drawing on the activism
of white club women reformers attacked child labor by focusing on the welfare
of children and their mothers and emphasizing the degradation of Anglo
Saxons
The Politics of
Progressivism
Progressive
Democracy
Government by Expert
Social
Control and
its Limits
Progressive often believed that they

had a mission to frame laws and
regulations for the benefit of others.
These efforts at social control usually
required forms of coercion. This
moralistic and frequently xenophobic
side of progressivism and provided
powerful source of support regulation
of drinking prostitution, leisure activities
and schooling
The WCTU provided women with a political

forum against and type of drinking. There
goal was to abolish drinking alcohol. WCTU
provided homeless shelters, Sunday schools,
child nurseries and woman suffrage.
The WCTU had been founded in Cleveland in 1874 and he Anti-Saloon

League was organized in Oberlin in 1893. They attacked Brewery's
especially in Cincinnati.
The
Social Evil
The Mann Act made it a

federal offense to
transport women across
state lines for immoral
purposes. Call girls
would get great money.
I get paid$6 a week for
working 70 hours in a
factory. When I get the
same money for an
afternoon with a man.
Sister Carrie was an

example of the ills of
the factory culture.
Sister Carrie went
into the city trying to
make money to help
pay for medical bills
for her sister. She
does not have
enough money so
she so she turns to
prostitution.
His first novel, Sister Carrie,

published in 1900, tells the story
of a woman who flees her country
life for the city (Chicago) and
there lives a life far from a
Victorian ideal. It sold poorly and
was not widely promoted largely
because of moral objections to the
depiction of a country girl who
pursues her dreams of fame and
fortune through relationships to
men. The book has since
acquired a considerable
reputation. It has been called the
"greatest of all American urban
novels.
The
Redemption
of Leisure
By 1908 movies had become the

most popular form of cheap
entertainment in America. One
survey estimated that 11,500
movie theaters attracted 5 million
patrons each day. For five or ten
cents, nickelodeon theatres
offered programs that might
include a slapstick comedy, a
western, a travelogue and a
melodrama. Early moves were
most popular in tenement and
immigrant districts of big cities.
Movie, 5 Cents.

In 1909 New York City movie

producers and exhibitors
joined with the reform-minded
Peoples Institute to establish
the voluntary National Board
of Censorship. (NBC) A
revolving group of civic activist
reviewed new movies passes
them suggested changes or
condemned them
Standardizing
Education
Elwood Cubberly a leading

educational reformer expressed the
view that schools could be the
vehicle by which immigrant children
could break free of the parochial
ethnic neighborhood.
Challenges to
Progressivism
The New
Global
Immigration
40 million immigrants came to America from 1840 to 1914 from Europe and Asia
Table 18.2 Immigrants and their Children

Italian Family on Ferry Boat, Leaving Ellis Island

The low-paid back breaking work in basic industry became nearly the exclusive
preserve of the new immigrants. In 1907 of the 14,359 common labors
employed at Pittsburgh US Steal mills, 11,694 were Eastern Europeans. For
twelve-hour days and seven day weeks, two thirds of these workers made less
than $12.50 a week on-third made less than $10.00. One Third of the worker
were single and among married men who had been in the country less than
five rears. About two-third reported that their wives were still in European
The polluted air of Pittsburgh 1900
An immigrant from Mexico

An illustration in the 1912 publication

A rare color photograph from around 1900

Two photographs by Lewis Hine

In Hester Street, painted in 1905

Six OClock, Winter, a 1912 painting by John Sloan

Women at work in a shoe factory, 1908.

Table 18.3 Percentage of Women 14 Years and Older

Table 18.4 Percentage of Women Workers

Throughout
Texas,
California, New
Mexico, Arizona
and Colorado,
western cities
developed
barrios, distinct
communities of
Mexicans.
Angel Island San Francisco Immigration Center
Over 200,000 Japanese also entered the United States

during these decades. The vast majority were young
men working as contract laborers in the West mainly in
California. American law prevented Japanese
immigrants (the Issei) from obtaining American
citizenship because they were not white.

Society
Immigration
as a Global Process
Map 18.1 The World on the Move, World Migration

1815-1914


Society
The
Immigrant Quest for

Freedom
A community settlement map for Chicago in 1900

Manhattan,
St. Pats
center for
Irish
immigrants
Urban
Ghettoes
By 1920 immigrants
and their children
constituted almost
60% of the population
of cities over 100,000.
They were and even
larger percentage in
major industrial
centers such as
Chicago, Pittsburgh,
Philadelphia and New
York.
Chicago 1900
Chicago 1900
New York City had

become the center of both
Jewish immigration and
Americas huge ready to
ear clothing industry. The
citys Jewish population
was 1.4 million in 1915
almost 30% of it
inhabitants. In small
factories lofts and
tenement apartments
some 200,000 people
most the Jews worked in
the clothing trades.
City of Ambition

On March 25,1911 the issues raised

by the strike took on new urgency
when a fire raced through three floors
of he Triangle Shirtwaist Company.
With in an hour 146 people mostly
young Jewish women had been killed
by smoke or had leaped to their
death. In a bitter aftermath women
such as Florence Kelley and Frances
Perkins joined with Tammany Hall
leaders AL Smith Robert Wagner and
Big Time Sullivan to create a New
York State Factory Investigation
Commission.
Policemen stare up as the Triangle fire of 1911 rages

The New York shirtwaist strike of 1909 inspired

workers in other cities.

The International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)

founded in 1900 did gain strength and negotiated contract
with cities shirtwaist makers. The strike was an important
break through the drive to organize unskilled wore into
industrial unions.
Striking New York City garment workers

Company
Towns
Lawrence, Massachusetts = Pacific Woolen Company
Lawrence, Massachusetts's, Strike Bread and Roses Strike 1912
Gary, Indiana and United States Steel
Butte, Montana and Anaconda Copper
14 strikers died 11 of which were children. Plant

was run by John D. Rockefeller.
Examples of Ludlow
Massacre on how workers
who stood up for rights were
killed.
The AFL
Unions, Pure
and Simple
Samuel Gompers head

of AFL Union, stated
he would not let the
standard of living be
destroyed by negroes,
Chinese or Japs.
Union membership
increased from
500,000 in 1897 to 1.7
million 1904.
The NAM National Association of Worker. The National Association

of Manufacturers (NAM) a group of smaller industrialist founded in
1900 launched an open shop campaign to end unions
altogether . Unions were not protected until FDR in 1930s
The IWW:
One Big
Union
One Big Union, the emblem of the Industrial

Workers of the World.

The
Socialist Presence
The Gospel of Debs
American
Federation of Labor
(AFL) and Industrial Workers of
the World (IWW)
The
New Immigrants on Strike

Labor and Civil Liberties
Rebels in
Bohemia
The term Bohemian referred to anyone who had artistic or intellectual

aspirations and who lived with disregard for conventional rules of behavior.
Chicago at the turn of the century had supported bohemian communities. But
the Village scene was unique if fleeting. Manhattan's lower East Side was also
bohemian
Max Eastman the

editor of the
magazine The
Masses a monthly
magazine for
socialist views. This
centered around
Greenwich Village
which offered a
chance to
experiment with
freedom and
escape conformity.
Examples of Ludlow
Massacre on how workers
who stood up for rights were
killed.
The Return from Toil

Women
Movement
and Black
Activism
With more men working in

offices more children
attending school and family
size declined the middle class
home was emptier. At the
same time more middle class
women were graduating from
high school and college. In
1870 only 1% of college age
Americans had attended
college about 20% of them
were women. By 1910 about
5% of college age Americans
attended college but the
proportion of women among
them double to 40%
For many middle class women, the

club movement provided a new
kind of female centered community.
Cub activity often led members to
participate in other civic ventures.
Particularly child saving reforms
such as child labor laws and others
pensions.
Maud Nathan
The National Consumers League

(NCL) started in 1898 by Maud
Nathan and Josephine Lower
sponsored a White Label
campaign in which manufacturers
who met safety and sanitary
standard could put NCL labels on
their food and clothing. Florence
Kelly took the NCL to a more
aggressive stand by publicizing
labor abuses in department stores
and lobbying for maximum hour
and minimum wage laws in state
legislatures.
His first novel, Sister Carrie,

published in 1900, tells the story
of a woman who flees her country
life for the city (Chicago) and
there lives a life far from a
Victorian ideal. It sold poorly and
was not widely promoted largely
because of moral objections to the
depiction of a country girl who
pursues her dreams of fame and
fortune through relationships to
men. The book has since
acquired a considerable
reputation. It has been called the
"greatest of all American urban
novels.
In this 1912 woman suffrage parade in

New York City

Visiting nurse on a New York City rooftop, 1908.

A sheet music cover

Isadora Duncan brought a new freedom to

an old art form.

The much-beloved and much-feared Emma Goldman,

with a poster advertising a series of her lectures

Mothers with baby carriages wait outside

A staff member greets an immigrant

family at Hull House

In 1893, Colorado became the first state to

allow women to vote.


Society
Consumer
Freedom
The Working Woman
Birth Control
Women Rebel was a magazine

by Margaret Sanger
The
New Feminism
The Rise of Personal Freedom
Racism and
Accommodation
At the turn of the century four-fifth of the nations 10 million African

Americans still lived in the South, where most eked out a living working
in agriculture. In the cities most blacks were relegated to menial jobs
but a small African American middle class of entrepreneur and
professionals gained a foothold by selling services and products to the
black community.
Ben Tillman Governor of South Carolina was a known racist.
Cast down your buckets where you are Washington told black people meaning
they should focus on improving their vocational skills as industrial workers and
famers.. In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers,
yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress Washing ton wrote
Up from Slavery an autobiography
Booker T.
Washington
was
educated at
Hampton
Institute a
institution for
the blacks.
The National
Negro
Business
league
sponsored by
Andrew
Carnegie
preach the
virtue of black
business
development
in black
communities.
Privately Washington
spend money and
worked behind the
scenes trying to halt
disfranchisement and
segregation. He
offered secret financial
support for court
cases that challenged
Louisiana grandfather
clause in voting and
others.
Racial Justice,
the NAACP and
Black Womens
Activism
W. E. B. DuBois took another route of the blacks in his book The Souls of Black
Folk (1903). The black community he argued must fight for the right to vote for civic
equality and for higher education for the talented tenth of their youth. In 1905
Dubois and editor William Monroe Trotter brought together a group of educated
black men to oppose Washingtons conciliatory view.
The Niagara Movement protested legal segregation the exclusion of blacks form
labor unions and the curtailment of voting and other rights.
W.E.B. Dubois
had his PHD from
Harvard and
almost the same
in Berlin. Also a
Fisk graduate with
Will Monroe
Trotter
Niagara
Conference
a movement
to appeal
problems for
blacks with
labor, voting
and
education.
National
Progressives
Teddy Roosevelt took the office of

Presidency at 42 with the
assassination of William McKinley
in1901. Roosevelt view the
presidency as a bully pulpit a
platform to reform society.
In this picture of Roosevelt and
Muckraker Jacob Riis, Roosevelt
toured the ghettoes of New York
slums
The Progressive
Presidents
Theodore
Roosevelt
President Theodore Roosevelt addressing a

crowd in Evanston, Illinois, in 1902.

Putting the Screws on Him, a 1904

cartoon

Trust
Busting and
Regulation
The first target of Roosevelts was the Northern Securities Company a huge merger
of transcontinental railroads brought about by financier J.P. Morgan. The case
Northern Securities v. United States. This case established Roosevelts reputation
as a trust buster During his two terms, the Justice Department filed 43 cases
under the Sherman Antitrust Act to restrain or dissolve business monopolies. These
included actions against the tobacco and beef trusts and Standard Oil Companies.
The Hepburn Act

strengthened the
Interstate commerce
Commission as the
first independent
regulatory agency
by authorizing it to
set maximum
railroad rates and
inspect financial
records
The Birth of
Environmentalism
In 1905 Pinchot created

the US Forest Service
and named
conservationist Gifford
Pinchot to head it. By
1909 total timber and
forest reserves had
increased from 45 to 195
million acres and more
than 80 million acres of
mineral lands had been
withdrawn from public
sale.
Theodore Roosevelt and the conservationist

John Muir at Glacier Point

The reclamation Bureau

within the Department of
the Interior and provided
federal funding for dam
and canal projects. The
Bureau did more to
encourage the growth of
large scale agribusiness
and western cities than
small farming. The
Roosevelt Dam on
Arizona's Salt River along
with the forty-mile Arizona
Canal helped develop the
Phoenix Area.
The Progressive
Presidents
Roosevelt
and Economic
Regulation
The Conservation Movement
With the Industrial growth of factories there was a need

for forms of pollution control.
The Election
of 1912:
Four Way
Race
The Progressive
Presidents
Taft
in Office
The Progressive
Presidents
The
Election of 1912
New Freedom and New
Nationalism
Map 18.3 The Presidential Election of 1912

Election of 1912 and

its influence of New
Nationalism and New
Freedom. The Growth
of American
Government and the
rule of Wilson
The Progressive
Presidents
Wilsons
First Term
The Expanding Role of
Government
price discrimination between different

purchasers if such a discrimination substantially
lessens competition or tends to create a
monopoly in any line of commerce (Act Section
2, codified at 15 U.S.C. 13;
sales on the condition that (A) the buyer or
lessee not deal with the competitors of the seller
or lessor ("exclusive dealings") or (B) the buyer
also purchase another different product ("tying")
but only when these acts substantially lessen
competition (Act Section 3, codified at 15 U.S.C.
14);
mergers and acquisitions where the effect may
substantially lessen competition (Act Section 7,
codified at 15 U.S.C. 18) or where the voting
securities and assets threshold is met (Act
Section 7a, codified at 15 U.S.C. 18a);
any person from being a director of two or more
competing corporations, if those corporations
would violate the anti-trust criteria by merging
(Act Section 8; codified 1200 at 15 U.S.C. 19).
Map 18.2 Socialist Town and Cities, 1900-1920

Robber
Barons
Not Losing
Their Grip
Mansions of New York Fifth Avenue in 1900 Manhattan.
The mansion of Cornelius Vanderbilt II on

New York Citys

J. P. Morgan - He began as an
accountant on Wall Street. After his
father died and left him the family
business, J.P. Morgan went on to
become a banking innovator. He got
this title by buying distressed
businesses, especially railroads, and
merging them. This is still a common
business practice today.
Where is
Social
Justice?
Gilman offered a spirit of personal

independence that pointed to a coming
transformation of both economic an family
life. Gilmans writings reinforced the claim
that the road to womans freedom lay through
the work place. As a housewife they are
parasites
Lippman argued against

price controls of
monopolies. He was an
expert with consumer
consciousness
Fr. John Ryan

described a
decent living one
that enabled a
person to
participate in
consumer
economy as a
natural and
absolute right of
citizenship.
Louis D. Brandeis

Eugene V. Debs, the Socialist Party candidate

One of the numerous advertisements


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Chapter 21 Urban America and

the Progressive Era 19001917/Progressivism/ Urban

Jane Addams imitated

Unifying Themes of Progressivism 1) Progressives shared an essential optimism

DeWitt in his 1915 book The

Market Drive Economics

An Urban Age, a Consumer

Socialist Lester Frank

Schools ought to be embryonic communities, miniature of society where

Professor John Commons

Richard Ely and John Commons were Professors at

Oliver Wendall Holmes is a highly

Court struck down a state law settling

After the Lochner

Louis Brandeis was a Harvard

Lillian Wald offered Henry

Kelly arriving at Hull

Womens place is Home, but home

Julia Lathrop a alumna of Hull House

TRIANGLE SHIRT FACTORY

Addams and Hull House

Idea of Economic Citizenship

Table 18.3 Percentage of Women 14 Years and Older

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Big Tim Sullivan

Al Smith was the

Table 18.1 Rise Of The City, 18801920

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Cleveland Public Square 1900

Arcade of Cleveland 1900

Cleveland, Ohio, Superior Avenue 1915

Slovak Village 1900s, Cleveland, Ohio

Over 500 cities including Houston, Oakland, Kansas City,

Teddy Roosevelt as governor of New York held frequent press conferences to

Roosevelt did help

In California, attorney Hiram

Progressive often believed that they

The WCTU provided women with a political

The WCTU had been founded in Cleveland in 1874 and he Anti-Saloon

The Mann Act made it a

Sister Carrie was an

His first novel, Sister Carrie,

By 1908 movies had become the

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

In 1909 New York City movie

Elwood Cubberly a leading

Table 18.2 Immigrants and their Children

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Italian Family on Ferry Boat, Leaving Ellis Island

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

The polluted air of Pittsburgh 1900

An immigrant from Mexico

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

An illustration in the 1912 publication

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

A rare color photograph from around 1900

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Two photographs by Lewis Hine

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

In Hester Street, painted in 1905

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Six OClock, Winter, a 1912 painting by John Sloan

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition